Muscular system
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This document summarizes the main types of muscles in the human body. It describes three main types: smooth muscles which line organs and provide motility for digestion; cardiac muscles which make up the heart and contract rhythmically; and skeletal muscles which are striated and allow voluntary movement when stimulated by the nervous system. The functional unit of skeletal muscle is the sarcomere, made up of overlapping thin and thick filaments that slide past each other to cause muscle contraction.
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Muscular movement is controlled by three types of muscle tissues: striated, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Striated muscle makes up skeletal muscle and controls voluntary movement. It is characterized by visible striations due to the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments. Contraction occurs when myosin heads bind to actin and pull the filaments together, shortening the muscle. Several proteins and structures are involved in the precise sliding mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation. Common muscular disorders include muscular dystrophy, osteoporosis, and different types of arthritis that affect the joints and bones.
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The document discusses muscle structure and function, including:
1) Muscles contract through the sliding of actin and myosin filaments, powered by ATP hydrolysis in the myosin cross-bridges.
2) Calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to troponin, allowing myosin to bind to actin and the power stroke to occur.
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Know about Muscular tissue
Muscle is a contractile tissue found throughout the body that produces movement when stimulated. There are three main types of muscle tissue: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary muscle attached to bones that allows for conscious control of movement. It comprises over 600 muscles in the musculoskeletal system, including axial muscles that control facial expression and posture, and appendicular muscles of the limbs. Muscle fibers contract when stimulated by motor nerves, producing movement through their interaction with bones and tendons.
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At the end of the session the audience will be able to-
Classify muscles and their location in the body.
Connective tissue covering and different parts of skeletal muscle.
Classify different types of skeletal muscles.
Explain different functional terms related to muscle action.
Understand and discuss some principles related to skeletal muscles.
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2. Unit - 7-Muscles Anatomy, Thiru Murugan, Msc Professor
The Muscular System
By Thiru murugan. M
The Muscular system:
Types and structure of muscles
Muscle groups: muscles of the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, upper limb and lower limbs
Principal muscles: deltoid, biceps, triceps, respiratory, abdominal, pelvic floor, pelvic floor muscles, gluteal muscles and vastus lateralis
Major muscles involved in nursing procedures
Muscle:
Muscle is a soft tissue and it is one of the 4 basic tissues, along with nervous tissue, epithelium, and connective tissue.
Muscles helps in movement, support and protection of internal organs.
Muscles can perform variety of functions
Muscles tissue is made up of cells called “MYOCYTES” or muscle fibers.
There are more than 600 muscles in the human body. A kind of elastic tissue makes up each muscle, which consists of thousands, or tens of thousands, of small muscle fibers.
Types of Muscles: There are 3 main types of muscles
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle:
These are having close relationship to the bone or skeleton, so called Skeletal muscles
It present in limbs and related body parts & It form about 40% of body weight.
Under microscope the skeletal muscles fibers shows prominent striations, so called “Striated Muscles” & It is also known as “Voluntary Muscles” (movements are under our control)
Structure of Skeletal muscle:
Muscle fibers shows transverse striations under light microscope so it is called “striated muscles”
The nucleus is located peripherally.
Each skeletal muscle is an organ that consists of numerous cells called muscle fibers.
Each muscle fibers surrounded by “ Endomysium”
Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into bundles, called fascicles, each fascicle surrounded by perimysium.
The whole muscle is covered by “epimysium”
Each skeletal muscle has three layers: endomysium, perimysium and epimysium
Muscle fibers:
Muscle is composed of many long cylindrical-shaped elongated fibres called muscle fibers
Length varies according to the size and shape of the muscles.
The actual arrangement of the fibres depending on the function of the muscle.
Each muscle fibers covered by a membrane is called the sarcolemma.
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called Sarcoplasm
In sarcoplasm there are many mitochondria and bundles of fine longitudinal thread like part is called “myofibrils”
Microscopic structure of myofibrils:
A myofibril (also known as a muscle fibril or sarcostyle) is a basic rod-like part of a muscle cell.
Muscles are composed of tubular cells called myocytes, known as muscle fibres in striated muscle, and these cells in turn contain many chains of myofibrils.
They are created during embryonic development in a process known as myogenesis.
Under light microscope each myofibril consist of 2 bands:
Light band or “I” Band & Dark band or “A” Band
The alternating pattern of these bands results in the striated appearance of skeletal muscle.
Light band or “I” Band:
The I-bands (isotropic in polarize
types of muscles.pptx
This document summarizes the different types of muscle tissue in the human body. There are three main types: skeletal muscle, which is striated and voluntary; cardiac muscle, which is striated and involuntary; and smooth muscle, which is non-striated and involuntary. Skeletal muscle is found in the arms and legs and enables voluntary movement. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. Smooth muscle is found in internal organs and blood vessels and controls involuntary functions like digestion. Each muscle type has distinct cellular characteristics that determine their structure and function.
Muscular system
The document summarizes the muscular system and different types of animal movement. There are three main types of movement - ameboid, ciliary, and muscular. Ameboid movement occurs in amebas and other cells via pseudopodia. Ciliary and flagellar movement propel fluids and materials via hairlike cilia and flagella. Muscular movement is powered by the contraction of muscle fibers and occurs in three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, smooth muscle is involuntary, and cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary. Contraction occurs via the sliding filament model where actin and myosin filaments slide past each other through cross-brid
Muscles and Muscle Tissue
1. The document discusses the different types of muscle tissues - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. It describes their key characteristics like striations, size, nuclei, and functions.
2. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that produce movement. They are attached to bones by tendons. Cardiac muscle is exclusively found in the heart and controls heartbeat. Smooth muscles are involuntary and found in organs like the digestive tract.
3. The document provides details on the structure of skeletal muscle fibers including myofibrils, sarcomeres, actin, myosin, and tropomyosin proteins. It explains the sliding filament model of contraction initiated by calcium release and cross-bridge cycling between actin and myosin fil
Muscle Tissue Types and Functions.pptx
Muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts
Properties of Muscular Tissue
Contractibility – Ability of muscle cells to shorten
Excitability – Muscle tissue responds to a stimulus delivered from neuron or hormone
Extensibility – Ability to be stretched
Elasticity – Ability to recoil back to its original length after being stretched
Structure of Muscular tissue
Muscular tissues are bundled together and surrounded by tough connective tissue known as epimysium
The tissue made of many muscle fibres (myocytes)
Fascicles are surrounded by a protective layer known as perimysium
Muscle fibres are composed of numerous fine myofibrils
Muscle fibres can contract and relax
Muscles take part in locomotion and movements
1. Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton
They are also known as striated muscles because of the presence of alternate patterns of light and dark bands
These light and dark bands are highly organized structures of actin, myosin, and proteins.
These add to the contractility and extensibility of the muscles
Skeletal muscles are also known as voluntary muscles
Skeletal muscle tissue is composed of long cells called muscle fibers that have multinucleated
They play a vital role in everyday activities
2. Smooth muscle
These muscle cells are spindle-shaped with a single nucleus
Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs throughout the body
These are non-striated, involuntary muscles controlled by nervous system
The actin and myosin filaments are very thin and arranged randomly, hence no striations
It stimulates the contractility of the digestive, urinary, reproductive systems and blood vessels
3. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue is present only in the heart
They are single celled and uninucleated
The cells of the cardiac muscles known as the cardiomyocytes are striated
These are involuntary muscles and the heart pumps the blood through cardiac contractions
Muscle cells, unique junctions called intercalated discs (gap junctions)
Intercalated discs are the major portal for cardiac cell to cell communication
Muscle Introduction and molecular structure.ppt
muscles introduction including the structure of skeletal muscles which helps you understand the molecular contraction of muscles and the whole contraction mechanism of the muscles. I hope it will help you.
musculo skeletal system .pdf for nurses doctor and pharmacist and also for Al...
Musculo skeleton system for Allied health nursing
muscle-2.pptx
This document discusses the structure, properties, and functions of three main types of muscle tissues - skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. It covers their microscopic structures, nerve supply, location in the body, and roles. The document also explores the implications of understanding the muscular system for nursing practice, such as in patient assessment, care planning, and prevention of injuries.
Structure and histology of different types of muscles
PPT includes structure and histology of different types of muscles i.e., smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles.
Muscular system
The document provides an overview of the muscular system including the three types of muscle tissues - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. It describes the microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle fibers and their sarcomere structure. The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction is explained, involving the interaction of the thick myosin and thin actin filaments through ATP hydrolysis. Contraction is triggered by an action potential causing calcium release and the binding of myosin heads to actin, pulling the Z-lines inward.
Muscular system.pptx
The document discusses the three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, controlling movement. Smooth muscle is found in organs and blood vessels and is involuntary. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart, is striated and involuntary. Skeletal muscles are named based on location, origin/insertion, number of origins, shape, size, direction, and function. They work antagonistically or synergistically to produce movement. Fascicle arrangement affects muscle force and range of motion.
skeletal, cardiac & smooth Muscles by Thiru Murugan.pptx
Unit III – The Muscular System - Anatomy
Types and structure of muscles
Muscle groups
Alterations in disease
Applications and implications in nursing
Muscle:
Muscle is a soft tissue and it is one of the 4 basic tissues, along with nervous tissue, epithelium, and connective tissue.
Muscles helps in movement, support and protection of internal organs.
Muscles can perform variety of functions
Muscles tissue is made up of cells called “MYOCYTES” or muscle fibers.
There are more than 600 muscles in the human body. A kind of elastic tissue makes up each muscle, which consists of thousands, or tens of thousands, of small muscle fibers.
Types of Muscles: There are 3 main types of muscles
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle:
These are having close relationship to the bone or skeleton, so called Skeletal muscles
It present in limbs and related body parts & It form about 40% of body weight.
Under microscope the skeletal muscles fibers shows prominent striations, so called “Striated Muscles” & It is also known as “Voluntary Muscles” (movements are under our control)
Structure of Skeletal muscle:
Muscle fibers shows transverse striations under light microscope so it is called “striated muscles”
The nucleus is located peripherally.
Each skeletal muscle is an organ that consists of numerous cells called muscle fibers.
Each muscle fibers surrounded by “ Endomysium”
Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into bundles, called fascicles, each fascicle surrounded by perimysium.
The whole muscle is covered by “epimysium”
Each skeletal muscle has three layers: endomysium, perimysium and epimysium
Muscle fibers:
Muscle is composed of many long cylindrical-shaped elongated fibres called muscle fibers
Length varies according to the size and shape of the muscles.
The actual arrangement of the fibres depending on the function of the muscle.
Each muscle fibers covered by a membrane is called the sarcolemma.
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called Sarcoplasm
In sarcoplasm there are many mitochondria and bundles of fine longitudinal thread like part is called “myofibrils”
Microscopic structure of myofibrils:
A myofibril (also known as a muscle fibril or sarcostyle) is a basic rod-like part of a muscle cell.
Muscles are composed of tubular cells called myocytes, known as muscle fibres in striated muscle, and these cells in turn contain many chains of myofibrils.
They are created during embryonic development in a process known as myogenesis.
Under light microscope each myofibril consist of 2 bands:
Light band or “I” Band and Dark band or “A” Band
The alternating pattern of these bands results in the striated appearance of skeletal muscle.
Light band or “I” Band:
The I-bands (isotropic in polarized light) appear light in color.
I band divided into 2 portions by a narrow dark line called “Z” line or “Z” Disc.
This “Z” line is formed by protein which does not permit the light.
The part in between 2 “Z” lines called “sarc
MUSCLES (THREE TYPES OF MUSCLES IN THE BODY)
Muscles is a contractile tissue which brings about movement.
Muscle cell responsible for our movement both visible and invisible, example walking, talking, bowel movement ,urination, breathing, heartbeats, the dilation and constriction of the pupils of our eyes and many other.
When we are still sitting or standing muscle cells keep us erect.
CONT...Muscles can be regarded as motors of the body.Muscles comprises about 40% to 50% (approximate) of body weight.There are approximate 650 muscles in body.Alternating contraction and relaxation of cells
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Ctenophores pp
Ctenophores are a phylum of marine organisms that use fused cilia arranged in rows to swim. They are predators that capture prey using adhesive cells on their tentacles or body surface. While related to cnidarians, ctenophores differ in having smooth muscle, biradial symmetry, and being hermaphroditic.
Ctenophores pp
Ctenophores are a phylum of marine invertebrates that are major predators of zooplankton and fish larvae. They use rows of fused cilia and adhesive cells on their tentacles to capture prey. While similar to cnidarians, ctenophores differ in having genuine smooth muscle, multiciliated cells, hermaphroditism, and gastrulation through epiboly or invagination rather than cnidarian processes.
Introductionto metazoa 2012
Metazoans are multicellular eukaryotic organisms classified as animals in the kingdom Animalia. They are believed to have evolved from protozoans like choanoflagellates. Key characteristics include being polarized along an anterior-posterior axis, having specialized cells organized into tissues, and undergoing complex development from a zygote to a multicellular embryo. Larger body size in metazoans allows for cell specialization but requires circulatory systems and other adaptations for nutrient/waste exchange.
Introductionto bilateria 2012
Bilateria are animals that exhibit bilateral symmetry, meaning their left and right sides are mirror images if divided down the middle. They have three main tissue layers, a digestive tract with separate mouth and anus, a coelom or body cavity lined with mesothelium, and a centralized nervous system. Bilateria include most familiar animals and can be found in oceans, on land, and in freshwater.
Cnidaria gen features -2012
- Cnidarians are a phylum of mostly marine animals that include jellyfish, corals, sea anemones. They have radial symmetry and two basic body forms - polyps and medusae.
- They have stinging cells called cnidocytes that help capture prey. Their nervous system is a nerve net. They reproduce sexually and asexually. Larvae are called planulae.
- Anthozoans like corals and sea anemones have a tubular body with a mouth and oral disc surrounded by tentacles. Their pharynx leads into the coelenteron.
Cnidaria and ctenophora 2012
Cnidarians are a phylum of aquatic animals that date back approximately 700 million years. They display radial or biradial symmetry and tissue-level organization. Their body plans are simple sac-like structures with one opening for feeding and excretion. Cnidarians utilize stinging cells called nematocysts for defense and capturing prey. They also possess nerve nets, statocysts for balance, and in some cases simple light-sensing ocelli. Reproduction can occur sexually through larvae or asexually by budding. Major classes include Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa. Coral reefs formed by cnidarians like hydroids, jellyfish
Class hydrozoa and anthozoa
The document summarizes key information about the class Hydrozoa. It belongs to the phylum Cnidaria and includes solitary or colonial organisms found mostly in marine environments. They have noncellular mesoglea and lack tentacles in their gastrovascular cavity. The document also provides details about two common orders - Hydroida and Siphonophora - including examples like the Portuguese man-of-war Physalia.
Intro to eumetazoa2012
Eumetazoa are the "true animals" that possess true epithelia with basal laminae, definite body axes, and specialized tissues. They have several key characteristics including epithelial tissues that form protective barriers and regulate compartments, a hydrostatic skeleton that uses fluid pressure for support and movement, and muscles, neurons, and senses that allow for complex responses to the environment. Eumetazoans undergo gastrulation during development to form the three primary germ layers and have diverse growth forms ranging from solitary to modular colonial organisms.
New cnidaria
This document discusses the general features and anatomy of different classes of cnidarians including hydroids, jellyfish, sea anemones, and sea pens. It provides details on the life cycles and anatomy of specific cnidarian species like Obelia hydroids, Hydra, and Metridium sea anemones through diagrams of their cross sections, parts, and germ layers.
Sex chromosomes1
Females have two X chromosomes and are homogametic, while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are heterogametic. During meiosis, females produce gametes containing one X chromosome, while males produce half X-containing and half Y-containing gametes. Fertilization results in XX females from a female X gamete and either male gamete, and XY males from a male Y gamete combined with a female X gamete. Several conditions can result from abnormalities in sex chromosome number, such as Turner syndrome occurring from XO, and Klinefelter syndrome from XXY.
Sex chromosomes
Females have two X chromosomes and are homogametic, while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are heterogametic. During meiosis, females produce gametes containing one X chromosome, while males produce half X-containing and half Y-containing gametes. Fertilization results in XX females from a female X gamete and either male gamete, and XY males from a male Y gamete combined with a female X gamete. Several conditions can result from abnormalities in sex chromosome number, such as Turner syndrome occurring from XO, and Klinefelter syndrome from XXY.
Genetic engineering
This document discusses the impacts and ethical concerns of genetic engineering in medicine and agriculture. [1] Genetic engineering in medicine aims to correct genetic defects and is strictly regulated to ensure safety, while applications in agriculture are intended for intentional release and have fewer regulations. [2] There are ethical concerns about violating species integrity and treating animals as property without moral consideration. [3] Greater protections are needed for farm animals that are often neglected and have their birthrights stripped away.
Sex chromosomes1
Females have two X chromosomes and are homogametic, while males have one X and one Y chromosome and are heterogametic. During meiosis, females produce gametes containing one X chromosome, while males produce half X-containing and half Y-containing gametes. Fertilization results in XX females from a female X gamete and either male gamete, and XY males from a male Y gamete combined with a female X gamete. Several conditions can result from abnormalities in sex chromosome number, such as Turner syndrome occurring from XO, and Klinefelter syndrome from XXY.
Mendels law
Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to develop his laws of heredity. Through crosses involving one or two traits, he discovered that traits are passed to offspring through discrete units (now known as genes and alleles) and that alleles segregate and assort independently. His laws of segregation and independent assortment explained inheritance patterns through generations and the ratios of traits in offspring. Mendel's work established genetics as a science and his principles remain fundamental to inheritance.
Genomics
Genomics is the study of whole genomes. In the 1980s, scientists determined sequences of important genes. In the 1990s, the genome of H. influenzae was fully sequenced. The Human Genome Project, begun in 1990, fully sequenced the human genome ahead of schedule in 2003. The human genome contains 3.2 billion DNA base pairs and 30,000-40,000 genes. While genomics provides medical benefits, it also raises safety, ethical, and privacy concerns that remain open questions.
Genetics
1. DNA is transcribed into RNA through the process of transcription, and RNA is translated into proteins through translation.
2. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the sequence of nucleotides in DNA into a complementary RNA molecule. Translation involves ribosomes using the sequence of RNA to determine the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or protein.
3. The genetic code is based on triplets of nucleotides called codons, which each specify a single amino acid. This allows the sequence of DNA to determine the sequence of proteins.
Genetics, mendelian laws
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states that allele pairs separate independently during gamete formation, meaning traits are transmitted independently of one another. Mendel demonstrated this through dihybrid crosses in pea plants, which resulted in a 9:3:3:1 ratio of traits in the offspring. His work established that inheritance follows simple probabilistic rules and discrete factors (genes) are passed from parents to offspring according to the laws of chance.
Beyond mendel
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who conducted experiments on pea plants in the 1850s and 1860s that formed the basis of modern genetics. Through meticulous experiments involving over 28,000 pea plants, he identified two principles of heredity that later became known as Mendel's laws of inheritance. However, his work was not widely recognized until 1900. Mendel made important contributions to our understanding of inheritance, including the concepts of dominance, recessiveness, and independent assortment.
Hereditary patterns
The document discusses heritable variation and patterns of inheritance. It describes how traits are usually inherited in particular patterns from parents to offspring. Gregor Mendel performed experiments with pea plants to analyze inheritance patterns and deduce fundamental genetic principles. Through his work, he developed hypotheses about alternative gene forms (alleles), genetic makeup, gamete formation, and dominant and recessive alleles.
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
years in a row, the Labrador Retriever has dropped to second place
in the American Kennel Club's annual survey of the country's most
popular canines. The French Bulldog is the new top dog in the
United States as of 2022. The stylish puppy has ascended the
rankings in rapid time despite having health concerns and limited
color choices.”
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Muscular system
- 12. The Sarcomere