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Community Psychology: Introduction
- 2. COMMUNITY PSYCH VS.CLINICAL PSYCH 1. COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY TREATED PROBLEMS AND ISSUES BOTH PSYCHOLOGICAL AND NOT 2. COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY IS FOCUSED ON PREVENTION 3. RATHER THAN VIEW INDIVIDUALS AS PASSIVE RECIPIENTS OF TREATMENT, COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGISTS COLLABORATE WITH THOSE THEY ARE TRYING TO HELP AND ATTEMPT TO EMPOWER THOSE INDIVIDUALS TO REALIZE THE PERSONAL OUTCOME THAT THEY DESIRE.
- 3. HISTORY OF COMMUNITYPSYCHOLOGY • THE SIXTIES A NUMBER OF SOCIAL ISSUES HAD EMERGE DURING THE SIXTIES (SUCH AS, DRUG CULTURE AMONG THE YOUNG, GENDER INEQUALITY PROTEST AMONG OTHERS) • SEVENTIES AND EIGHTIES ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH CENTERS
- 4. HISTORY OF COMMUNITYPSYCHOLOGY 1990-2013
- 5. PHILOSOPHY AND GOALSOF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY HAS EVOLVED TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON BEHAVIOR AS IT OCCURS AT INDIVIDUAL, GROUP, ORGANIZATIONAL AND SOCIETAL LEVELS. (HELLER ET AL., 1984) AN ATTEMPT TO FIND OTHER ALTERNATIVES FOR DEALING WITH DEVIANCE FROM SOCIETAL BASED NORMS… (RAPPAPORT, 1977)
- 6. COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY FOCUSES ONSOCIAL ISSUES, SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS, AND OTHER SETTINGS THAT INFLUENCE GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS THE GOAL IS TO OPTIMIZE THE WELL BEING OF COMMUNITIES AND INDIVIDUALS WITH INNOVATIVE AND ALTERNATE INTERVENTIONS DESIGNED IN COLLABORATION WITH AFFECTED COMMUNITY MEMBERS AND WITH OTHER RELATED DISIPLINES INSIDE AND OUTSIDE PSYCHOLOGY.
- 7. PREVENTION RATHER THANTREATMENT COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY TAKES A PROACTIVE APPROACH RATHER THAN REACTIVE ROLE.
- 8. LEVELS OF PREVENTIVEINTERVENTION PRIMARY PREVENTION- ATTEMPTS TO PREVENT A PROBLEM BEFORE IT OCCURS AT THE EARLIEST POSSIBLE MOMENT. IT REFERS MOST GENERALLY TO ACTIVITIES THAT CAN BE UNDERTAKEN WITH A HEALTHY POPULATION TO MAINTAIN OR ENHANCE ITS HEALTH, PHYSICAL,AND EMOTIONAL.
- 9. CRITERIA FOR APROGRAM TO BE CONSIDERED TRULY PRIMARY PREVENTIVE COWEN 1996: • THE PROGRAM MUST BE MASS OR GROUP ORIENTED • IT MUST OCCUR BEFORE THE MALADJUSTMENT • IT MUST BE INTENTIONAL IN THE SENSE OF HAVING A PRIMARY FOCUS ON THE STRENGTHENING ADJUSTMENT OF THE AS YET UNAFFECTED.
- 10. CRITERIA FOR APROGRAM TO BE CONSIDERED TRULY PRIMARY PREVENTIVE LEVINE (1999); • EVALUATE AND PROMOTE SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS AND CONSIDER HOW TO MODIFY COUNTERVAILING FORCES • BE STRUCTURED TO AFFECT COMPLEX SOCIAL STRUCTURES. • EXAMINE INSTITUTIONAL AND SOCIETAL ISSUES, NOT JUST INDIVIDUAL FACTORS • RECOGNIZE THAT WHATEVER THE PROGRAM, IT IS BUT ONE PART OF A MUCH LARGER CULTURAL EFFORT
- 11. SECONDARY PREVENTION- ATTEMPTS TO TREATA PROBLEM AT THE EARLIEST POSSIBLE MOMENT BEFORE IT BECOME SEVERE OR PERSISTENT. AT-RISK INDIVIDUALS ARE ALREADY MANIFESTING SOME SYMPTOMS OR PROBLEMS.
- 12. TERTIARY PREVENTION- ATTEMPTS TOREDUCE THE SEVERITY OF A PROBLEM ONCE IT HAS PERSISTENTLY OCCURRED. IN OTHER WORDS, AT RISK INDIVIDUALS ARE ALREADY MANIFESTING SOME SYMPTOMS OR PROBLEMATIC BEHAVIORS.
- 13. COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY GIVES…. •EMPHASIS ON STRENGTHS AND COMPETENCIES COMPETENCE – A SENSE OF MASTERY WHEN INTERACTING WITH THE ENVIRONMENT ; A BASIC DESIRE TO FEEL CAPABLE • IMPORTANCE OF THE ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE PERSON-ENVIRONMENT FIT. THE ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE MEANS AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT (SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL) AND ESTABLISHMENT OF THE OPTIMAL MATCH BETWEEN THE PERSON AND THE SETTING.
- 14. • RESPECT FORDIVERSITY PEOPLE HAVE THE RIGHT TO BE DIFFERENT, AND DIFFERENT DOES NOT MEAN INFERIOR. IF DIFFERENCE IS ACCEPTED AS A FACT OF LIFE THEN THE RESOURCES OUGHT TO BE EQUITABLY DISTRIBUTED TO ALL THESE DIFFERENT PEOPLE. • EMPOWERMENT - THE PROCESS OF ENHANCING THE POSSIBILITY THAT PEOPLE CAN MORE A TIVELY CONTROL THEIR OWN LIVES. • CHOICE AMONG ALTERNATIVES GIVEN A RESPECT FOR THE UNIQUENESS OF EACH INDIVIDUAL, RESPECT SHOULD LEAD TO AN UNDERSTANDING THAT A SINGLE HUMAN SERVICES IS NOT OPTIMAL FOR EVERYONE.
- 15. ACTION RESEARCH • DIRECTEDTOWARD RESOLVING SOCIAL PROBLEM • IN COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY MOST ACTION RESEARCH IS PARTICIPATORY; AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS ARE NOT MERELY “SUBJECTS” IN THE STUDY BUT RATHER ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS IN SHAPING THE RESEARCH AGENDA.
- 17. SOCIAL CHANGE • UNPLANNEDSOCIAL CHANGE- OCCURS SPONTANEOUSLY; NO ONE PLANS FOR IT TO HAPPEN…, IT JUST HAPPEN. • PLANNED SOCIAL CHANGE- AN INTENTIONALLY CREATED SOCIAL CHANGE. HERE, WHATNIS TO BE CHANGE IS TOBE TARGETED IN ADVANCE; DIRECTED TOEWARDS ENHANCING THE COMMUNITY AND PROVIDES FOR A ROLE IN THE DESIGN OF CHANGE BY THOSE AFFECTED BY THE CHANGE.
- 18. COLLABORATION WITH OTHERDISCIPLINE COLLABORATION WITH OTHERS GIVES NEW AWARENESS OF HOW OTHER DISCIPLINES EXPERIENCE A PHENOMENON
- 19. A SENCE OFCOMMUNITY • IF ENVIRONMENTS AND INDIVIDUALS ARE WELL MATCHED, A MORE OPTIMAL COMMUNITY AS WELL AS A COMMUNITY WITH ASENSE OF SPIRIT AND A SENSE OF “WE-NESS” CAN BE CREATED WHAT IS SENCE OF COMMUNITY? SENCE OF COMMUNITY IS THE FEELING OF THE RELATIONSHIP AN INDIVIDUAL HOLDS FOR HIS OR HER COMMUNITY.
- 20. A SENCE OFCOMMUNITY IS SPECIFICALLY THOUGHT TO INCLUDE FOUR ELEMENTS: 1. MEMBERSHIP- PEOPLE EXPERIENCE FEELINGS OF BELONGING IN THEIR COMMUNITY 2. INFLUENCE- PEOPLE FEEL THAT THEY CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN THEIR COMMUNITY 3. INTEGRATION- MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY BELIEVE THAT THEIR NEEDS WILL BE MET BY THE RESOURCES AVAILABLE IN THE COMMUNITY. 4. EMOTIONAL CONNECTION- IMPLIES THAT COMMUNITY MEMBERS HAVE AND WILL SHARE HISTORY, TIME, PLACES AND EXPERIENCES.
- 21. NEIGHBORING - A CONCEPTRELATED TO SENSE OF COMMUNITY, WHICH IS A PERSON’S EMOTIONAL, COGNITIVE AND SOCIAL ATTACHMENT TO THE NEIGHBORHOOD THAT MAKES HIM/HER MORE LIKELY TO PARTICIPATE IN NEIGHBORHOOD ORGANIZATIONS, AND IS THEREFORE A DIFFERENT CONCEPT FROM SENSE OF COMMUNITY.
- 22. COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY TODAY 1.THERE IS A SHIFT OF RESEARCH METHODS; FROM EXPERIMENTAL TO CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH 2. THERE ARE NOW FEWER STUDIES OF PEOPLE WHO ARE CHRONICALLY MENTALY ILL. INSTEAD AN EXAMINATION OF LARGER PORTIONS OF PARTICIPANTS FROM THE COMMUNITY AT LARGE DEMONSTRATES THAT RECENT RESEARCH IS BEING CONDUCTED WHERE SOCIAL PROBLEMS OCCUR WHICH ONE OF THE GOAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY.
Editor's Notes
- #2 THE SUB DECIPLINE OF PSYCHOLOGY THAT IS CONCERNED WITH UNDERSTANDING PEOPLE IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR COMMUNITIES, THE PREVENTION OF THE PROBLEMS OF LIVING, THE CELEBRATION OF HUMAN DIVERSITY AND THE PURSUIT OF SOCIAL JUSTICE THROUGH SOCIAL ACTION.
- #8 PREVENTION RATHER THAN TREATMENT WAS INSPIRED AT THE SWAMSCOTT CONFERENCE AND MORE BROADLY BY THE PUBLIC HEALTH MOVEMENT ; AND IS AN IMPORTANT PIVOTAL CONCEPT IN THE FIELD. THE UNDERLYING THEME IS THAT TREATMENT COMES TOO LATE IN THE INTERVENTION PROCESS; IT IS USUALLY PROVIDED LONG AFTER THE INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPED THE PROBLEM, SO IS OFTEN INEFFECTIVE. PREVENTION MIGHT COUNTER ANY TRAUMA BEFORE IT BEGINS, THUS SAVING THE INDIVIDUAL AND PERHAPS THE WHOLE COMMUNITY FROM DEVELOPING A PROBLEM.
- #9 PRIMARY PREVENTION CAN ALSO MEAN WORKING WITH POPULATIONS WHO ARE AT RISK FOR DEVELOPING A DYSFUNCTION AND PREVENTING THE DYSFUNCTION FROM EVER OCCURING.
- #14 Typically psychology focuses on weaknesses and problems. None of us would like to be incompetent. We feel a sense of strength that comes from mastering some part of the environment. Ecological implication. You put them in a diff environment they may thrive. Competency is aligned with prevention. If strengths were enhanced early on. Problems might be avoided. You DO NOT control the environment to change an individual. Labeling an individual who does NOT fit the setting is also not productive because of their transactional nature. Rather examine both the individual and the environment. Find the right combination.
- #15 DISTINCT WORLD VIEW, STYLES OF LIVING, AND SOCIAL ARRANGEMENT THAT ARE NOT PART OF MAINSTREAM SOCIETY. YOU AVOID COMPARING THIS DIVERSE POPULATIONS W/C MAY DEVIANT AT MAY DEFICIENT. EMPOWERMENT IS ACONSTRUCT THAT LINKS INDIVIDUAL STRENGTH AND COMPETENCIES, NATURAL HELPING SYSTEMS, AND PROACTIVE BEHAVIORS TO SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL CHANGE. DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPATION IN THEIR COMMUNITY Enhance tgeir access to various community change. Provide choices in community and accessibility.
- #16 Help in preventive efforts work best for whom, when, and why. PROMOTES SOCIAL CHANGE
- #18 ARMED, WITH RESEARCH ONE OF THE GOALS OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY IS TO INDUCE SOCIAL CHANGE. CHANGE IS DIFF BETWEEN TWO POINTS IN TIME SOCIAL CHANGE MEANS CHANGE IN SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS For example, scientists seek more efficient forms of energy, and advertisers try to convince us that life is incomplete without this or that new gadget. So market researchers find out new ways of convincing people to use the new product. Yet rarely one can envision all the consequences of the changes that are set in motion. Automobile has been introduced for mobility and transportation. At the same time there have appeared many unintended consequences like pollution, accidents, and the same autos being used for robbery and other unlawful activities.
- #20 COMMUNITY HAS TRADITIONALLY MEANT A LOCALITY OR PLACE SUCH AS A NEIGHRBORHOOD.
- #22 NEIGHBORHOODS MIGHT BE DEFINED AS LOCAL COMMUNITIES THAT ARE BOUND TOGETHER SPATIALLY WHERE RESIDENTS FEEL A SENSE OF SOCIAL COHESION AND INTERACTION. A SENSE OF COMMUNITY IS DIFF FROM NEIGHBORHOOD Why? Can experience a sense of community w/o the whole community