Socialization is the lifelong process by which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for their culture. It is influenced by several agents including family, schools, peers, media, and the workplace. Socialization affects both cultural practices in society and individuals' self-images. Several theorists have contributed to our understanding of socialization including Cooley, who introduced the concept of the looking-glass self, and Mead, who discussed the importance of generalized and significant others.
George Herbert Mead is one of the founders of sociology in the United States of America. Though he has made numerous journals and books, he did not publish even a single one.
The rules for the explanation of social facts and rules for the constitution ...Yadwinder Singh
a two chapter summary from the rules of sociological method : The rules for the explanation of social facts and rules for the constitution of social types
I. LEVELS OF SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
A. Macrosociology – focus on large-scale features of social structure
B. Microsociology – emphasis on social interaction
II. MACROSOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Social Structure- the patterned relationships between people that persist over time
B. Culture – refers to group language, beliefs values and gestures
C. Social Class – based on income, education and occupational prestige.
D. Social Status – refers to the position that an individual occupies.
Types of Status
Ascribed statuses – positions that an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily
2. Achieved statuses – positions that are earned or accomplished
E. Roles – are behaviors, obligations, and privileges to a status
F. Group – consist of people who regularly and consciously interact with one another.
G. Social Institutions – are society's organized means of meeting its basic needs.
H. Society – is the largest and most complex group
- consist of people who share a culture and a territory
Microsociological Approach - emphasis on face to face social interaction
Symbolic interactionist – study personal space and how people surround themselves.
Dramaturgy
– an analysis of how we present ourselves in everyday life.
D. Ethnomethodology – involves the discovery of basic rules concerning our views of the world
E. Social contraction of reality – refers to what people define as real because of their background assumptions and life experiences.
IV. The need for both Macrosociology and Microsociology
To understand human behavior, it is necessary to grasp both social structure (macrosociology) and social interaction (microsociology).
Both are necessary for us to understand social life fully because each in its own way adds to our knowledge of human experience.
These are the Slides for MA (Final year) Students of the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar.
Course Title: Social Institutions and Social System of Pakistani Society
Dr. Imran Ahmad Sajid
A religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to an order of existence. Many religions have narratives, symbols, and sacred histories that are intended to explain the meaning of life and/or to explain the origin of life or the Universe.
sociology is a science of society, which according to Peter BERGER is a consciousness. Which tries to make sense in the senseless situation. Simple a subject which is the voice of voiceless.
George Herbert Mead is one of the founders of sociology in the United States of America. Though he has made numerous journals and books, he did not publish even a single one.
The rules for the explanation of social facts and rules for the constitution ...Yadwinder Singh
a two chapter summary from the rules of sociological method : The rules for the explanation of social facts and rules for the constitution of social types
I. LEVELS OF SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
A. Macrosociology – focus on large-scale features of social structure
B. Microsociology – emphasis on social interaction
II. MACROSOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Social Structure- the patterned relationships between people that persist over time
B. Culture – refers to group language, beliefs values and gestures
C. Social Class – based on income, education and occupational prestige.
D. Social Status – refers to the position that an individual occupies.
Types of Status
Ascribed statuses – positions that an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily
2. Achieved statuses – positions that are earned or accomplished
E. Roles – are behaviors, obligations, and privileges to a status
F. Group – consist of people who regularly and consciously interact with one another.
G. Social Institutions – are society's organized means of meeting its basic needs.
H. Society – is the largest and most complex group
- consist of people who share a culture and a territory
Microsociological Approach - emphasis on face to face social interaction
Symbolic interactionist – study personal space and how people surround themselves.
Dramaturgy
– an analysis of how we present ourselves in everyday life.
D. Ethnomethodology – involves the discovery of basic rules concerning our views of the world
E. Social contraction of reality – refers to what people define as real because of their background assumptions and life experiences.
IV. The need for both Macrosociology and Microsociology
To understand human behavior, it is necessary to grasp both social structure (macrosociology) and social interaction (microsociology).
Both are necessary for us to understand social life fully because each in its own way adds to our knowledge of human experience.
These are the Slides for MA (Final year) Students of the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar.
Course Title: Social Institutions and Social System of Pakistani Society
Dr. Imran Ahmad Sajid
A religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to an order of existence. Many religions have narratives, symbols, and sacred histories that are intended to explain the meaning of life and/or to explain the origin of life or the Universe.
sociology is a science of society, which according to Peter BERGER is a consciousness. Which tries to make sense in the senseless situation. Simple a subject which is the voice of voiceless.
Tackles About
a.Socialization/Enculturation
b.Norms and Values
c.Status and Roles
d.Conformity and Deviance
e.Human Rights, Human Dignity and Common Good
These slides are about how to socialize in a society or how a person groom his/her self from birth by considering the aspect of socialization. As discussed in chapter 4 of sociology by Richard T. Schaefer.
socio cultural perspective in psychologyAQSA SHAHID
What is the Social-Cultural Perspective? The social-cultural perspective considers the way that different individuals interact with their social groups and how these social groups influence different individuals and how they develop throughout their lives.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
3. Definition
Socialization is the process through which
people learn the attitudes, values, and actions
appropriate for members of a particular
culture.
4. This topic examines:
1. the role of socialization in human
development;
2. the way in which people develop
perceptions, feeling, and beliefs about
themselves;
3. the livelong nature of the socialization
process;
4. and the important agents of socialization.
5. Socialization affects the overall cultural practices
of a society; it also shapes the images that
we hold of ourselves.
7. In early 1900’s, Charles Horton Cooley advanced
the belief that we learn who we are by
interacting with other’s a phenomenon he
called the “looking-glass self”.
8. George Herbert Mead, best known for his
theory of the self, proposed that as people
mature, their selves begin to reflect their
concern about reactions from others ----both
generalized others and significant others.
9. Erving Goffman has shown that in many of our
daily activities, we try to convey distinct
impressions of who we are, a process called
“impression management.”
10. Socialization proceeds throughout the life
course. Some societies mark stages of
development with formal rites of passage. In
the culture of the Philippines, significant
events such as marriage and parenthood serve
to change a person’s status.
11. As the primary agents of socialization, parents
play a critical role in guiding children into
those “gender roles” deemed appropriate in a
society.
12. Like the family, schools have an explicit mandate
to socialize people ---especially children ---into
the norms and values of our culture.
13. Peer groups and the mass media, especially
television, are important agents of
socialization for adolescents.
14. Socialization in the workplace begins with part-
time employment while we are in school and
continues when we work full-time and change
jobs through our lives.
15. The state shapes the socialization process by
regulating the life course and influencing our
views of appropriate behavior at particular
ages.
16. As more and more mothers of young children
have entered the labor market, the demand
for child care has increased dramatically,
posing policy questions for many nations
around the world.
19. • Anticipatory Socialization
– process of socialization in which a person
“rehearses” for the future positions,
occupations and social relationships.
20. • Cognitive theory of development
– the theory that children’s thought progresses
through four stages of development.
21. • Degradation Ceremony
– an aspect of the socialization process within
some total institutions, in which people are
subjected to humiliating rituals.
22. • Dramaturgical Approach
– a view of social interaction in which people are
seen as theatrical performers.
23. • Face-work
– the efforts people make to maintain the
proper image and avoid public
embarrassment.
24. • Gender role
– Expectations regarding the proper behavior,
attitudes, and activities of male and females.
25. • Generalized other
– the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of
a society as a whole that a child takes into
account in his or her behavior.
26. • Impression Management
• –the altering of the presentation of the self in
order to create distinctive appearances and
satisfy particular audiences.
27. • Life course approach
– A research orientation in which sociologists
and other social scientists look closely at the
social factors that influence people
throughout their lives, from birth to death.
28. • Looking-glass self
– A concept that emphasizes the self as the
product of our social institutions.
29. • Personality
- A person’s typical patterns of attitudes, needs,
characteristics, and behavior.
30. • Resocialization
–The process of discarding former behavior
patterns and accepting new ones as part of a
transition in one’s life.
31. • Rite of Passage
– A ritual marking the symbolic transition from
one social position to another.
32. • Role taking
– the process of mentally assuming the
perspective of another and responding from
that imagined viewpoint.
35. • Significant Others
– an individual who is most important in the
development of the self, such as a
Parent Friend or Teacher
36. • Socialization
– the lifelong process in which people learn the
attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate
for members of a particular culture.
37. • Symbol
• – a gesture, object, or word that forms the
basis of human communication.
38. • Total institution
– an institution that regulates all aspects of a
person’s life under a single authority, such as a
prison, the military, a mental hospital, or a
convent.
