This document provides an introduction and overview of the concept of "society" in sociology. It defines society as a collection of individuals united through relationships and behaviors that distinguish them from others. Society is characterized by mutual interaction and awareness between people, as well as cooperation, interdependence, and a shared culture over a definite territory. The essence of society, as noted by sociologists, is the sociability and companionship between individuals that has existed since humans have lived together in groups throughout history.
INTRODUCTION, Definitions, Origin, Causes, Characteristics, IMPACTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, FORMS OF STRATIFICATION, Health Sector, Education, Bounds Individual Actions, Specification of Social Roles, Societal laws, Whom Will Live Or Die, The Slavery System, The Estate System, The Caste System, The Class System, Structural-Functionalist Perspectives, Social-Conflict Perspectives, Multidimensional Perspectives, SOCIAL MOBILITY, Horizontal mobility, VERTICAL MOBILITY, Intragenerational mobility, Intergenerational mobility, Structural mobility, Positional mobility
INTRODUCTION, Definitions, Origin, Causes, Characteristics, IMPACTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, FORMS OF STRATIFICATION, Health Sector, Education, Bounds Individual Actions, Specification of Social Roles, Societal laws, Whom Will Live Or Die, The Slavery System, The Estate System, The Caste System, The Class System, Structural-Functionalist Perspectives, Social-Conflict Perspectives, Multidimensional Perspectives, SOCIAL MOBILITY, Horizontal mobility, VERTICAL MOBILITY, Intragenerational mobility, Intergenerational mobility, Structural mobility, Positional mobility
The Social Organisation PowerPoint presentation provides an overview of the different ways in which people come together to form groups and organisations in society. The presentation covers various types of social organisations, including formal and informal groups, as well as community-based and institutional organisations.
The presentation starts by defining social organisations and their importance in society. It then goes on to explore the different types of social organisations, highlighting their characteristics, structures, and functions. This includes exploring the roles and responsibilities of different members within social organisations, such as leaders, members, and volunteers.
The presentation also covers the benefits of social organisations, including social cohesion, support networks, and the ability to drive change within society. Additionally, it highlights some of the challenges that social organisations face, such as funding, communication, and sustainability.
Throughout the presentation, examples of different social organisations are provided, including non-profits, charities, community groups, and political organisations. The presentation concludes with a call to action, encouraging individuals to get involved in social organisations and make a positive impact in their communities.
Overall, the Social Organisation PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the importance, types, and benefits of social organisations in society, and serves as a useful resource for anyone interested in learning more about social organisations and their impact.
Man is a social animal who cannot live alone. Man begins his life in group of a family. Throughout the life, man forms different groups to fulfil different needs. Every group plays an important role in shaping the personality & socialization of a person.
The Nature and Scope of Sociology include all the followings:
* The Sociological Perspective
*Seeing the Broader Social Context
*Foundation of Sociology
and many mores :)
Hope that this my Slides will help you to understand all the information :))
The Social Organisation PowerPoint presentation provides an overview of the different ways in which people come together to form groups and organisations in society. The presentation covers various types of social organisations, including formal and informal groups, as well as community-based and institutional organisations.
The presentation starts by defining social organisations and their importance in society. It then goes on to explore the different types of social organisations, highlighting their characteristics, structures, and functions. This includes exploring the roles and responsibilities of different members within social organisations, such as leaders, members, and volunteers.
The presentation also covers the benefits of social organisations, including social cohesion, support networks, and the ability to drive change within society. Additionally, it highlights some of the challenges that social organisations face, such as funding, communication, and sustainability.
Throughout the presentation, examples of different social organisations are provided, including non-profits, charities, community groups, and political organisations. The presentation concludes with a call to action, encouraging individuals to get involved in social organisations and make a positive impact in their communities.
Overall, the Social Organisation PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the importance, types, and benefits of social organisations in society, and serves as a useful resource for anyone interested in learning more about social organisations and their impact.
Man is a social animal who cannot live alone. Man begins his life in group of a family. Throughout the life, man forms different groups to fulfil different needs. Every group plays an important role in shaping the personality & socialization of a person.
The Nature and Scope of Sociology include all the followings:
* The Sociological Perspective
*Seeing the Broader Social Context
*Foundation of Sociology
and many mores :)
Hope that this my Slides will help you to understand all the information :))
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
Concept and definition of society
1.
2. Introduction to Society
The term ‘Society’ is the most fundamental one in Sociology
. But still it is one of the most vague and general concept in
the Sociologist’s vocabulary.
The term ‘society’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Socius’ ,
which means companionship or friendship ! Companionship
means sociability.
As George Simmel pointed out , it is this element of
sociability which defines the true essence of society . It
indicates that man always lives in the company of other
people.
‘Man is a social animal’, said Aristotle centuries ago
3. Sociologists discuss ‘society’ from two point of
views:-
Organizational perspective
Functional Perspective
There are three stages of Social Interaction :-
Interaction between Individuals
Interaction between Individuals and Groups
Interaction between groups
4. Other reasons behind developing society
are :-
1. Goal achievement or fulfilling needs through
different social contact
2. Mental satisfaction through social contact
3. On special occasions , different social actions may
be performed with the company of other persons
or groups
4. Each individual wants some psychological and
physical security from society . It cannot be
achieved without the help of other individuals.
5. Definitions
1. “A society is a collection of individuals
united by certain relations or mode of
behaviour which mark them off from others
who do not enter into these relations or
who differ from them in behaviour.” –
M.Ginsberg
2. “Society is the complex of all organized
associations and institutions with a
community.” – Cole
6. Definitions
3. “Society is the union itself , the
organization , the sum of formal relations
in which associating individuals are
bound together.” – Giddings
4. “The tem ‘society’ refers to a group of
people , but to the complex pattern of the
norms of interaction , that arise among
them and between them.” - Lapiere
7. Characteristics of Society
1. Society consists of people
2. Mutual Interaction and Mutual
Awareness
3. Society depends on Likeness
4. Society Rests on Difference
5. Co-operation and Division of Labour
6. Society implies Interdependence
8. Characteristics of Society
7. Society is dynamic
8. Social Control
9. Culture
10. Society depends on the
gregarious nature of man
11. Society is abstarct
9. Characteristics of Society
Society (as discussed by MacIver and Page) is
abstract . But modern sociologists such as Johnson
discussed society as concrete. According to Johnson
, main characteristics of society are :-
i. Definite Territory
ii. Sexual Reproduction
iii. Comprehensive Culture
iv. Independence
10.
11. Society Association
1. Originally Society is prior to Association . It
is older than Association.
1. Originally Association is later to society . It
is younger than society.
2. Society may be organised or unorganised 2. Association is always organised.
3. Society is formed for welfare of mass. 3. Association is formed to fulfil some goals or
needs.
4. Society is permanent. 4. Association is temporary in nature . In
some cases , it’s permanency is relative.
5. Society is natural 5. Association is temporary in nature
6. Society is a complex web of social
relationship.
6. Association is a collection of individuals.
7. Membership is compulsory. 7. Membership is voluntary
