Socialization

Socialization
Prepared By:
Maryan Joy Lopez

 Stimulates children’s physical
development; coordination and strength
gradually improve, so they can feed
themselves and walk.
 While these biological developments are
occurring, children are talked to handled
by caregivers who provided them with
food and protect them from physical
harm.

 In 1964, a classic study by Rene Spitz on
hospitalism indicates that infants must have
social contact with caregivers as well as
physical care from them in order to develop
normally.

 The long and complicated process of social
interaction through which the child learns
the intellectual, physical and social skills
needed to function as a member of society
is called …..
 The process of socialization begins at birth
and continues through all of life.

 During early childhood, we learn, most of all,
from our parents who teach us through
instruction that values, norms and skills that
they have already.
 They learn through observation and
imitation.
 They acquire a self-identity, a concept of who
they are. Later, they will realize that certain
behavior is expected in them.

 According to Fichter, socialization is a
process of mutual influence between a
person and his fellowman, a process that
results in an acceptance of, and adaptation
to, the patterns of social behavior.

 He also said that a person becomes social
when he learns to get along with other
people.

Socialization can be described from two points of
view:
 It refers to the society acting upon the child
 It refers to the process by which the society
transmits its culture from one generation to
the next and adapts the individual to the
accepted and approved ways of organized
social life.

1. To develop the skills and disciplines which are
needed by the individual.
2. To instill the aspirations and values and the
“design for living” which the particular society
possess.
3. To teach the social roles of which individuals
must enact in society.

 The process of socialization is continuously at
work “outside” the individual.
 It affects not only the children and
immigrants when they first come into the
society but all the people within the society
in all of their lives.
 It provides them the patterns of behavior
which are essential to the maintenance of the
society and culture.

 Subjectively, socialization is a process
which goes on in the individual while he is
adapting to the people around him.
 The person “takes on” the habits of the
society in which he lives. From the period of
infancy, the individual becomes gradually
“socially broken”.
 As an imigrant, the person becomes
sociologically “naturalize” to his adapted
society.

 Every society transmits its culture to
succeeding generations. Through this, each
generation acquires the elements of its
society’s culture.

 The training of every child received
through the process of socialization greatly
affects his personality.

 It provides every individual the expected
role he or she is to play in the society
according to their sexes.

 In the early times, it was believed that the
difference in behavior between boys and
girls were “inborn” and “natural”.
 She studied primitive societies where sex
roles differed sharply from those found in
Western society.

 She conclude that “masculine and feminine
behavior was not inborn but was learned”.

 Socialization rather than biology,
determined behavioral differences
between men and women.
 Training children in behavior appropriate to
their sex starts in infancy and continues into
adolescence.

 As the child is socialized into the society, he
learns many things. The accumulated
experience of this individual in his society
forms the background from which he undergoes
new experiences.
 The sociologists say that the culture becomes
“internalized”, that the individual “imbibes” it,
and that in this way, “from the inside”, it
continues to influence his conduct. Hence, the
culture is not merely external to the
individual.
.

 The ways of life he has learned, the ideas he
holds, the values he treasures, all in some way
come originally from outside of him.
 A person tends to think and act according to the
degree of conformity that he has achieved.
 It has the social experiences of the individual as
its content. There are the vantage points of
reference and of comparison against which he
forms opinions and judgments and according to
which he behaves, often without any conscious
reflection.

 According to Fichter, this is the storehouse in
which a person readily finds how he is expected
to behave in the usual and frequently repeated
situations of social life.
 It is also the storehouse in which he draws for
similarities out of the past when he is
confronted with a novel social situation.
 He said that social experience is (1) common to
all human beings; (2) unique to each person; (3)
specific to a particular culture and society.

 The process of socialization can ultimately be
reduced to the fact that the individual learns
by contact to the society.
 The process not to individual knowledge, which
also comes from contact with others, but to
shared knowledge which has social significance.
 From this point of view, the manner in which he
learns does not differ from that of simple
learning.

 The difference between simple learning and
social learning is not in who learns, or in how he
learns, but in what he learns.

 The interaction between the learner and the
thing learned is called a “response”.
 The “reward” refers to any objet or event in
which strengthens or makes easier the
responses of the individual in striving to learn.

Some of the subprocesses of social learning;
 One tends to duplicate more or less, or exactly,
the behavior of others.

 A process outside the learning. It is found in the
works and actions of those who are attempting to
change the behavior of the learner.

 It is a stimulative process in which two or more
individuals vie with one another in achieving
knowledge.

 It is clear that the essential prerequisites of
social learning are “contact’ and
“communication”.
 Human life is quite different from that of other
animals because people are able to use languages
or symbol to communicate.
 A symbol is anything that is used to
represent something else.

 George Mead, an early symbolic interactionist,
argued that human beings were the only animals
who could manipulate symbols or communicate
through language.

 The goal is the state of affairs one wishes to
achieve.
 Motivation is a person’s wish or intention to
achieve a goal.

 Where a social interaction takes place makes a
difference in what it means.
Edward Hall identified three elements that define
context:
1. The physical setting or place
2. Social environment
3. The activities surrounding the interaction

 It refers to the rules that regulate the
process of social interaction. Human behavior is
patterned and for the most part, quite
predictable.

 When people do something for each other with
the expressed purpose of receiving a reward or
return, they are involved in an exchange.

 This is a form of social interaction in which
people act together to promote common
interests or achieve shared goals.

According to Robert Nisbet, a sociologists, there
are four types of cooperation;
 This is the oldest, most natural and most
common form of cooperation. It arises from
the needs of the situation.
 Form of cooperation that is tied to custom and
is passed on from one generation to the next.

 Characterized by a joint effort that is under
the control of people in authority. This is
planned in advance and requires leadership.
 This is a form of planned cooperation in which
each person’s specific obligations are clearly
spelled out.

 People in conflict struggle with one another for
some commonly prized object or value.
 Conflict arises when people or groups have
incompatible values or when the rewards or
resources available to a society or its members
are limited.

 This is a special kind of conflict that can occur
when one of the parties in a conflict is much
stronger that the other.

 It is a form of conflict in which individuals or
groups confine their conflict within agreed upon
rules.

 It is from the perspective of the group rather
than the individual. From it, we gain the image
of people adapting to the attitudes of others,
conforming to role expectations, and
internalizing the norms and values of their
community.

 An analysis of what people say and do is not
sufficient to explain human behavior. We need
to understand the meaning that people attach to
their words and actions. According to this,
people employ symbols to convey meanings to one
another.
 Charles Horton Cooley developed the idea of the
looking-glass-self. We acquire our sense of self
by seeing ourselves reflected in the behavior of
others and their attitudes toward us and by
imagining what others think about us.

The looking-glass-self involves three
processes;
 Presentation where we imagine the way we
appear to others.
 Identification where we identify with how we
imagine others judge that appearance.
 Subjective interpretation where we interpret
those judgments for our own self image.

 According to Mead, the self is something which
has development. She also said that children
develop a generalized impression of what people
expect from them, it is termed generalized
others.
 According to Harry Sullivan, by enacting the
behavior of the significant others, children come
to incorporate the standards, attitudes, and
beliefs of parents and teachers within their own
personalities, a process termed internalization.

 According to Karl Marx, capitalist society is
torn by a fundamental conflict of interest
between capitalists and workers.
 Sigmund Freud also took the conflict view of
socialization called social and biological
conflict. He believed that every society has
to repress and channel the primitive drives of
people; otherwise civilization will be
destroyed.

1. Erick Erickson’s eight stages of human
development

2. Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis theory
3. Jean Piaget’s cognitive development
4. George Mead- founder of symbolic
interaction perspective in sociology.
5. Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral development

Socialization

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