Chapter 18 ap psych- Social Psych
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The document summarizes key concepts in social psychology related to social thinking, attribution, attitudes, conformity, obedience, and prejudice. It discusses how people make attributions about others' behaviors, the fundamental attribution error, how attitudes can influence actions, and studies on conformity, obedience, and prejudice. Social psychology aims to understand how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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This document discusses several key concepts in social psychology including attribution theory, the fundamental attribution error, cognitive dissonance, conformity, obedience, and prejudice. It provides examples of studies such as Milgram's obedience experiment and Asch's conformity studies. It explains how attribution theory suggests we explain others' behaviors based on their disposition or the situation. The fundamental attribution error is over-attributing behaviors to dispositions rather than situations. Cognitive dissonance theory posits that inconsistent attitudes and behaviors create tension, leading attitudes to change to align with behaviors. Conformity and obedience experiments show people conform to group norms and obey authority figures. Prejudice involves unjustified negative attitudes towards social groups.
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Chapter18
This document provides an overview of key topics in social psychology, including social thinking, attribution of behavior, attitudes and their relationship to actions, social influence through conformity and obedience, group influence, social relations like prejudice and aggression, and how psychology studies these concepts scientifically. It discusses pioneers in the field like Fritz Heider, Philip Zimbardo, and Stanley Milgram and their influential studies on attribution, roles and attitudes, and obedience. The summary focuses on how social psychology examines how people think about, influence, and relate to one another both at the individual and group levels.
9e ch 18 social psych
This document provides an overview of key topics in social psychology, including social thinking, attribution theory, social influence, conformity and obedience, group influence, social relations, prejudice, aggression, attraction, altruism, and conflict. It discusses how people think about and make attributions regarding each other's behavior, how social influence can lead to conformity and obedience, the effects of groups on individual behavior, and how people relate to one another through both positive and negative social interactions. Key studies and theories are summarized for each topic.
kgavura unit 9 Social
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology, including social thinking, attribution theory, social influence, conformity, obedience, prejudice, aggression, attraction, and altruism. It discusses how we attribute behaviors to individuals or situations, how social influence can lead to conformity and obedience, the cognitive and emotional roots of prejudice, the biological and psychological factors influencing aggression, and how proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity impact attraction and romantic love. Key studies and theories are referenced throughout, such as Milgram's obedience experiment, attribution theory, and the two-factor theory of emotion.
Chapter 18 social psychology
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology, including social thinking, social influence, and social relations. It discusses how people attribute behaviors to internal or external factors, the fundamental attribution error, conformity and obedience studies, prejudice, and more. The document uses examples, studies, and theories to explain these various social psychology topics over 23 paragraphs.
socio-cultural_psych_2020.pptx
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology. It discusses how social psychology studies human behavior and interactions. Some of the main topics covered include social thinking, attribution theory, attitudes, prejudice, conformity, obedience, and group influence. Experiments by Asch, Milgram, and others are summarized that demonstrate how social pressures can influence individual behavior and decision-making.
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This lecture provides an overview of several social psychology topics, particularly: what is social psychology, social influence (including conformity, obedience, and resistance), group decision-making, aggression, pro-social behaviour, altruism, conflict, and peace psychology
Final Draft ARP Paper
This study examined how conformity affects morally ambiguous decision-making. Participants were presented with a scenario where they had to decide whether to kill a hostage to save others. Some participants were shown weak or strong normative statistics suggesting others' decisions. Those exposed to strong statistics conformed more by deciding to kill more. Highly religious participants conformed less. Morality and social desirability did not predict decisions. The study found people are influenced by perceptions of others' behaviors in morally complex situations.
Prejudice
The document defines prejudice as a judgment formed before considering the facts that puts others at an unjust disadvantage. It discusses how prejudice arises from sources like socialization, competition over resources, and social learning of negative attitudes. Prejudice contains attitudes of favor/disfavor related to overgeneralized beliefs about social groups. The document also outlines steps that can be taken to reduce prejudice, such as direct intergroup contact, recategorization of groups, and cognitive interventions to reduce stereotyping.
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George Herbert Mead originated the concepts of the "I" and the "Me" to describe how the self develops through social interactions and experiences from a young age. According to Mead, children first develop a sense of self or "Me" by seeing themselves through the perspectives of others during play. Over time, they learn to take on generalized social roles and perspectives as their sense of self matures. Erving Goffman further explored how social stigma can form based on physical, biographical, or character attributes that are socially disapproved of. He described how the stigmatized manage their identities and face discrimination. While early conceptualizations of stigma focused on individuals, later scholars emphasized how stigma is socially constructed and can be challenged through
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Social influences can lead to conformity as people seek reassurance from others and adopt average positions rather than fringe positions. Experiments show that conformity rates increase with group size up to 3-5 members, and unanimity increases conformity. There are three main processes of conformity: informational influence to be correct, normative influence for social approval, and referent informational influence to follow in-group norms. Minority influences can create social change through consistent behavior, investment, and autonomy to negotiate influence with the majority.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Here is another document for you to summarize:
[DOCUMENT]
Social influence is the change in an individual's thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behaviors that results from
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Prejudice ppt-3.pptx
Prejudice arises from social, motivational, and cognitive sources. Socially, prejudice stems from unequal status between groups, socialization by parents and institutions, and the need to conform. Motivationally, prejudice arises from frustration and the need for a scapegoat, as well as the desire for social dominance and positive social identity. Cognitively, categorization of others into in-groups and out-groups, perception of distinctiveness, and causal attribution influence stereotypes. The consequences of prejudice include self-perpetuating stereotypes through confirmation bias, discrimination that becomes self-fulfilling through lower expectations, and stereotype threat in evaluative situations.
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This document summarizes a research paper on conformity. It explains that conformity is when one thinks or acts similarly to others in a social group in order to fit in. Conformity can be subtle and unconscious or come from social pressure. Motivators for conformity include normative influence of fitting in and informational influence of being told what is normal by society. Both men and women will conform to a relevant social group for acceptance.
Ch18slides.ppt
This document provides an overview of interpersonal relations and group processes. It discusses how individuals are influenced by the presence of others through social facilitation and inhibition. It also examines how social norms, authority, and social support impact behavior. Regarding groups, it describes how people join groups, take on roles, and progress through stages of group development according to models of group formation and socialization.
Social Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of Psychology
Social psychology examines how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others. Some key topics studied include social cognition, attitudes, prejudice, conformity, obedience, and interpersonal relationships. The field has developed over time through influential early scholars and the emergence of experimental research methods. Important early studies included experiments on social facilitation and conformity. Later landmark studies by Milgram and Zimbardo demonstrated how social roles and obedience to authority can strongly shape behavior in disturbing ways. Theories by scholars such as Festinger, Bandura, Tajfel, and Weiner helped explain key social phenomena such as cognitive dissonance, social learning, social identity, and attribution. Social psychology continues to provide
Chapter 10Aggression & Antisocial Behavior1
Chapter 10
Aggression & Antisocial Behavior
1
Today’s outline
Why are people aggressive?
Instinct/Biology
Narcissists
Social learning
Media & violence
Aggression under orders
Milgram’s study
Assertiveness instead of aggression
Antisocial Behavior
Antisocial behavior: any behavior that has a negative impact on other people
Aggression: hurting another person or achieving one’s goals at the expense of another person
E.g. war, homicide, riots, rape, assault, forcible robbery, family violence, bullying, etc.
Why are we aggressive?
Why are we aggressive?
First, as a quick note, with each passing year the world has grown more peaceful
Despite what it may seem like from the media
The world is many times more peaceful than in ancient times, where proportionally more people would died in wars
In the 2000’s there were only 2k deaths per year from warring countries whereas in the 1950’s there were 65k per year.
Instincts
Ethologists: people who study natural behavior patterns of animals
Believe that aggression is innate in all animals, including humans, e.g. killer instinct
Freud would have agreed
The fact that we are biologically capable of aggression does not mean that aggression is inevitable or “part of human nature”
The vast majority of people are NOT aggressive
Some cultures show very little: Eskimos, Navajo
Biology
Testosterone correlated with aggression
May partially explain why we see more physical violence from men than woman
Alcohol & other drugs lower inhibitions
The majority of murders and violent crimes involve alcohol
Body temperature is also linked to aggression
For this reason prisons usually keep a cool temperature
Other innate causes of aggression
Well, this theme has come up many times so far in this course, but once again:
Narcissists
Violent individuals often have high self-esteem and grandiose self beliefs
Bushman & Baumeister (2002), the authors of your textbook, also found that violent prisoners have higher narcissism scores than nonviolent people
Narcissism continued
Narcissistic personality inventory:
‘I insist on getting the respect I deserve’
Then participants mark the extent to which they agree
Direct quote from the Columbine killer:
“Isn’t it fun to get the respect that we’re going to deserve?”
Narcissistic rage, yikes!!!
Aggression as a response to Frustration
Frustration-aggression hypothesis: frustration tends to lead to aggression
road rage
watch for verbal aggression when people are frustrated
Why though?
Perhaps because frustration is an aversive state
Aggression as a response to aversive stimuli
Aversive stimuli make us more sensitive to aggressive cues
Aversive stimuli: pain, temperature, odors, etc.
Aggression cues: signals that are associated with aggression
Rude gestures, middle finger, body language
Weapons effect: observation that weapons serve as strong cues for aggressive behavior
Murders are much more likely in homes with guns
Hostile worl ...
OPINION 7.1Alice Benningfield 1 postsReModule 7 DQ 1Whi.docx
OPINION 7.1
Alice Benningfield
1 posts
Re:Module 7 DQ 1
Which theory of the origins of prejudice best describes the relationship between our attitudes and our behavior? Why?
When it comes to describing the relationship between our attitudes and our behavior, I believe that the theory that best describes it, is the social identity theory. According to Smith and DeCoster (1998), most individuals feel that they belong to a group. These groups include family, nationality, social class, school or work teams, among others and are an important source of self-esteem and pride (Smith & DeCoster, 1998). Social identity is strongly related to social norms, which are those behaviors considered appropriately within a social group (Hogg, 2006). When individuals adopt a social identity, they often conform to certain norms of the group. As a result of this conformity, when the group tends to expressively act in a biased way toward other groups, the individual often conforms to the social norms of the group and behaves similarity (Hogg, 2006). However, because people need to justify their behaviors, it is possible that negative attitudes toward an outgroup can also develop as a result of the acquired discriminative behavior; nevertheless, it is worth noting that prejudices against outsiders can be directly transmitted from social norms just as the behaviors do (Smith & DeCoster, 1998). Although the social identity theory might not be the only theory dealing with prejudices that links attitudes with behavior, it does give a framework with a potential explanation on how attitudes can be either directly transmitted from the in-group or developed after behaviors controlled by social norms have been derived.
Hogg, M. A. (2006). Social identity theory. Contemporary social psychological theories, 13, 111-1369.
Smith, E. R., & DeCoster, J. (1998). Knowledge acquisition, accessibility, and use in person perception and stereotyping: Simulation with a recurrent connectionist network. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(1), 21-35. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.21
QUESTION FROM THE PROFESSOR
Jodi Swanson
1 posts
Re:Re:Module 7 DQ 2
Really poignant insights here, Elizabeth. I'm particularly intrigued by your attention to how the Contact Hypothesis might apply to the current and ongoing crises with refugee migration. Just as you've noted, some Syrian refugees in particular have assimilated substantially into their new culture in terms of obtaining and maintaining a living, whereas in others, they have serious difficulty doing so. We cannot know the multitude of possible confounding variables influencing these differences, but certainly some (much?) of this must have to do with the political and social culture of the receiving nation--whereas some of this must have to do with the individual ingenuity of the refugees themselves.
Class: After reading Elizabeth's post here, consider when and why migrating peoples are received well versus poorly in some na.
Peace theme 2
This document discusses challenging prejudice and building tolerance. It defines prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. Some types of prejudice discussed include racism, sexism, heterosexism, classism, linguicism, ageism, looksism, and religious intolerance. The effects of prejudice in schools are outlined, such as victims being more likely to drop out and having negative impacts on psychological and physical health. Education aims to counter influences that lead to fear, discrimination, and exclusion of others.
Prosocial Behaviour
The aim of this lecture is to introduce and discuss the social psychology of prosocial behaviour and altruism.
Social Psychology
Social psychology scientifically studies how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. It focuses on topics like attitudes, social influence, aggression, group behavior, and attraction. Some key areas examined are conformity to group pressures, obedience to authority, bystander intervention in emergencies, prejudice and discrimination, and prosocial vs. antisocial behaviors. Landmark studies in this field include Milgram's study of obedience, Asch's conformity experiments, and Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment.
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Psychology 102: Social processes, society & culture
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Chapter 18 ap psych- Social Psych
- 2. Focuses in Social Psychology Social psychology scientifically studies how we think about , influence , and relate to one another. “ We cannot live for ourselves alone.” Herman Melville
- 18. Group Pressure & Conformity Suggestibility is a subtle type of conformity, adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard.
- 23. Informative Social Influence Baron et al., (1996)
- 24. Obedience People comply to social pressures. How would they respond to outright command? Stanley Milgram designed a study that investigates the effects of authority on obedience. Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) Courtesy of CUNY Graduate School and University Center
- 25. Milgram’s Study Both Photos: © 1965 By Stanley Miligram, from the film Obedience, dist. by Penn State, Media Sales
- 28. Lessons from the Conformity and Obedience Studies In both Ash's and Milgram's studies, participants were pressured to follow their standards and be responsive to others. In Milgram’s study, participants were torn between hearing the victims pleas and the experimenter’s orders.
- 49. Cognitive Roots of Prejudice In vivid cases such as the 9/11 attacks, terrorists can feed stereotypes or prejudices (terrorism). Most terrorists are non-Muslims.
- 52. Aggression Aggression can be any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. It may be done reactively out of hostility or proactively as a calculated means to an end. Research shows that aggressive behavior emerges from the interaction of biology and experience.
- 54. Influences Genetic Influences: Animals have been bred for aggressiveness for sport and at times for research. Twin studies show aggression may be genetic. In men, aggression is possibly linked to the Y chromosome. Neural Influences: Some centers in the brain, especially the limbic system (amygdala) and the frontal lobe, are intimately involved with aggression.
- 55. Influences Biochemical Influences: Animals with diminished amounts of testosterone (castration) become docile, and if injected with testosterone aggression increases. Prenatal exposure to testosterone also increases aggression in female hyenas.
- 57. Aversive Events Studies in which animals and humans experience unpleasant events reveal that those made miserable often make others miserable. Ron Artest (Pacers) attack on Detroit Pistons fans. Jeff Kowalsky/ EPA/ Landov
- 58. Environment Even environmental temperature can lead to aggressive acts. Murders and rapes increased with the temperature in Houston.
- 59. Frustration-Aggression Principle A principle in which frustration (caused by the blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression.
- 60. Learning that Aggression is Rewarding When aggression leads to desired outcomes, one learns to be aggressive. This is shown in both animals and humans. Cultures that favor violence breed violence. Scotch-Irish settlers in the South had more violent tendencies than their Quaker Dutch counterparts in the Northeast of the US.
- 64. Summary
Editor's Notes
- OBJECTIVE 1 | Describe the three main focuses of social psychology.
- OBJECTIVE 2 | Contrast dispositional and situational attributions, and explain how the fundamental attribution error can affect our analysis of behavior.
- OBJECTIVE 3 | Define attitude.
- OBJECTIVE 4 | Describe the conditions under which attitudes can affect actions.
- OBJECTIVE 5 | Explain how the foot-in-the-door phenomenon, role-playing, and cognitive dissonance illustrate the influence of actions on attitudes.
- OBJECTIVE 6 | Describe the chameleon effect, and give an example of it.
- OBJECTIVE 7 | Discuss Asch’s experiments on conformity, and distinguish between normative and informational social influence.
- OBJECTIVE 8 | Describe Milgram’s experiments on obedience, and outline the conditions in which obedience was highest.
- OBJECTIVE 9 | Explain how the conformity and obedience studies can help us understand our susceptibility to social influence.
- OBJECTIVE 10 | Describe conditions in which the presence of others is likely to result in social facilitation, social loafing, or deindividuation.
- OBJECTIVE 11 | Discuss how group interaction can facilitate group polarization and groupthink.
- OBJECTIVE 12 | Identify the characteristic common to minority positions that sway majorities.
- OBJECTIVE 13 | Identify three components of prejudice.
- OBJECTIVE 14 | Contrast overt and subtle forms of prejudice, and give examples of each.
- OBJECTIVE 15 | Discuss the social factors that contribute to prejudice.
- OBJECTIVE 16 | Explain how Scapegoating illustrates the emotional component of prejudice.
- OBJECTIVE 17 | Cite four ways that cognitive processes help create and maintain prejudice.
- OBJECTIVE 18 | Explain how psychology’s definition of aggression differs from everyday usage.
- OBJECTIVE 19 | Describe three levels of biological influences on aggression, and cite evidence for each level.
- OBJECTIVE 20 | Outline four psychological triggers of aggression.
- OBJECTIVE 21 | Discuss the effects of violent video games on social attitudes and behavior.
- OBJECTIVE 22 | Explain how social traps and mirror-image perceptions fuel social conflict.
- OBJECTIVE 23 | Describe the influence of proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity on interpersonal attractions.
- OBJECTIVE 24 | Describe the effect of physical arousal on passionate love, and identify two predictors of enduring companionate love.
- OBJECTIVE 25 | Define altruism , and give an example.
- OBJECTIVE 26 | Describe the steps in the decision-making process involved in bystander intervention.
- OBJECTIVE 27 | Explain altruistic behavior from the perspective of social exchange theory and social norms.
- OBJECTIVE 28 | Discuss effective ways of encouraging peaceful cooperation and reducing social conflict.