This document provides information about maps, globes, latitude, longitude and map scales. It defines a globe as a 3D model of the earth and a map as a 2D drawing on a flat surface. It describes important lines like the equator and how latitude and longitude lines are used to specify locations using coordinates. It also defines map scale as the ratio between distances on a map and in real life, and provides examples of calculating distances using different map scales.

1. MAPS AND GLOBES
GEOGRAPHY GRADE 8

2. What is a Globe?
• 3D scale model of the
real world on a sphere
or round object

3. What is a map?
• 2D scale drawing of the
real world on a flat
piece of paper

4. Equator (0°)
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
North Pole
(90° N)
South Pole
(90° S)
Latitude
Equidistant

5. • the angular distances, in
degrees, of a point north or
south of the Equator
• horizontal lines on maps and
globes at 1°intervals
• a.k.a. parallels
• Equidistant (1°=111 km apart)
Latitudes are …

6. South Pole
(90° S)
North Pole
(90° N)
Longitude

7. • the angular distances, in
degrees, of a point east or west
of the Prime (Greenwich)
Meridian
• vertical lines on maps and
globes at 1°intervals
• a.k.a. meridians
• Equidistant only around
equator, become shorter toward
poles
Longitudes are …

8. Important lines of latitude and longitude

9. Western
Hemisphere
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
S;E
Graticules are a…
• network of lines which
form blocks that make up a
grid

10. Equator (0°)
North Pole
(90° N)
South Pole
(90° S)
Coordinates
What is a coordinate?
 Point of intersection between a line
of latitude and line of longitude
• Location of places can be given in
coordinates
Coordinate
Coordinates can be given in degrees
(°), minutes (`) and seconds (``)
where lines intersect

11. 20` 30` 40`
50`
20`
10`
33º00`S
34º00`S
19º00`E 20º00`
40`
30`
50`
10`
Co-ordinates: from ° to `
• Each grid square
can be divided into
minutes
• 1º = 60`
• Each 60th minute
switches to the
next degree



Give the coordinates in °
and ` for the:
Aeroplane
Church
Flag
19º35`E
33º24`S
19º58`E
33º48`S
19º15`E
33º55`S

12. • Learners complete activity on:
• World map and
• Coordinates
• Educator provides worksheet
Learner activity

13. 33º S
34º
35º
19º E 20º 21º
15` 30` 45` 15` 30` 45`
45`
30`
15`
45`
30`
15`
CERES
SWELLENDAM
BREDASDORP
CALEDON
LADISMITH
Answers: Coordinates in ° and`
WESTERN CAPE
33º21`S 19º17`E
33º29`S 20º16`E
34º14`S 19º27`E

14. 14
Working with map
scales
1:50 000
What is a scale?
• Relationship between
map distance and
ground distance
• i.e. the amount of
times real life features
on the ground has been
reduced on a map
• e.g. 1:50 000
1cm = 50 000 cm
1cm = 500 m
1cm = 0.5 km

15. Written / Word scale
Ratio Scale or Representative Fraction
Graphic Scale (Line Scale)
1cm on the map represents 0,5 kms on the ground
Types of Scales

16. The concept of scale…
1:2 000 000
1:800 000
1:250 000
1:50 000
1:10 000

17. 17
Scale Conversion
 Scale can be converted using the
following table:
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
Millimetres
MM
Centimetres
CM
Decimetres
DM
Metres
M
Decametres
DAM
Hectametres
HM
Kilometres
KM
mm
cake
delicious
make
does
Henry
King

18. 18
Calculating distance using scale
 Measure map distance in cm
 Do a quick calculation
FOR ANSWERS IN KM'S:
Map distance (cm) x Scale (denominator)
Number of cm in a km = (100 000)
FOR ANSWERS IN M'S:
Map distance (cm) x Scale (denominator)
Number of cm in a m = (100)

19. 19
Example
 What is the real distance in km:
= 1,2 x 50 000
100 000
= 0.6 km
 What is the real distance in metres:
= 1,2 x 50 000
100
= 600 metres
1.2 cm
Road
Scale: 1:50 000
Map distance: 1.2 cm

20. 20
Scale Conversion
 Convert the scales given below in your
workbook:
 Which map has the larger scale? Substantiate
km
10 cm
km
1 cm
m
1 mm
m
cm
1 cm
10 000
1 cm
Distance on
ground
Distance on
map
km
2 cm
km
1 cm
m
1 mm
m
cm
1
0.1
10
100
1
0.5
50
500
1 cm
50 000
1 cm
Distance on
ground
Distance on
map
1:50 000 1:10 000

21. 19 E 22 E 23 E 25 E 27 E
24 E 26 E
20 E 21 E
16 E 17 E 18 E 29 E 31 E
28 E 30 E 32 E
22 S
25 S
30 S
34 S
Stellenbosch
Stilbaai