(1) Social psychology studies individuals and how they think and behave in relation to others in social situations and groups. (2) It examines topics such as conformity, persuasion, prejudice, interpersonal attraction, and social influence. (3) Key concepts include deindividuation, social roles, cognitive dissonance, attribution theory, and maintaining relationships over time.

1. Social
psychology
Dr. Irene Karayianni

2. Social Psychology…
Image sources:
http://www.fanpop.com/clubs/community/images/13544300/title/1x04-social-psychology-screencap http://mostofyouareaverage.com/?tag=buzzwords
studies individuals as they interact with others

3. Social Psychology
• Groups & social influence
– Deindividuation, helping others, working in groups, group problem solving,
conformity, obedience, social roles
• Attitudes
– Persuasion, attitude change, cognitive dissonance, prejudice, stereotypes
• Forming perceptions of others
– Trying to explain why others behave like they do, first impressions
• Attraction
– Chemistry, friendship, love, maintaining relationships

4. Image source
http://bostinno.streetwise.co/2013/07/17/the-crowd-loves-these-5-sourced-boston-startups/crowd-4/
Groups and social influence
Effects of being a member in a group

5. Deindividuation
Image sources
https://thesituationist.wordpress.com/2007/06/21/deindividuation-and-seung-hui-cho/ http://theklinger.blogspot.com/2012/09/derren-brown-deindividuation-aspart-of.html http://www.appsychology.com/Book/Social/grouphome.htm
http://www.legacy.socialpsychology.org//siteweek.htm
feeling of being anonymous and unidentifiable as a result of being in a group
More likely to do things you typically would not do

6. Uninvolved bystanders
Image sources
http://ontransmigration.blogspot.com/2011/07/insensitive-and-unhelpful-update.html http://medfordchurch.org/category/news/
responsibility
responsibility
responsibility
responsibility
responsibility
The Bystander Effect
7
Larger group
We look to others for info
No one is doing anything  no need

7. Working in groups
Image sources
http://www.freep.com/article/20131210/NEWS06/312100157/ http://www.all-about-psychology.com/social-loafing.html http://arrogantass.wordpress.com/2011/09/12/
Social inhibition – for more difficult tasks (SNS)
Social loafing
Work less hard when group performance is measured
Social facilitation
Diffusion of responsibility
Does working in groups bring out the best in us?

8. Solving problems in groups
Image sources
http://www.tnp.no/norway/global/2848-groupthink-may-still-be-a-hazard-to-your-organization http://footage.shutterstock.com/clip-3751718-stock-footage-young-man-talking-about-his-struggles-at-support-group.html
Groupthink: faulty decision making process
occurring in groups
Devil’s advocate
Polarization: group discussions make
beliefs & attitudes more extreme
Small groups solve complex problems better (except brainstorming)
Sometimes working in groups  bad decisions.
(a) Tight, cohesive group.  members agree with each other, consensus is important
(b) Polarization. More risky / extreme decisions in groups
(c) large group: serial monologues  less constructive give n take  dominant beliefs prevail

9. Conformity
Image sources
http://koehleracademy.com/what-is-the-definition-of-an-obedient-dog/ http://blog.lib.umn.edu/wlas0006/1001/2011/12/finding-the-source-of-conformity.html http://www.keepcalm-o-matic.co.uk/p/keep-calm-and-obey-your-master-4/ http://abcwednesday-
mrsnesbitt.blogspot.com/2012/05/p-is-for-people.html http://rmsbunkerblog.wordpress.com/2012/07/12/how-many-people-do-we-survey-market-research-firm-upstate-ny/ http://santacruz.indymedia.org/newswire/display/17777/index.php http://zeezoey.com/blog/a-year-later-the-
japan-disasters-and-the-surviving-cats-part-2-cultural-reality/
factors
Vs.
Yield to group pressure even with no direct request to comply. To gain rewards and avoid punishments
Asch conformity experiment
4
Med-to-large group Unanimous group Collectivistic culture
Elevator conformity
2
conformity
9

10. Social roles and social norms
Image sources
http://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/role http://www.counterfeitchic.com/2007/03/social_norms_in_action.php
Social roles guidelines for expected behaviors
Social norms guidelines for judging acceptable behavior

11. Your assignment
• Find a social norm (for example “Personal space”)
• Break it
• Observe reactions
• Come back and tell us about it!
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvUPLN_eaVw
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPDk_Ogr7FA

12. Social roles have powerful impact
The Psychology of Evil 23
The Stanford Prison experiment 13
Stanford Prison Experiment – original footage 5
Image sources
http://www.npr.org/2013/02/01/169732840/when-crime-pays-prison-can-teach-some-to-be-better-criminals

13. Obedience
Image sources
https://www.argentaimages.com/media/image/q/modeling/page/107 http://theosophywatch.com/2012/08/17/the-angel-organ/ http://www.sott.net/article/175821-Questioning-Authority-A-Rethinking-of-the-Infamous-Milgram-Experiments
I need to
borrow 10
dollars
OK!
doing what one is told to do by people in authority

14. How far can we go if we are told to?
Milgram Obedience Study 10
Milgram Experiment 5
Milgram films 1
Image source
http://chronicle.com/blogs/percolator/files/2013/07/milgram.jpg

15. The positive side of groups
Image sources
http://cinderitaadventures.blogspot.com/2010/11/always-look-on-bright-side-of-life.html
Can you think of any?

16. The positive side of groups
Image sources http://www.freud-sigmund.com/group-cognitive-interpersonal-psychotherapy http://www.alcoholic.org/research/group-alcohol-addiction-counseling/ http://blog.mlive.com/chronicle/2007/12/many_addicts_in_muskegon_who.html

17. Image sources
http://www.iwillteachyoutoberich.com/blog/bj-fogg-interview-persuasion-psychology/

18. Attitudes
components
beliefs feelings behavior
Image sources
http://www.ianbrodie.com/selling/understand-your-clients-beliefs-to-learn-how-to-sell-more/ http://biggaycloset.com/tag/university/ http://www.maniacworld.com/Arachnophobia.html
evaluations that predispose us to act and feel in certain ways

19. Attitudes and Persuasion
Image sources
http://www.teen.com/2012/02/25/random-stuff/new-swear-words-insults/ http://elcaminodeamanda.wordpress.com/2011/04/11/fear-factor/
Origins
1st hand experience Classical conditioning Observing others

20. characteristics of the speaker
Image sources
http://www.hdwallpapersdose.com/2013/11/alexa-chung-pictures/ http://f.eed.bz/top-10-halloween-costumes-for-2013/ http://www.awebguy.com/2011/01/how-to-make-a-blog-popular/
credibility attractiveness intent

21. characteristics of the message
Fear appeals
likely to happen to us
Offers way of avoiding outcome
2 sided arguments
Less biased source
Message framing
In terms of potential loss
Image sources
http://pixelgardenstudio.com/page/blog/post/getting-over-social-media-fear http://blogs.norman.com/2012/for-consumption/iphone-text-message-dangers-pc-users-can-learn http://doodlecraft.blogspot.com/2012/01/digital-frames.html http://epilepsyu.com/blog/do-you-have-a-dog-
with-epilepsy/ http://nodogaboutit.wordpress.com/2013/08/12/the-burden-of-euthanizing-an-aggressive-dog/ http://dustymonkeysblog.blogspot.com/2010/04/tv-dog-training-wars-hot-up-with-bbcs.html http://tipsfordog.wordpress.com/excessive-dog-barking-stop-it-now/

22. characteristics of the listener
Lower intelligence need for social approval Self esteem
Large audience Social support
Image sources
http://youngstapreneur.com/2012/09/25/innovation-creativity-and-intelligence/ http://www.gregsophiesangwine.org.uk/support http://http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Facebook_like_thumb.png http://mikeshanks.blogspot.com/2013_01_01_archive.html
http://stonecoldmagicmagazine.com/images/no-stone-left-unturned/

23. Techniques
Image sources
http://www.12manage.com/
Foot in the door
agree to a large request by first setting them up
by having that person agree to a modest request
Low balling
Initially agree to reasonable deal. Then the deal
changes yet we complete transaction

24. cognitive dissonance
explains the tendency of attitudes to sometimes shift to be consistent with behavior
Image sources
http://www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20484672,00.html

25. Prejudice and stereotypes
Image sources
http://workcharacters.wikispaces.com/Stereotypes http://www.aaroncareaga.com/category/political/ http://www.thenextgreatgeneration.com/2011/01/the-addictive-90s/
Prejudice: harmful attitude based on inaccurate generalizations about a group of
people based on their skin color, religion, sex, age, etc
Stereotype: inaccurate generalization on which the prejudice is based

26. Prejudice and stereotypes
• stereotypes
– reduce our ability to treat each member of a group as an individual
– lead to narrow expectations for behavior
– lead to faulty attributions
• combating prejudice:
– recognize prejudice 8
– control automatic prejudice / our reactions
– increase contact among prejudice groups:
• groups should be equal in status
• cooperative rather than competitive tasks
• contact should be informal

27. Person perception
Image sources
http://breakingbad.wikia.com/wiki/Saul_Goodman
What influences our perception of others?

28. Process: 1st impression
Image sources
/ http://www.adriansnood.com/tag/first-impressions/

29. Process: 1st impression
Image sources
/ http://www.adriansnood.com/tag/first-impressions/
Situation, mood, place
Impact reduced with
- Prolonged exposure
- forgotten over time
- knowledge of primacy effects
Primacy effect

30. Process
• We evaluate others on the basis of what they do and why we think they
do it
• Attribution: the process of trying to explain why things happen
person
s
i t u
a
t
i
o
n
For myself
person
s
i t u
a
t
i
n
For others
o
Situational attribution Dispositional attribution
fundamental attribution error

31. Negative info on others
we assign higher weight to negative information than to positive
information
Image source
http://medcitynews.com/wp-content/uploads/scale1.jpg
+-

32. Interpersonal attraction
friendship & love
Image sources
http://www.99hdwallpaper.com/friendship/birds-friendship-wallpaper.html

33. Oxytocin – the chemistry of love
Image sources
http://animalhugging.blogspot.gr/
Reduces stress
Calms
Safety
Well being

34. friendship & love
Image sources
http://feasttofamine.wordpress.com/tag/law-of-attraction/

35. characteristics of the other
Image sources
http://www.bestfunnies.com/funny-similar-animals-4-pics/ http://chelsiavona.blogspot.com/2009/10/week-three.html http://people.howstuffworks.com/opposites-attract.htm http://realpaintbox.com/acatalog/More_Info.html http://dossing.blogspot.com/2008/01/2008-80-years-of-
superman.html http://www.loveisrespect.org/shhhh%E2%80%A6-keeping-new-relationship-secret
Similar
Values, interests, attitudes
complementary Opposite, but likes me
flattering
Ideal self
Competent people
…but not perfect confides in me attractive
Secrets of the Sexes - Episode 2: Attraction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjLDomII6No 50

36. characteristics of perceiver
personality
Image sources
http://hyderabad.olx.in/bpo-spoken-english-personality-development-training-talent-resourze-iid-534710055 http://psych-your-mind.blogspot.com/2011/04/friday-fun-take-real-personality.html http://aknittysociety.com/category/gender/
http://www.constructionphotography.com/Details.aspx?ID=24248&TypeID=1 http://www.chacha.com/question/so-me-and-this-guy-have-had-a-mutual-liking-for-a-while,-and-have-really-wanted-to-date.-but-i'm-not-allowed-to-date-until-i'm-16,-for-another-10-months.-we've-decided-
to-wait-it-out,-but-we're-both-getting-impatient.-how-do-wait%26%2347%3Bwhat-do-we-do
Positive Mood leads us to like
Women pay more
attention to intelligence,
education, character,
ambition, status
Geographical proximity
mutual liking. Liking someone makes you
look more attractive

37. Maintaining a relationship
expectation vs. reality
Image sources
http://www.collegehumor.com/post/6582770/expectations-vs-reality-fast-food http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2013/01/18/anti-love-biotech-and-the-neuroenhancement-of-love/ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090213115445.htm
http://www.etsy.com/listing/56954215/vintage-balance-scale-scales-of-justice
from passionate to companionate
equity
Perceived benefits
Perceived contribution
Perceived benefits
Perceived contribution
My Your
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