Education, occupation, and income are the main indicators of social mobility. Education provides opportunities for upward mobility and helps individuals gain credentials for better jobs. Occupation determines social status, and income level influences an individual's social position. There are different types of social mobility, including upward mobility to higher statuses, downward mobility, and horizontal or geographic mobility without changes in status. Intergenerational mobility involves changes across generations, while intragenerational mobility refers to changes within one's lifetime. Social mobility benefits societies by allowing the most able individuals to fill positions regardless of background.

1. Social Mobility
Mary Alyssa Botin
Sharmylaine Osea

2. Social Mobility
• Social mobility is the movement, usually of
individuals or groups, from one social
position to another within the socially
stratified system in any society. (Social
mobility allows individuals to move either up
or down the hierarchy.) It may refer to
classes, ethnic groups, or entire nations

3. INDICATORS OF SOCIAL
MOBILITY

4. Indicators of Social Mobility
An indicator is meant to
indicate something beyond the
property. Education,
Occupation and income are
considered to be the main
indicators of Social Mobility.

5. 1. Education
• the prime means of social mobility
• offers a chance to make up for the various
wrongs suffered by one’s previous
generations
• But it is also important to know that it
cannot be considered as channel to
acquire bureaucratic jobs

6. Functions of Education
• Education is a gateway to the professions.
• Education not only helps an individual to
acquire knowledge but is also a passport for
occupational position for higher prestige
• Education provides access to highly paying
governmental positions

7. Effects of Education
• It is clear that the more years one spends in
education , the greater are one’s chances of
high income and upward social mobility.
• Education not only provides the credentials
required to pursue many occupations but it also
helps people understand beyond the traditional
stereotypes.

8. • For example, the more years of schooling
people receive, the more likely they are to
understand the importance of practicing
contraception.
• The quality of education does affect the life
chances of students

9. • For instance, students’ course selections
at both high school and college have been
found to affect their later earning power

10. • Over all, we can say that education is not a
direct channel of mobility but it may prepare
people to take advantage of changes in the
occupational structure. Education is only
helpful to mass social mobility when
expansion and changing technology create
more high level jobs.

11. 2. Occupation
• Social mobility offers society the ability to
fill its occupational positions with the
ablest people.
• It offers the individual a chance to attain
his or her life goal.

12. • Occupation has been the most common
indicator of social stratification and
mobility both in closed and open societies

13. 3. Income
• Income and economic conditions play a very
important role in changing the status of an
individual
• On the basis of income, individuals can
achieve a high status is society
• Income indicates one’s way of life

14. 4. Motivation
• Each individual has a desire not only to
have a better way of living but also wants
to improve upon his social stand.
• This openness motivates people to work
hard and improve upon the skills so that
one can attain higher social status.

15. 5. Achievements & Failures
• Achievement here refers to extra
ordinary, usually unexpected performance,
which attracts the attention of a wider
public to the abilities of a person.
• Achievements affect status only if they
are remarkable.

16. • Failures and misdeeds have a similar
effect on downward mobility.

17. 6. Migration
• People migrate from one place to another
either due to pull or push factors.
• people are forced to migrate to other
places to earn their livelihood

18. The pull factors attract the people
because they do not have those facilities
at their place of residence and the new
place attracts them by providing these
facilities, so that after acquiring new skills
and knowledge they could occupy better
positions.

19. • People migrate from villages to cities
because urban centres have institutions of
higher status as well as opportunities for jobs.
• People come to urban areas to acquire
education and skills and occupy higher
positions than their parents and brothers who
continue to live in villages.

20. 7. Industrialization
• Industrial Revolution ushered in a new social
system in which people are given status
according to their ability and training.
• They acquired new vocational training and
got jobs in industries.
• with experience and training they moved up
in the social ladder.

21. 8. Legislation
• The enactment of new laws can also
facilitate social mobility

22. 9. Modernization
• The process of modernization involves
use of scientific knowledge and modern
technology.
• It also refers to rationality and secular
way of life.

23. TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

24. 1. Upward Mobility
• Refers to the movement of individuals or
groups from lower to higher status in a
social stratification system
• Also called vertical mobility which can
operate intergenerationally

25. Factors affecting upward mobility
• Policy and practice of migration
• Differential fertility of social classes
• Presence or absence of individual competition
• Availability of opportunities to prepare one’s
self for competitive process as a secondary
factor ( education first )
• Patterns of equality and inequality in a society

26. 2. Downward Mobility
• also results in a change in social status
( basically the opposite of the former)

27. 3. Horizontal Mobility
According to Sorokin, “Horizontal mobility
refers to territorial, religious, political party,
family, occupational and other horizontal
shifting without any noticeable change in
vertical position.”

28. 4. Geographical Migration
• known to sociologists as PHYSICAL
MOBILITY
• It is the movement of people from one
geographical spot to another, and it is a
phenomenon of increasing in modern
society

29. It includes:
• Forced relocation of large groups of
people
• Eviction
• Dispossession of unwanted people
• Voluntary permanent migration

30. Reasons for voluntary migration
• Economic factor
• Political reason
• Religious liberty
• Educational opportunities
• Natural calamities

31. Effects of Migration
• Diffusion of cultures
• Biological mixture
• Urbanization of culture

32. 5. Inter-Generational Mobility
• means that one generation changes its
social status in contrast to preceding
generation
• this mobility may be upward or downward

33. • With the help of these skills the younger
generation may get employment in higher
position. If the father is a shoemaker but
his son after acquiring education becomes
a clerk or a doctor or an engineer, this
would be called upward inter- generational
mobility.

34. • Similarly, a family of Brahmins may be
engaged on traditional occupation of
teaching and performing rituals but its
younger generation is neither intelligent nor
follows the family occupation. They become
daily wagers then the younger generation
has downward inter-generational mobility

35. 6. Intra-Generational Mobility
• Change in the position of one individual
in his life span
• Change in the position of one brother but
no change in the position of another
brother.

36. 7. Occupational Mobility
• means change from one occupation to
another
• Occupational mobility stands for change of
occupation of lower prestige to higher and
vice-versa.

37. REFERENCES
•
http://cms.gcg11.ac.in/attachments/article/214/unit%204%20Social%20Mo
• http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/social-mobility-the-meaning-typ