An experiment to determine the value of current gain (Beta) of a transistor using voltmeter. The experiment also includes building a constant current source using bjt and zener diode.
An experiment to determine the value of current gain (Beta) of a transistor using voltmeter. The experiment also includes building a constant current source using bjt and zener diode.
The cascode is a two-stage amplifier that consists of a common-emitter stage feeding into a common-base stage.
This a brief description of how cascode amplifiers function what are the factors that determine the bandwidth of the circuit.
The cascode is a two-stage amplifier that consists of a common-emitter stage feeding into a common-base stage.
This a brief description of how cascode amplifiers function what are the factors that determine the bandwidth of the circuit.
A novel voltage reference without the operational amplifier and resistorsIJRES Journal
novel voltage reference has been proposed and simulated using a 0.18μm CMOS process in
this paper. A near-zero temperature coefficient voltage is achieved in virtue of the bias voltage subcirciut which
consists of two MOSFETs operating in the saturation region. The kind of bias voltage subcirciut is used to
adjust the output voltage and compensate the curvature. The output voltage is equal to the extrapolated
threshold voltage of a MOSFET at absolute zero temperature, which was about 591.5 mV for the MOSFETs we
used. The power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) is improved with three feedback loops. Although the output
voltage fluctuates with process variation, the circuit can monitor the process variation in MOSFET threshold
voltage. The simulation results show that the line regulation is 0.75 mV/V in a supply voltage range from 1.6 V
to 3.1 V and the temperature coefficient is around 10.8 ppm/℃ to 28.5 ppm/℃ at 9 different corners in a
temperature range from -20℃ to 120 ℃.
The PSRR is -70 dB at 100Hz with a supply voltage at 1.8 V, and the
layout size is 0.012mm2. The results of simulation and post layout simulation are almost the same.
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated CMOS bandgap reference without u...IJRES Journal
A novel high-precision curvature-compensated bandgap reference (BGR) without using op-amp
is presented in this paper. It is based on second-order curvature correction principle, which is a weighted sum of
two voltage curves which have opposite curvature characteristic. One voltage curve is achieved by first-order
curvature-compensated bandgap reference (FCBGR) without using op-amp and the other found by using W
function is achieved by utilizing a positive temperature coefficient (TC) exponential current and a linear
negative TC current to flow a linear resistor. The exponential current is gained by using anegative TC voltage to
control a MOSFET in sub-threshold region. In the temperature ranging from -40℃ to 125℃, experimental
results implemented with SMIC 0.18μm CMOS process demonstrate that the presented BGR can achieve a TC
as low as 2.2 ppm/℃ and power-supply rejection ratio(PSRR)is -69 dB without any filtering capacitor at 2.0 V.
While the range of the supply voltage is from 1.7 to 3.0 V, the output voltage line regulation is about1 mV/ V
and the maximum TC is 3.4 ppm/℃.
Design of Two CMOS Differential Amplifiersbastrikov
High performance, 0.6u process CMOS differential amplifiers were designed in Cadence. Design specifications included differential gain, 3-db bandwidth, output swing, input common mode range, phase margin, total static power consumption, slew rate, and common mode rejection ratio.
Soft Switched Multi-Output Flyback Converter with Voltage DoublerIJPEDS-IAES
A novel multi-output voltage doubler circuit with resonant switching
technique is proposed in this paper. The resonant topology in the primary
side of the flyback transformer switches the device either at zero voltage or
current thus optimizing the switching devices by mitigating the losses. The
voltage doubler circuit introduced in the load side increases the voltage by
twice the value thereby increasing the load power and density. The proposed
Multi-output Isolated Converter removes the need for mutiple SMPS units
for a particular application. This reduces the size and weight of the
converters considerably leading to a greater payload. This paper aims at
optimizing the proposed converter with some design changes. The results
obtained from the hardware prototype are given in a comprehensive manner
for a 3.5W converter operating at output voltages of 5V and 3.3V at 50 kHz
switching frequency. The converter output is regulated with the PI controller
designed with SG3523 IC. The effects of load and line regulation for ±20%
variations are analyzed in detail.
Design of a Low Noise Amplifier using 0.18μm CMOS technologytheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
• Designed a single stage folded cascode op-amp which had atleast 50 dB gain and 135 MHz Unity Gain Bandwidth for the three temperature corners (typical, slow and fast), in Cadence.
• The op-amp had a phase margin of atleast 64º and an output swing of atleast 1.46 V for the temperature corners (27,-40,100).
• Designed a common mode feedback for the amplifier and achieved a common mode accuracy of 0.01 V.
•Designed a two stage OPAMP with a current mirror amplifier and a second CS stage along with miller compensation to provide sufficient Phase margin for stability.The circuit is also provided with temperature independent self-biased startup circuit.
•Our OPAMP exhibited a gain of 82.74dB, OVSR of 1.57V, Slew rate of 9.79V/us, Phase margin of 60 deg, GBW of 18.6 MHz, CMRR of 88.473dB, Power dissipation of 0.22mW with a 1.8V power supply.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
Soal dan Penyelesaian Bab 16 Efek Frekuensi (Electronics Principles Seventh Edition-Malvino)
1. BAB 16. EFEK FREKUENSI
(Tugas Elektronika Lanjut)
Di susun oleh :
Kelompok 1
Nama NPM
1. Andri Abadi 1215031010
2. Bella Nurbaitty S 1215031016
3. DesiPurnamasari 1215031019
4. Novitiyono Wisnu H 1215031054
5. RisdawatiHutabarat 1215031064
JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS LAMPUNG
2014
2. EXAMPLE 16-14
Draw the ideal Bode Plot for the lag circuit of Fig 16-18a
SOLUTION :
Figure 16-18 lag circuit its Bode Plot
We can calculate the cutoff frequency:
f2 =
1
2𝜋(5𝑘𝛺)(100 𝑝𝐹)
= 318 kHz
Figure 16-18b shows the ideal Bode plot.
The voltage gain is 0 Db at low
frequencies. The Frequency responses
breaks at 318 kHz and then rolls off at a
rate of 20 Db/decade.
This is result of Bode Plot using Multisim Software.
V1
220 Vpk
1000 Hz
0
R1
5kΩ
C1
100pF
XBP1
IN OUT
3. EXAMPLE 16-19
Using the circuit values shown in Fig-28a, calculate the low-cutoff frequency for each
coupling and bypass capacitor. Compare the results to a measurement using a bode plot.
(use 150 for the dc and ac beta values)
SOLUTION :
In figure 16-28a, we will analyze each coupling capacitor and each bypass capacitor
separately. When analyzing each capacitor, treat the other two capacitors as ac shorts.
From the past dc calculating of this circuit r’e= 22.7 𝛺. The Thevenin resistance facing
the input coupling capacitor is :
R =RG = (β)(r’e)= (150)( 22.7 𝛺) = 3,41 𝑘𝛺
Thefore,
R= 600 𝛺 + (10 𝑘𝛺 || 2,2 𝑘𝛺 || 3,41 𝑘𝛺)
R= 600 𝑘𝛺 + 1,18 𝑘𝛺 = 1,78 𝑘𝛺
Figure 16.28a
CE amplifier using
MultiSim
Figure 18.28b Result a measurement using bode plot by MultiSim
R1
600Ω
C1
470nF
R2
10kΩ
Q1
2N3904
R3
2.2kΩ
R4
3.6kΩ
R5
1000Ω
C2
10µF
C3
2.2µF
R6
10kΩ
10V
VCC
V1
1mVpk
1kHz
0
XBP1
IN OUT
4. EXAMPLE 16.20
Using the circuit values shown in fig 16-28a, calculate the high-frequency cutoff values
for the base bypass circuit and the collector bypass circuit. Use 150 for the beta and
10pF for the stray output capacitance. Compare he results to a bode plot using
simulation software.
SOLUTION :
First determine the values of transistor input and output capacitance 1,8 V and
Vc=6,04V. This results in a collector to base reverse voltage of approximately 4,2 V.
The value of C’e at this reverse voltage is 2,1 pF.
Results of Bode plot using Multisim Software
VDD
9V
R1
2MΩ
R2
150Ω
Q1
2N7000
C1
10µF
R3
10kΩ
R4
1MΩ
R5
600Ω
C3
0.1µF
Vin
50mVrms
0 Hz
0°
XBP1
IN OUT
5. EXAMPLE 16-21
Using the circuit shown in fig 16-32, determine the input-coupling circuit and output-
coupling circuit low frequency cutoff points. Compare the calculated values to a bode
plot using multisim.
SOLUTION :
The Thevenin resistance facing the input-coupling capacitor is :
R= 600 Ω + 200 M Ω|| 1 M Ω = 667 k Ω
And the input-coupling cutoff frequency is :
f1 =
1
2𝜋(667𝑘𝛺)(0.1 𝜇𝐹)
= 2.39 Hz
Next, the Thevenin resistance facing the output coupling capacitor is found by :
R= 150 Ω + 1 kΩ = 1.15 kΩ
And the output coupling cutoff frequency is :
f1 =
1
2𝜋(130𝛺)(10 𝜇𝐹)
= 13.8 Hz
Thefore, the dominant low-frequency cutoff value is 13.8 Hz. The midpoint voltage
gain of this circuit is 22.2 dB. The Bode plot in fig-16-32b shows a 3 Db loss at
approximately 14 Hz. This is very close to the calculated value.
Results of Bode plot using Multisim Software
VDD
9V
R1
2MΩ
R2
150Ω
Q1
2N7000
C1
10µF
R3
10kΩ
R4
1MΩ
R5
600Ω
C3
0.1µF
Vin
50mVrms
0 Hz
0°
XBP1
IN OUT
6. EXAMPLE 16-22
In the MOSFET amplifier circuit of fig 16-32, the 2N700 has these capacitances given
on a data sheets.
Ciss = 60 pF
Coss = 25 pF
Crss = 5.0 pF
If gm = 97 mS, What are the high frequency cutoff values for the gate and drain
circuits? Compare the calculations to a bode plot.
SOLUTION :
The high frequency cutoof frequency measures using multisim is approximately 638
kHz. This somewhat inaccurate result demonsreates the difficulty of choosing the
correct internal capacitance values of the device, which are critical to the calculations.
Results of Bode plot using Multisim Software
VDD
9V
R1
2MΩ
R2
150Ω
Q1
2N7000
C1
10µF
R3
10kΩ
R4
1MΩ
R5
600Ω
C3
0.1µF
Vin
50mVrms
0 Hz
0°
XBP1
IN OUT
7. PROBLEM 16.23
Draw the ideal bodeplot for the lag circuit of fig 16-36a
Results of ideal Bode plot using Multisim Software
8. PROBLEM 16.24
Draw the ideal bodeplot for the lag circuit of fig 16-36b
Results of ideal Bode plot using Multisim Software