A report in Foundation of Education as a partial requirement under the Master of Education Class major in Social Science at Guimaras State College, Guimaras, Iloilo, Philippines

1. Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
Guimaras State College
GRADUATE SCHOOL
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION
IN EDUCATION
EDUCATION
AND
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
DEXTER R. TANALEON JOSE A. VILLASIS, Ph. D.
Discussant Professor

2. Meaning of Education
From the Latin term
“educare” which means
“to learn”. The process
of receiving or giving
systematic instruction,
especially at a school or
university "a new system
of public education".

3. Meaning of Social Stratification
The term stratification is
derived from the geological
concept of ‘strata’ which
means “rock layers” created
by natural processes.
Stratification is a hierarchy
of positions with regard to
economic production which
influences the social rewards
to those in the positions.

4. Meaning of Social Stratification
It is the classification of
persons into groups based on
shared socio-economic
conditions. A relational set
of inequalities with
economic, social, political
and ideological dimensions.
It is a system by which
society ranks categories of
people in different strata.

5. Meaning of Stratification
In sociology, social stratification is
a concept involving the
"classification of people into
groups based on shared socio-
economic conditions… a relational
set of inequalities with economic,
social, political and ideological
dimensions." When differences
lead to greater status, power or
privilege for some groups over the
other it is called Social
Stratification.

6. Basic Principles of Social Stratification
(1) Social stratification is a
trait of society, not simply a
reflection of individual
differences;
(2) Social stratification carries
over from generation to
generation;
(3) Social stratification is
universal but variable;
(4) Social stratification involves
not just inequality but beliefs
as well.

7. According to Raymond W. Murray
“Social Stratification is
horizontal division of society
into ‘higher’ and ‘lower’ social
units.” Every society is divided
into more or less distinct
groups. Even the most
primitive societies had some
form of social stratification.
Stratification describes the
way in which different groups
of people are placed within
society.

8. The Categories of Social Stratification
WEALTH
AND
INCOME

9. The Categories of Social Stratification
SOCIAL
CLASS

10. The Categories of Social Stratification
GENDER

11. The basis how society is stratified:
POLITICAL
STATUS

12. The Categories of Social Stratification
RACE
AND
ETHNICITY

13. The Categories of Social Stratification
AGE

14. The Categories of Social Stratification
RELIGION

15. The Categories of Social Stratification
DISABILITY

16. Agents of Social Stratification
FAMILY
The family plays a
significant role in the
development of an
individual. There are also
factors that may affect a
child which include the
occupational status of his
parents, the parents’
attitude towards their
children’s schooling and the
expectations they have for
their children.

17. Agents of Social Stratification
SCHOOL
Social stratification within the
school commonly known as
streaming, refers to the division
of school children into age
groups according to ability and
intelligence. The brightest
children are made to form one
class while those that follow in
ability form another class. The
children are divided into groups,
purely according to the merit of
the individual.

19. Agents of Social Stratification
OCCUPATION
In modern societies, roles have
become more diverse and
complex. Skills are learned
through formal education
systems and education has a
lot to do with employment,
the occupations one follows is
mostly related to the skills and
knowledge which one has
acquired.

20. Causes of Social Stratification

21. INEQUALITY
Inequality exists
because of
natural
differences in
people’s
abilities.

22. CONFLICT
 Stratification occurs
due to conflict
between different
classes, with the
upper classes using
superior power to
take a larger share
of the social
resources.

23. POWER
Power influences
one’s definition
of self and the
importance of
ideas in defining
social situations

24. WEALTH
Difference in the
wealth is also
one of the causes
of social
stratification.

25. INSTABILITY
 Instability in the
society being the
cause of social
stratification
enhances stability
and induces
members of the
society to work
hard.

26. Methods of Determining Class Division
Subjective Method
Personal ascription of the class one
belongs to.
Reputational Method
Old-timers identify the social classes
that exist in the community and to
place each resident in one or another
category.
Objective Method
Division according to income,
occupation, education and type of
residence.

27. Theories of Social Stratification
Conflict Theory (Karl Marx)
Stratification is the result of the struggle among people for
scarce rewards and it persists in society because the “haves” are
determined (exploiters) and equipped to preserve their advantage
by dominating and exploiting the “have not” (exploited).
Class conflict over material privilege and power; those who
own the means of production (capitalists or bourgeoisie) and those
who sell their labour (worker or proletariat).
Viewed the nation or state as an instrument of oppression;
religion as a method of diverting and controlling the masses; the
family as a devise of keeping wealth and education in the hands of
the few.
People’s lives are centered on how they deal with the material
world. The key issue is how wealth is distributed among the
people.

28. Four ways in which wealth can be
distributed:
 To each according to need. Basic economic needs
of all of the people are satisfied.
 To each according to want. Wealth is distributed
according to what people desire and request.
 To each according to what is earned.
 To each according to what can be taken- by using
whatever means. Everyone ruthlessly attempts
to acquire much wealth as possible without
regard for the hardship that might be brought on
others.

29. Conflict Theory (Max Weber)
 People are motivated by self-interest.
 Group conflict is a basic ingredient of society.
 Those who do not have property can defend their
interests less well than those who have property.
 Economic institutions are of fundamental importance in
shaping the rest of society.
 Those in power promote ideas and values that help them
maintain their dominance.
 Only when exploitation becomes extremely obvious will
the powerless their dominance.

30. Functionalist Theory (Kingly Davis and
Wilbert Moore)
 If all the positions that have to be filled in a society were
equally important and everyone were equally capable of
doing their jobs, there would be no need of stratification.
But this is not the case. Some tasks are clearly more
necessary than others, and some require a great deal
more talent and training.
 Social inequality is viewed as both necessary and
constructive.

31. Similarities of Stratification Theories
(Theodore D. Kemper)
 Both theories acknowledge that the evaluation of the
contributions of jobs to society also determines unequal
rewards.
 The Marxist theory leans heavily on the significance of
power in the distribution of resources; while the
functionalist emphasize the necessity of assigning some
position or work higher status than others.
 Both theories recognize that social power plays a part in
determining the unequal distribution of rewards.

32. Comparison of Stratification Theories
FUNCTIONALIST VIEW CONFLICT THEORY
 Stratification may be universal
without being necessary and
inevitable
 The stratification system
shapes social organizations
(social system)
 Stratification arises from group
conquest, competition, and
conflict
 Stratification impeded the
optimal functioning of society
and the individual
 Stratification is universal,
necessary and inevitable
 Social organization (the social
system) shapes the
stratification system
 Stratification arises from the
societal need for integration,
coordination and cohesion
 Stratification facilitates the
optimal functioning of society
and the individual

33. FUNCTIONALIST VIEW
 Stratification is an expression
of commonly shared social
values
 Power is usually legitimately
distributed in society
 Tasks and rewards are equitably
allocated.
 The economic dimensions is
subordinate to other
dimensions of society
 Stratification systems generally
change through evolutionary
processes
CONFLICT THEORY
 Stratification is an expression
of the values of powerful
groups
 Power is usually illegitimately
distributed in society
 Tasks and rewards are
inequitably allocated.
 The economic dimension is
paramount in society
 Stratification systems often
change through revolutionary
process.

34. EDUCATION AND SOCIETY

35. Equality
of
Educational
Opportunity
Modern society views
education as an important societal
resource and a means of achieving
the goal of egalitarianism.
Education is looked upon as a
means of raising the social status
of an individual in various ways. It
is accepted as a basic human need
to have a desirable quality of life.
Given equal opportunity for
general, vocational, technical and
professional education most
citizens have equal status in the
society.

36. Differential Standard of Educational
Institutions
Children from poor families receive education in
substandard institutions which are not properly
equipped with teachers, teaching aids and
apparatus. Usually urban schools and colleges are of
better standard than rural schools and colleges.
Differences in the standard of educational
institutions ultimately cause inequality in the
standard of students.

37. Primary Education
 Primary education should
seek to satisfy the basic
needs of all people. There
should not be any
differentiation of curricula
at this stage. Equality of
educational opportunities at
the primary stage requires
provision of free and
compulsory education for all
children without any
discrimination.

38. Secondary Education
 Individual differences
among boys and girls are
more prominent at the
secondary stage
diversified curricula
should be introduced to
cater to the needs,
interests and capabilities
of students.

39. Higher Professional Education
 At the stage of higher
education and
professional education
emphasis should be
placed on individual
capacity or merit and
maintenance of quality
and standard.

40. Compensatory Education
 Disadvantaged children
have an unstimulating
environment. They attend
primary schools without
prerequisite learning
which are necessary for
successful completion of
primary education.

41. Focus of Education
 Should be on equality of educational opportunities
 Focusing on different segments of society (rural areas, deprived
classes, tribal races etc.)
 Study the ideology, structure and process of social inequality
 Development of equal system of education enriched with diversified
course content to cater the needs of various groups and sections.
 Diversified methods of teaching
 Distance education
 Establishment of educational institutions in remote areas
 Global system of education
 Special provisions for education of deprived groups
 Promotion of multiculturalism in process of education.

42. Teacher’s Role in Society
 Teacher as an architect of our future generations
 Imparting knowledge
 Inculcation of values
 Make student to learn life skills
 Economic development
 Development of personality
 Development of good citizenship
 Development of scientific and humanistic attitude
 Creating awareness among society
 Social reforms
 Character formation
 Agent of social change

43. How people perceive it?

46. How Parents Assume It?

50. Conclusion:
It can be said that from the point of view of
an educational system those who are already
at the upper strata of the society are likely
to gain more. They have higher achievement
motivation and their environment helps
them. If we wish to provide equality of
educational opportunists we will have to
keep this aspect in mind.

52. THANK YOU…
Dexter R. Tanaleon
Teacher I
TAGSING-BUYO NHS