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The document presents a finite element analysis of a left ventricle and heart patch. The objectives were to model a healthy left ventricle, an infarct left ventricle, and implement a heart patch onto the infarct ventricle. Continuity software was used to create finite element models using measured material properties. Results showed fiber stress increased 76% in the infarct region but decreased 13% with the patch. Overall stress along the ventricle wall increased in the infarct model but decreased slightly with the patch. The study concluded the heart patch strategy was effective in reducing stress.
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Cs and rs at high altitude
The circulatory and respiratory systems undergo several changes when climbing mountains or at high altitudes to meet the body's increased oxygen demands during strenuous activity. The circulatory system increases cardiac output through higher heart rate and stroke volume to deliver more oxygenated blood to active muscles. Pulmonary ventilation and respiratory rate also increase to take in and distribute more oxygen. However, at altitudes over 1500 meters, the decreased partial pressure of oxygen reduces maximal oxygen intake and endurance performance. Symptoms of resulting hypoxia range from headaches to loss of consciousness, and treatment focuses on administering oxygen to raise blood oxygen levels. Women may experience more severe effects of altitude due to smaller lung and heart sizes limiting oxygen intake and distribution.
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Skeletal muscle blood flow ranges from 2.7 ml/100g/min at rest to 100 ml/100g/min during exercise. Sympathetic nervous activity maintains resting vascular tone but vasodilator metabolites override sympathetic activity during exercise. The muscle pump enhances perfusion by lowering venous pressure during contraction. Splanchnic blood flow is 25% of cardiac output at rest and increases after eating as blood is coupled to nutrient absorption. The liver acts as a large compliant reservoir that stores 20% of blood volume. Renal blood flow is 23.3% of cardiac output with autoregulation maintaining flow over a range of pressures.
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The circulatory and respiratory systems adapt in several ways when climbing mountains or during strenuous activity. The circulatory system increases cardiac output by raising heart rate and stroke volume to meet increased oxygen demands of active muscles. It also redistributes more blood flow to working muscles and skin for cooling. The respiratory system increases ventilation through deeper breathing to expel more carbon dioxide. At high altitudes, lower oxygen pressure reduces maximum oxygen intake and endurance. Hypoxia symptoms range from headaches to loss of consciousness depending on severity. Treatments for hypoxia administer oxygen to raise blood oxygen levels. A female climber may experience more severe effects of altitude due to smaller lung and heart size limiting oxygen intake and delivery.
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FULL WEB Interactive version
http://www.scribd.com/doc/182401977/Physiologic-and-Pathophysiologic-Function-of-the-Heart-Cardiac-Cycle-Graphs-Curves-Loops-and-CO-Calculations
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Cs and rs at high altitude
The circulatory and respiratory systems undergo several changes when climbing mountains or at high altitudes to meet the body's increased oxygen demands during strenuous activity. The circulatory system increases cardiac output through higher heart rate and stroke volume to deliver more oxygenated blood to active muscles. Pulmonary ventilation and respiratory rate also increase to take in and distribute more oxygen. However, at altitudes over 1500 meters, the decreased partial pressure of oxygen reduces maximal oxygen intake and endurance performance. Symptoms of resulting hypoxia range from headaches to loss of consciousness, and treatment focuses on administering oxygen to raise blood oxygen levels. Women may experience more severe effects of altitude due to smaller lung and heart sizes limiting oxygen intake and distribution.
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The circulatory and respiratory systems adapt in several ways when climbing mountains or during strenuous activity. The circulatory system increases cardiac output by raising heart rate and stroke volume to meet increased oxygen demands of active muscles. It also redistributes more blood flow to working muscles and skin for cooling. The respiratory system increases ventilation through deeper breathing to expel more carbon dioxide. At high altitudes, lower oxygen pressure reduces maximum oxygen intake and endurance. Hypoxia symptoms range from headaches to loss of consciousness depending on severity. Treatments for hypoxia administer oxygen to raise blood oxygen levels. A female climber may experience more severe effects of altitude due to smaller lung and heart size limiting oxygen intake and delivery.
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The document discusses the local regulation of blood flow through autoregulation. Autoregulation is the intrinsic ability of an organ to regulate a constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure. It is independent of neural and hormonal influences. Autoregulation is explained by the myogenic theory, where changes in vessel stretching lead to vasoconstriction or vasodilation, and the metabolic theory, where the accumulation or washing out of metabolic byproducts causes vessel dilation or constriction to maintain normal blood flow. The mean arterial pressure of around 93 mm Hg is the major factor determining perfusion pressure and the normal range of autoregulation.
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The cardiovascular system makes several adjustments during exercise to increase cardiac output and match blood flow to the demands of active muscles.
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Cardiovascular system and the influence of exercises on it The effects of exercise on cardiovascular system can be determined it by :-
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4. The effect on heart rate ,
5. The effect on cardiac output ,
6. The effect on oxygen extraction ,
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8. The effect on blood pressure
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1. During exercise, the body undergoes adjustments to supply nutrients and oxygen to active tissues and prevent overheating.
2. There are two types of exercise - dynamic exercise involves muscle movement while static exercise does not.
3. Exercise can be aerobic, using oxygen for energy over long periods, or anaerobic, using glycogen without oxygen for short bursts.
4. The cardiovascular system responds to exercise through increased heart rate, cardiac output, and blood flow to muscles to meet energy demands, while blood pressure rises with intense exercise but falls below resting after as metabolites accumulate.
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Assignment 45
This document discusses the physiological responses of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to increased exertion during climbing. It explains how the body increases oxygen delivery and cardiac output during exercise through mechanisms like vasodilation, increased heart rate and stroke volume. It then discusses the additional challenges of climbing to high altitudes, where lower barometric pressure and oxygen levels lead to hypoxia. Symptoms of hypoxia are described along with possible treatments like acclimatization, oxygen supplementation, or seeking medical care.
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3) Blood flow shifts from other organs to the skeletal muscles and heart.
When reaching high altitudes:
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2) Increased ventilation lowers carbon dioxide levels, causing hypocapnia.
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Venous return is the volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the veins. Blood from the systemic veins flows into the right atrium, where the pressure is called central venous pressure. Venous return is regulated by the balance between the heart's ability to pump blood out of the right atrium and ventricle into the lungs, and the tendency of blood to flow from the peripheral veins into the right atrium. There are five main factors that enable blood to flow back to the heart: one-way valves in the veins, muscle pumps that push blood during contraction, the respiratory pump during exercise, sympathetic activation of veins, and gravity draining blood from the upper body.
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The cardiovascular system makes several adjustments during exercise to increase cardiac output and match blood flow to the demands of active muscles.
As exercise begins, heart rate increases due to withdrawal of parasympathetic influence and stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system. Stroke volume may initially increase up to moderate exercise intensities as the heart fills more fully, and cardiac output rises as the product of increased heart rate and stroke volume.
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Cardiovascular system and the influence of exercises on it The effects of exercise on cardiovascular system can be determined it by :-
1. The effect on heart size,
2. The effect on plasma volume ,
3. The effect on stroke volume,
4. The effect on heart rate ,
5. The effect on cardiac output ,
6. The effect on oxygen extraction ,
7. The effect on blood flow and distribution
8. The effect on blood pressure
Cardio-Pulmonary Changes during Exercise
Here are the key ways pulmonary ventilation increases during different levels of exercise:
Effect of exercise on CardioVascular System
1. During exercise, the body undergoes adjustments to supply nutrients and oxygen to active tissues and prevent overheating.
2. There are two types of exercise - dynamic exercise involves muscle movement while static exercise does not.
3. Exercise can be aerobic, using oxygen for energy over long periods, or anaerobic, using glycogen without oxygen for short bursts.
4. The cardiovascular system responds to exercise through increased heart rate, cardiac output, and blood flow to muscles to meet energy demands, while blood pressure rises with intense exercise but falls below resting after as metabolites accumulate.
Climbing the everest
The document summarizes the physiological changes that occur in a climber's cardiovascular and respiratory systems when climbing Mount Everest. As the climber ascends, their heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and blood flow to muscles increase. Their respiration and tidal volume also increase. Shortly after reaching the peak, their heart rate, breathing rate, and stroke volume may decrease slightly. With enough time at high altitude, the climber's blood plasma volume decreases while hematocrit, capillaries in muscles, myoglobin, and red blood cells increase, helping acclimatization. If altitude sickness occurs, symptoms include lack of appetite, fatigue, dizziness, insomnia, rapid pulse, and malaise. Treatments include
Nervous control of blood vessels regulation of arterial pressure
The main function of the circulatory system is to give local blood flow to the tissue. There are special need of the tissue which is:
delivery of oxygen to the tissue
delivery of nutrients to the tissue
removal of carbon dioxide from tissue
maintaining of normal concentration of ions
transform of hormones and other substance to tissue
PEShare.co.uk Shared Resource
There are three ways to measure heart performance: heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output. Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute. Stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected from the heart with each beat. Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. At rest, a typical adult male has a heart rate of 70 beats per minute, stroke volume of 75 ml, and cardiac output of 5.25 L/min. During maximal exercise, cardiac output can increase to over 24 L/min for untrained individuals and 38 L/min for endurance athletes through increases in both heart rate and stroke volume.
Assignment 45
This document discusses the physiological responses of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to increased exertion during climbing. It explains how the body increases oxygen delivery and cardiac output during exercise through mechanisms like vasodilation, increased heart rate and stroke volume. It then discusses the additional challenges of climbing to high altitudes, where lower barometric pressure and oxygen levels lead to hypoxia. Symptoms of hypoxia are described along with possible treatments like acclimatization, oxygen supplementation, or seeking medical care.
Assignment 4 & 5 bzt 214
When climbing a mountain:
1) The cardiovascular control center activates the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and blood flow to working muscles.
2) Increased breathing and muscle pumping improves venous return, increasing stroke volume and cardiac output.
3) Blood flow shifts from other organs to the skeletal muscles and heart.
When reaching high altitudes:
1) Decreased oxygen causes arterial chemoreceptors to increase breathing rate, restoring blood oxygen levels.
2) Increased ventilation lowers carbon dioxide levels, causing hypocapnia.
Symptoms of high altitude sickness include cyanosis, nausea, headaches, breathlessness, fatigue, and increased blood pressure. Treatments include supplemental oxygen through ventil
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This document discusses the effects of exercise training on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. It covers topics like heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, blood flow, blood pressure, maximal oxygen uptake, lactate threshold, and training phases. It explains how these physiological parameters change with exercise intensity and training adaptations, allowing the body to more efficiently deliver oxygen to working muscles.
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12% Assured Return on Property in Noida Expressway “Cosmic Corporate Park-2”@...
The document describes an integrated commercial complex in Noida that offers workspaces, amenities, and facilities all within one location. It provides offices of various sizes from 210 square feet up to 620 square feet along with virtual office spaces. The complex aims to be a one-stop solution for work, shopping, dining, leisure and accommodation needs through amenities like conference rooms, creche, golf course, swimming pool, restaurants, and a nightclub. It also offers payment plans like down payment, easy payment or instalment plans and assures returns of up to 12% depending on the plan chosen.
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The document describes an integrated commercial complex in Noida that offers workspaces, amenities, and facilities all within one location. It provides office spaces ranging from 210 square feet to 620 square feet along with virtual office options. Amenities include conference rooms, a metro station pickup/drop service, convertible workstations, a creche, a golf course, restaurants, a swimming pool, and a nightclub. The complex aims to provide everything needed for work and leisure all in one place for convenience. Payment plans include a down payment plan, easy payment plan, and instalment plan.
12% Assured Return on Property in Noida Expressway “Cosmic Corporate Park-2”@...
The document describes an integrated commercial complex in Noida that offers workspaces, amenities, and facilities all within one location. It provides offices of various sizes from 210 square feet up to 620 square feet as well as virtual office spaces. The complex aims to be a one-stop solution for work, shopping, dining, leisure activities and accommodation needs through amenities like conference rooms, a metro station pickup/drop service, nap rooms, a creche, golf course, swimming pool, restaurants, and a nightclub. It is located near major expressways and promises possession of units by 2015.
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The document describes an integrated commercial complex in Noida that offers workspaces, amenities, and facilities all within one location. It provides office spaces ranging from 210 square feet to over 600 square feet along with shared conference rooms, a creche, golf course, swimming pool, restaurants, and a nightclub. Payment plans include a down payment plan with 12% assured returns, an easy payment plan with 11% returns, and an installment plan. The complex aims to provide everything needed for work and leisure all in one place for convenience.
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The document describes an integrated commercial complex in Noida that offers workspaces, amenities, and facilities all within one location. It provides office spaces ranging from 210 square feet to 620 square feet along with virtual office options. Amenities include conference rooms, a metro station pickup/drop service, convertible workstations, a creche, a golf course, restaurants, a swimming pool, and a nightclub. The complex aims to provide everything needed for work and leisure all in one place for convenience. Payment plans include a down payment plan, easy payment plan, and instalment plan.
12% Assured Return on Property in Noida Expressway “Cosmic Corporate Park-2”@...
The document describes an integrated commercial complex in Noida that offers workspaces, amenities, and facilities all within one location. It provides offices of various sizes from 210 square feet up to 620 square feet as well as virtual office spaces. The complex aims to be a one-stop solution for work, shopping, dining, leisure and accommodation with features like a golf course, swimming pool, restaurants, meeting rooms and childcare. It is located near major roads and metro stations for easy access.
12% Assured Return on Property in Noida Expressway “Cosmic Corporate Park-2”@...
The document describes an integrated commercial complex in Noida that offers workspaces, amenities, and facilities all within one location. It provides office spaces ranging from 210 square feet to over 600 square feet along with shared conference rooms, a creche, golf course, swimming pool, restaurants, and a nightclub. Payment plans include a down payment plan with 12% assured returns, an easy payment plan with 11% returns, and an installment plan. The complex aims to provide everything needed for work and leisure all in one place for convenience.
12% Assured Return on Property in Noida Expressway “Cosmic Corporate Park-2”@...
The document describes an integrated commercial complex in Noida that offers workspaces, amenities, and facilities all within one location. It provides offices of various sizes from 210 square feet up to 620 square feet along with virtual office spaces. The complex aims to be a one-stop solution for work, shopping, dining, leisure and accommodation needs through amenities like conference rooms, creche, golf course, swimming pool, restaurants, and a nightclub. It also offers payment plans like down payment, easy payment or instalment plans and assures returns of up to 12% depending on the plan chosen.
12% Assured Return on Property in Noida Expressway “Cosmic Corporate Park-2”@...
The document describes an integrated commercial complex in Noida that offers workspaces, amenities, and facilities all within one location. It provides offices of various sizes from 210 square feet up to 620 square feet along with virtual office spaces. The complex aims to be a one-stop solution for work, shopping, dining, leisure and accommodation needs through amenities like conference rooms, creche, golf course, swimming pool, restaurants, and a nightclub. It also offers payment plans like down payment, easy payment or instalment plans and assures returns of up to 12% depending on the plan chosen.
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- 1. FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF A LEFT VENTRICLE & HEART PATCH Presented by : Han Yee Lee Supervisor: Dr Wenyi Yan
- 2. Presentation Outline •Background / Motivation •Objectives •Methodology •Results / Discussion •Conclusion •Future recommendations http://wayoffside.files.wordpress.c om/2007/11/heart.jpg
- 3. Background / Motivation The human heart weights around one pound The heart beats approximately 70 times a minute and 100,000 times a day http://www.livescience.com/images/human_heart_graphic_03
- 4. • Cardiac Cycle Cardiac cycle is a sequence of mechanical events of the heart pumping blood through our body The heart pumps blood to the lungs, back to the heart, out to the body and back to the heart again in about 23 seconds http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YuX7CtClyg&feature=related
- 5. • Myocardial Infarction Myocardial Infarction is a medical term for a heart attack Myocardial infarction is a death of heart muscle from a sudden blockage of a coronary artery http://www.healthcentral.com/common/images/1/18 048_3691_5.jpg
- 7. • Heart Patch Strategy Developed during the mid 1990s Serves two function: -Cell delivery -Left ventricular restraint Heart Patch could decrease the heart wall stress Chen et al 2008 ‘Characterization of a Soft Elastomer Poly designed to match the mechanical properties of Myocardial Tissue’
- 9. Objectives The primary objectives of this research are 1) Model a healthy dog’s left ventricle 2) Model an infarct dog’s left ventricle 3) Implement the heart patch strategy onto the infarct left ventricle
- 10. Methodology Continuity 6 is a problem-solving environment for finite element analysis in bioengineering and physiology Finite 1) 2) 3) 4) element modeling steps: Geometry Boundary Conditions Material properties Solving
- 11. • Geometry Healthy Model Prolate spheroidal coordinates(λ,v,θ) consists of 210 nodes and 150 elements • Boundary conditions There are 3 rigid body motions Ensure all rigid body motions are suppressed http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolate_spheroidal _coordinates
- 12. Infarct Model Infarct Patch Model t = 1.1mm
- 13. •Material Properties Material based on Constitutive Law (Transversely Isotropic & Hyper Elastic Material ) Left Ventricle’s Parameters Healthy Infarct Section Patch Stress Scaling Coefficient (kPa) 0.14638 2.9 0.14638 Fiber Strain Coefficient 67.069 33.17 67.069 Transverse Strain Coefficient 26.571 41.56 26.571 Bulk Modulus 100 100 1000 Fiber_Trans_Shear_coefficient 21.604 21.604 21.604 •Pressure A pressure increment of 1kPa is being applied in the inner surface of the left ventricle
- 14. Results & Discussion •Deformed Geometry Internal Pressure = 0 kPa Internal Pressure = 1kPa (7.5mmHg) When the left ventricle contracts (filling state), there is a change in volume from 26ml40ml
- 15. •Fiber Stress across the ventricular thickness at the Healthy Section Infarct Section Infarct Patch Section Healthy Section Infarct Section Infarct Patch Section
- 16. Healthy versus Infarct versus Infarct Patch section (1kPa Internal Pressure) 8 6.90 Healthy section Fiber Stress (kPa) 7 6 5.98 5 Infarct section 3.81 4 3.90 3 2.47 2 1 0 0.56 Infarct Patch section 0.60 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 Longitudinal coordinates •Approximately there is a 76% increase of stress at the infarct section •Approximately there is a 13% decrease of stress at the infarct section when the patch is applied
- 17. •Fiber Stress along the ventricular wall Healthy Infarct versus Infarct Model Model versus Infarct Patch Model
- 18. Healthy Model •Average Fiber Stress = 12.36 kPa Infarct Model •Average Fiber Stress = 13.55 kPa
- 19. Infarct Patch Model •Average Fiber Stress = 13.2 kPa Infarct Model •Average Fiber Stress = 13.55 kPa
- 20. Conclusion Fiber stress at the ventricular thickness -Approximately 76% increase of stress (infarct) -Approximately 13% decrease of stress (patch) Fiber stress along the ventricular wall -An average of 1.2kPa fiber stress increased (infarct) -An average of 0.35kPa fiber stress decreased (patch) The heart patch strategy WORKS!!!
- 21. Future Recommendations Different material properties for the patch Increase the size of the patch Results comparison with previous research Consider the ‘relaxation state’ for the left ventricle
- 22. QUESTIONS