Assignment 4 & 5 bzt 214
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When climbing a mountain: 1) The cardiovascular control center activates the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and blood flow to working muscles. 2) Increased breathing and muscle pumping improves venous return, increasing stroke volume and cardiac output. 3) Blood flow shifts from other organs to the skeletal muscles and heart. When reaching high altitudes: 1) Decreased oxygen causes arterial chemoreceptors to increase breathing rate, restoring blood oxygen levels. 2) Increased ventilation lowers carbon dioxide levels, causing hypocapnia. Symptoms of high altitude sickness include cyanosis, nausea, headaches, breathlessness, fatigue, and increased blood pressure. Treatments include supplemental oxygen through ventil
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Circulatory and respiration
When a person engages in strenuous activity like climbing a mountain, their body undergoes several changes. Their respiratory system increases breathing rate and tidal volume to supply more oxygen to meet demands. Their circulatory system increases heart rate and cardiac output to deliver more oxygenated blood, while blood flow decreases to non-essential organs. At high altitudes, hypoxia can occur due to low oxygen levels, causing symptoms like fatigue and dizziness. While acclimatizing helps, supplemental oxygen is needed to treat hypoxia. These changes affect both sexes similarly though females may adjust more slowly due to anatomical differences.
The cardiovascular system min
General cardiovascular system
• Diagnostic tests p. 621
o ECG
o Stress ECG
o CXR
o Echo
o Cardiac cath
o Angiography
o Doppler studies
o Pulse oximetry
• Haematological studies p. 623
o Serum electrolytes
o Blood gases
o Serum enzymes
o Serum lipids
• Classification of cardiac disorders p. 629
• Risk factors p. 629
Congenital heart defects p. 630
• Description of congenital defects
o ASD
o VSD
o PDA
o Tetralogy of Fallot
• Clinical manifestations of congenital defects
• Management
Disorders associated with the conducting system p 633
• Specific dysrhythmias of the atria p. 634
o PAC
o Atrial flutter
o Atrial Fibrillation
• Ventricular dysrhythmias p 637
o Ventricular tachycardia
o Ventricular fibrillation
o Ventricular asystole
• Management
Congestive cardiac failure p. 644, PCCM 81
• Aetiology
• Pathophysiology
• Classification of CCF
o Systolic HF
o Right sided
o Left sided
• Clinical manifestations
o Respiratory
o GIT
o Oedema
o Renal
o Neurological
o Other
o Physical examination
o Summary table 33.6
• Diagnostic test results
• Management
o See N/care plan p 624
o PCCM p 84
Bed rest
Stress relief
Diet
Exercise
Smoking / alcohol
Refer
Medication
• Nursing management
Cardiac trauma p 647, p 216, table 33.7
• Stabbed heart PCCM 272
Management of coronary artery disease
• Risk factors p 651
• Pathophysiology p 651
• Nursing assessment p 652
o Subjective/ Objective
• Diagnostic test results p 653 (not SGOT)
Angina p 653 PCCM p 91 (T&E Periods)
• Stable
• Unstable
• Clinical features pain PCCM 91
• Management P 653 PCCM 91
Myocardial infarct p 653 PCCM p 92 (T&E Periods)
• Clinical manifestations p 654 PCCM 92
• Clinical features pain PCCM 92
• Management
o Medical
o PTCA /CABG
o Nursing
Diagnoses
Outcomes
Interventions
• Complications
o Cardiogenic shock
o Cardiac failure
o Deep vein thrombosis
o Pulmonary embolism
• Essential health information
Cardiovascular responses to exercise
The document summarizes the major cardiovascular responses to exercise. It lists 14 responses, including an increase in heart rate due to increased sympathetic nerve activity and decreased parasympathetic activity. Stroke volume increases due to greater ventricular contractility from sympathetic nerve activity as well as increased end-diastolic volume and venous return. As a result, cardiac output increases from both a higher heart rate and larger stroke volume. Total peripheral resistance decreases in the heart and skeletal muscles but increases in other organs, resulting in an overall decrease. Mean arterial pressure and systolic pressure increase due to the higher cardiac output outweighing the lower total peripheral resistance. Diastolic pressure and end-diastolic volume typically remain unchanged. Blood flow increases to the
Lab 2 q&a
The cardiovascular system responds to exercise with an increase in heart rate and the strength of each heart contraction, resulting in higher cardiac output and blood pressure. During exercise, the heart adapts by pumping more blood with each beat at a faster rate to meet the increased metabolic needs of active skeletal muscles. This document discusses how mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance are related and impacted by exercise through measurements of systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures taken before and after physical activity.
Assignment 4&5
1) When people engage in strenuous physical activity like mountain climbing, their bodies increase oxygen consumption and energy demands.
2) In response, the circulatory and respiratory systems work to increase oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal. The heart rate and stroke volume increase to pump more blood. Arterioles dilate to direct blood flow to active muscles. Breathing rate and depth increase through the respiratory centers in the brain.
3) At high altitudes where oxygen is low, the body responds to hypoxia through increased ventilation and other mechanisms like raising red blood cell count. However, this can lead to issues like hypocapnia, respiratory alkalosis, and pulmonary edema. Oxygen treatment is the most
Cardiac diseases mi-chf egh-nsg.forum-palestine.com
تم تحميل هذا الملف من
منتديات تمريض مستشفى غزة الاوروبي
http://egh-nsg.forumpalestine.com/
لتحميل اجمل واروع المحاضرات فقط قم بزيارتنا وسوف تكون من الاوائل
مع تحيات المدير العام
علاء شعت
Circulatory Adaptations to Exercise
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart has four chambers that pump blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit which oxygenates blood and the systemic circuit which transports oxygenated blood to tissues. During exercise, the heart rate and stroke volume both increase to elevate cardiac output and meet increased oxygen demands of active muscles. This is regulated through sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system control of the heart as well as changes in venous return that influence end-diastolic volume.
Pulmonary edema egh nsg.forum-palestine.com
تم تحميل هذا الملف من
منتديات تمريض مستشفى غزة الاوروبي
http://egh-nsg.forumpalestine.com/
لتحميل اجمل واروع المحاضرات فقط قم بزيارتنا وسوف تكون من الاوائل
مع تحيات المدير العام
علاء شعت
Recommended
Circulatory and respiration
When a person engages in strenuous activity like climbing a mountain, their body undergoes several changes. Their respiratory system increases breathing rate and tidal volume to supply more oxygen to meet demands. Their circulatory system increases heart rate and cardiac output to deliver more oxygenated blood, while blood flow decreases to non-essential organs. At high altitudes, hypoxia can occur due to low oxygen levels, causing symptoms like fatigue and dizziness. While acclimatizing helps, supplemental oxygen is needed to treat hypoxia. These changes affect both sexes similarly though females may adjust more slowly due to anatomical differences.
The cardiovascular system min
General cardiovascular system
• Diagnostic tests p. 621
o ECG
o Stress ECG
o CXR
o Echo
o Cardiac cath
o Angiography
o Doppler studies
o Pulse oximetry
• Haematological studies p. 623
o Serum electrolytes
o Blood gases
o Serum enzymes
o Serum lipids
• Classification of cardiac disorders p. 629
• Risk factors p. 629
Congenital heart defects p. 630
• Description of congenital defects
o ASD
o VSD
o PDA
o Tetralogy of Fallot
• Clinical manifestations of congenital defects
• Management
Disorders associated with the conducting system p 633
• Specific dysrhythmias of the atria p. 634
o PAC
o Atrial flutter
o Atrial Fibrillation
• Ventricular dysrhythmias p 637
o Ventricular tachycardia
o Ventricular fibrillation
o Ventricular asystole
• Management
Congestive cardiac failure p. 644, PCCM 81
• Aetiology
• Pathophysiology
• Classification of CCF
o Systolic HF
o Right sided
o Left sided
• Clinical manifestations
o Respiratory
o GIT
o Oedema
o Renal
o Neurological
o Other
o Physical examination
o Summary table 33.6
• Diagnostic test results
• Management
o See N/care plan p 624
o PCCM p 84
Bed rest
Stress relief
Diet
Exercise
Smoking / alcohol
Refer
Medication
• Nursing management
Cardiac trauma p 647, p 216, table 33.7
• Stabbed heart PCCM 272
Management of coronary artery disease
• Risk factors p 651
• Pathophysiology p 651
• Nursing assessment p 652
o Subjective/ Objective
• Diagnostic test results p 653 (not SGOT)
Angina p 653 PCCM p 91 (T&E Periods)
• Stable
• Unstable
• Clinical features pain PCCM 91
• Management P 653 PCCM 91
Myocardial infarct p 653 PCCM p 92 (T&E Periods)
• Clinical manifestations p 654 PCCM 92
• Clinical features pain PCCM 92
• Management
o Medical
o PTCA /CABG
o Nursing
Diagnoses
Outcomes
Interventions
• Complications
o Cardiogenic shock
o Cardiac failure
o Deep vein thrombosis
o Pulmonary embolism
• Essential health information
Cardiovascular responses to exercise
The document summarizes the major cardiovascular responses to exercise. It lists 14 responses, including an increase in heart rate due to increased sympathetic nerve activity and decreased parasympathetic activity. Stroke volume increases due to greater ventricular contractility from sympathetic nerve activity as well as increased end-diastolic volume and venous return. As a result, cardiac output increases from both a higher heart rate and larger stroke volume. Total peripheral resistance decreases in the heart and skeletal muscles but increases in other organs, resulting in an overall decrease. Mean arterial pressure and systolic pressure increase due to the higher cardiac output outweighing the lower total peripheral resistance. Diastolic pressure and end-diastolic volume typically remain unchanged. Blood flow increases to the
Lab 2 q&a
The cardiovascular system responds to exercise with an increase in heart rate and the strength of each heart contraction, resulting in higher cardiac output and blood pressure. During exercise, the heart adapts by pumping more blood with each beat at a faster rate to meet the increased metabolic needs of active skeletal muscles. This document discusses how mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance are related and impacted by exercise through measurements of systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures taken before and after physical activity.
Assignment 4&5
1) When people engage in strenuous physical activity like mountain climbing, their bodies increase oxygen consumption and energy demands.
2) In response, the circulatory and respiratory systems work to increase oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal. The heart rate and stroke volume increase to pump more blood. Arterioles dilate to direct blood flow to active muscles. Breathing rate and depth increase through the respiratory centers in the brain.
3) At high altitudes where oxygen is low, the body responds to hypoxia through increased ventilation and other mechanisms like raising red blood cell count. However, this can lead to issues like hypocapnia, respiratory alkalosis, and pulmonary edema. Oxygen treatment is the most
Cardiac diseases mi-chf egh-nsg.forum-palestine.com
تم تحميل هذا الملف من
منتديات تمريض مستشفى غزة الاوروبي
http://egh-nsg.forumpalestine.com/
لتحميل اجمل واروع المحاضرات فقط قم بزيارتنا وسوف تكون من الاوائل
مع تحيات المدير العام
علاء شعت
Circulatory Adaptations to Exercise
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart has four chambers that pump blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit which oxygenates blood and the systemic circuit which transports oxygenated blood to tissues. During exercise, the heart rate and stroke volume both increase to elevate cardiac output and meet increased oxygen demands of active muscles. This is regulated through sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system control of the heart as well as changes in venous return that influence end-diastolic volume.
Pulmonary edema egh nsg.forum-palestine.com
تم تحميل هذا الملف من
منتديات تمريض مستشفى غزة الاوروبي
http://egh-nsg.forumpalestine.com/
لتحميل اجمل واروع المحاضرات فقط قم بزيارتنا وسوف تكون من الاوائل
مع تحيات المدير العام
علاء شعت
Venous return 18 07-2017
Venous return is the volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the veins. Blood from the systemic veins flows into the right atrium, where the pressure is called central venous pressure. Venous return is regulated by the balance between the heart's ability to pump blood out of the right atrium and ventricle into the lungs, and the tendency of blood to flow from the peripheral veins into the right atrium. There are five main factors that enable blood to flow back to the heart: one-way valves in the veins, muscle pumps that push blood during contraction, the respiratory pump during exercise, sympathetic activation of veins, and gravity draining blood from the upper body.
Pulse wave analysis
This document discusses pulse wave analysis and central blood pressure. It explains that pulse wave velocity analysis can provide information about arterial stiffness and wave reflections that influence central blood pressure, which may be a better indicator of cardiovascular risk than brachial blood pressure. A study at Bahrain Specialist Hospital found that central systolic blood pressure was significantly lower than brachial systolic pressure, with a lower central pulse pressure, indicating increased pulse pressure amplification. Central blood pressure and measures of arterial stiffness like augmentation pressure were more strongly correlated with age and showed the effects of antihypertensive drugs better than brachial pressure measurements.
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease where fatty deposits build up in the arteries and restrict blood flow. It is the leading cause of heart attacks and occurs when cholesterol builds up on the inner walls of the arteries that supply the heart. Over time, this buildup narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow. If a blocked artery completely closes off, it can cause a heart attack. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Treatment options depend on the severity and can include lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, stents, or bypass surgery to reroute blood flow around blocked arteries.
Atherosclerosis
This document summarizes information about atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. It discusses the structure and function of the heart, how coronary arteries supply the heart with blood, and what happens in atherosclerosis when fatty deposits build up in the arteries. The document outlines risk factors for coronary artery disease like high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity. It describes potential signs and symptoms of the disease including chest pain, shortness of breath, and heart attack. Finally, it provides an overview of treatment options for coronary artery disease such as lifestyle changes, medications, stenting, angioplasty, and bypass surgery.
Exercise effects on cv risk profile
This document discusses cardiovascular disease and the effects of exercise on the heart. It begins by outlining how sedentary lifestyles are a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, while regular exercise provides significant health benefits and lowers cardiovascular risk. The document then covers topics like the basic principles of exercise physiology, cardiovascular adaptations to training, benefits of exercise like improved functional capacity in heart failure patients, and potential cardiovascular risks of extreme exercise levels.
Circulatory disorder heart attack
The heart pumps blood through the body using four chambers and a cycle of contraction and relaxation. The heart rate can be measured with a stethoscope. Coronary artery disease occurs when arteries become blocked and restrict blood flow to the heart, potentially causing chest pain, shortness of breath, heart attack, or heart failure. Risk factors include high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity. Treatment may involve lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, stenting, bypass surgery, or transplant. High blood pressure also restricts blood flow and damages blood vessels and the heart over time if not controlled.
Lec 5b circulatory responce
The document summarizes circulatory responses to exercise. It discusses how the cardiovascular system works to maintain homeostasis by increasing oxygen delivery to active muscles during exercise. This is achieved through two main adjustments: 1) increased cardiac output from higher heart rate and stroke volume, and 2) redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to active skeletal muscles. The circulatory system plays a key role in transporting oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing carbon dioxide.
Central nervoussystem lesson2
The document discusses various components of the central nervous system (CNS), including the tentorium cerebelli, cerebral blood flow, cerebral perfusion pressure, intracranial pressure, and the body's reaction to increased intracranial pressure. It notes that as intracranial pressure increases, cerebral perfusion pressure decreases, potentially leading the brain to herniate through openings in the skull. It also describes Cushing's triad, a sign of rising intracranial pressure marked by increasing blood pressure, changes in respiration, and decreasing heart rate.
Circulation and exercise
The circulatory system adapts to exercise in both short-term and long-term ways. In the short-term, the heart rate increases to pump more blood, delivering more oxygen to working muscles. The lungs also work harder to remove carbon dioxide and replenish oxygen. Long-term, regular exercise causes the heart to grow stronger, increasing stroke volume and lowering resting heart rate. It also enhances blood flow and oxygen delivery through increased capillaries and blood volume.
Hemodynamics
Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow through the cardiovascular system. It focuses on how the heart pumps blood throughout the body while supplying oxygen to organs and tissues. Problems with hemodynamics can cause serious health issues like hypertension. Key elements of the hemodynamic system include heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and blood pressure. Regular exercise is an effective way to increase blood flow by getting the heart to pump more blood throughout the body.
Exercise and CVD
Regular exercise provides numerous cardiovascular and overall health benefits. It strengthens the heart and lungs, lowering blood pressure and cholesterol while increasing maximum oxygen uptake. Even moderate exercise like walking can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes and some cancers. The cardiovascular system adapts to exercise by increasing cardiac output and redistributing blood flow to active muscles. While athletes develop larger, stronger hearts, these adaptations disappear if training ceases.
Cardiac output
The document discusses cardiac output, which is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute. Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume, the volume of blood ejected with each heartbeat, by heart rate, the number of heartbeats per minute. The document provides examples of typical cardiac output values at rest and during different levels of exercise. It also states that the entire blood volume circulates through the body each minute at rest and that factors can increase cardiac output by increasing stroke volume or heart rate.
Physiologic and pathophysiologic function of the heart
FULL WEB Interactive version
http://www.scribd.com/doc/182401977/Physiologic-and-Pathophysiologic-Function-of-the-Heart-Cardiac-Cycle-Graphs-Curves-Loops-and-CO-Calculations
Physics- Fluids
Blood pressure is a measure of the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. It is derived from the pressure generated when the left ventricle of the heart contracts and pumps blood into the arteries (systolic pressure), and when the ventricle relaxes and fills with blood (diastolic pressure). The systolic pressure corresponds to the maximum pressure in the arteries, while the diastolic pressure corresponds to the minimum pressure when the heart is resting between beats. Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, which applies pressure to the brachial artery in the arm and uses the Korotkoff sounds to determine the systolic and diastolic pressures.
Exercise physiology 7
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to deliver oxygen to muscles and remove carbon dioxide during exercise. The cardiovascular system increases heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output to boost blood flow and oxygen delivery. The respiratory system increases ventilation through deeper breaths to ensure adequate gas exchange. These physiological responses are critical for meeting the increased demands of physical activity.
Atherosclerosis (2)
The heart is a muscle about the size of a fist located behind the breastbone. It pumps 5 quarts of blood each minute through the coronary arteries to supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients. Coronary artery disease occurs when fatty deposits build up in the coronary arteries, restricting blood flow and oxygen to the heart. If a coronary artery fully blocks, it can cause a heart attack. Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise. Treatment may involve lifestyle changes, medication, procedures like angioplasty to clear blockages, or bypass surgery to redirect blood flow around blockages.
Chf
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by diseases that weaken the heart muscle, stiffen the heart muscles, or increase oxygen demand. The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart, including the atria, ventricles, valves, coronary arteries, and conduction system. It describes tests used to diagnose congestive heart failure such as physical exams, blood tests, and urine tests. Signs and symptoms include enlarged heart, irregular heart sounds, fluid retention, and signs of congestion in the lungs or other organs as heart failure progresses.
Heart Slides
Hey, these are the slides me n my friends made... Use them if u want to... for viewing the videos used click on the links given ahead.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzOti_MtmBk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9MARqmqSf4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yokcKhqq48c
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJZVFRJmc9M
Cardiac output and venous return
This document discusses cardiac output and the factors that regulate it. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute and is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload. Preload refers to the stretching of the heart before contraction and is represented by end-diastolic volume; increased preload results in increased stroke volume according to the Frank-Starling law. Contractility is the strength of ventricular contraction independent of preload; increased contractility also increases stroke volume. Afterload is the resistance against which the heart must pump during contraction; increased afterload decreases stroke volume. The relationship between cardiac output and these factors can
Circulatory and respiratory system
(1) When climbing a mountain like Mount Everest, a person's circulatory and respiratory systems undergo several changes to support the increased physical exertion. (2) Their heart rate and cardiac output increase substantially, delivering more oxygenated blood to active muscles. (3) If the climber suffers from hypoxia or altitude sickness, symptoms include headaches, fatigue, nausea and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on increasing oxygen supply through concentrators, ventilation or transfusions. (3) The document notes that gender does not impact these physiological responses - a person's overall health and acclimatization are more important factors for mountain climbing.
Presentation2
When climbing Mount Everest, the man's circulatory and respiratory systems undergo several changes to provide oxygen to his working muscles:
His heart rate increases to pump more oxygen-rich blood while diastolic blood pressure drops and systolic pressure and blood volume rise. His breathing also deepens and his ventilation rate increases to deliver more oxygen to his bloodstream.
Upon reaching the peak, tissue hypoxia occurs due to less oxygen in the thin air. His heart works harder, pumping more blood, while lung conditions involve faster, deeper breathing and increased pulmonary artery pressure to compensate for the lower oxygen levels.
Effect of exercise on cardiovascular system
This document discusses the effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system. It begins with defining the cardiovascular system and its key components like the heart, arteries, veins, blood, and pulmonary and circulatory systems. It then explains how exercise affects aspects of the cardiovascular system like heart size, plasma volume, stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output, oxygen extraction, blood flow and distribution, and blood pressure. Finally, it provides examples of aerobic exercises like walking, jogging, swimming and bicycling that provide maximum cardiovascular benefits.
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Venous return 18 07-2017
Venous return is the volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the veins. Blood from the systemic veins flows into the right atrium, where the pressure is called central venous pressure. Venous return is regulated by the balance between the heart's ability to pump blood out of the right atrium and ventricle into the lungs, and the tendency of blood to flow from the peripheral veins into the right atrium. There are five main factors that enable blood to flow back to the heart: one-way valves in the veins, muscle pumps that push blood during contraction, the respiratory pump during exercise, sympathetic activation of veins, and gravity draining blood from the upper body.
Pulse wave analysis
This document discusses pulse wave analysis and central blood pressure. It explains that pulse wave velocity analysis can provide information about arterial stiffness and wave reflections that influence central blood pressure, which may be a better indicator of cardiovascular risk than brachial blood pressure. A study at Bahrain Specialist Hospital found that central systolic blood pressure was significantly lower than brachial systolic pressure, with a lower central pulse pressure, indicating increased pulse pressure amplification. Central blood pressure and measures of arterial stiffness like augmentation pressure were more strongly correlated with age and showed the effects of antihypertensive drugs better than brachial pressure measurements.
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease where fatty deposits build up in the arteries and restrict blood flow. It is the leading cause of heart attacks and occurs when cholesterol builds up on the inner walls of the arteries that supply the heart. Over time, this buildup narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow. If a blocked artery completely closes off, it can cause a heart attack. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Treatment options depend on the severity and can include lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, stents, or bypass surgery to reroute blood flow around blocked arteries.
Atherosclerosis
This document summarizes information about atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. It discusses the structure and function of the heart, how coronary arteries supply the heart with blood, and what happens in atherosclerosis when fatty deposits build up in the arteries. The document outlines risk factors for coronary artery disease like high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity. It describes potential signs and symptoms of the disease including chest pain, shortness of breath, and heart attack. Finally, it provides an overview of treatment options for coronary artery disease such as lifestyle changes, medications, stenting, angioplasty, and bypass surgery.
Exercise effects on cv risk profile
This document discusses cardiovascular disease and the effects of exercise on the heart. It begins by outlining how sedentary lifestyles are a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, while regular exercise provides significant health benefits and lowers cardiovascular risk. The document then covers topics like the basic principles of exercise physiology, cardiovascular adaptations to training, benefits of exercise like improved functional capacity in heart failure patients, and potential cardiovascular risks of extreme exercise levels.
Circulatory disorder heart attack
The heart pumps blood through the body using four chambers and a cycle of contraction and relaxation. The heart rate can be measured with a stethoscope. Coronary artery disease occurs when arteries become blocked and restrict blood flow to the heart, potentially causing chest pain, shortness of breath, heart attack, or heart failure. Risk factors include high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity. Treatment may involve lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, stenting, bypass surgery, or transplant. High blood pressure also restricts blood flow and damages blood vessels and the heart over time if not controlled.
Lec 5b circulatory responce
The document summarizes circulatory responses to exercise. It discusses how the cardiovascular system works to maintain homeostasis by increasing oxygen delivery to active muscles during exercise. This is achieved through two main adjustments: 1) increased cardiac output from higher heart rate and stroke volume, and 2) redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to active skeletal muscles. The circulatory system plays a key role in transporting oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing carbon dioxide.
Central nervoussystem lesson2
The document discusses various components of the central nervous system (CNS), including the tentorium cerebelli, cerebral blood flow, cerebral perfusion pressure, intracranial pressure, and the body's reaction to increased intracranial pressure. It notes that as intracranial pressure increases, cerebral perfusion pressure decreases, potentially leading the brain to herniate through openings in the skull. It also describes Cushing's triad, a sign of rising intracranial pressure marked by increasing blood pressure, changes in respiration, and decreasing heart rate.
Circulation and exercise
The circulatory system adapts to exercise in both short-term and long-term ways. In the short-term, the heart rate increases to pump more blood, delivering more oxygen to working muscles. The lungs also work harder to remove carbon dioxide and replenish oxygen. Long-term, regular exercise causes the heart to grow stronger, increasing stroke volume and lowering resting heart rate. It also enhances blood flow and oxygen delivery through increased capillaries and blood volume.
Hemodynamics
Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow through the cardiovascular system. It focuses on how the heart pumps blood throughout the body while supplying oxygen to organs and tissues. Problems with hemodynamics can cause serious health issues like hypertension. Key elements of the hemodynamic system include heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and blood pressure. Regular exercise is an effective way to increase blood flow by getting the heart to pump more blood throughout the body.
Exercise and CVD
Regular exercise provides numerous cardiovascular and overall health benefits. It strengthens the heart and lungs, lowering blood pressure and cholesterol while increasing maximum oxygen uptake. Even moderate exercise like walking can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes and some cancers. The cardiovascular system adapts to exercise by increasing cardiac output and redistributing blood flow to active muscles. While athletes develop larger, stronger hearts, these adaptations disappear if training ceases.
Cardiac output
The document discusses cardiac output, which is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute. Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying stroke volume, the volume of blood ejected with each heartbeat, by heart rate, the number of heartbeats per minute. The document provides examples of typical cardiac output values at rest and during different levels of exercise. It also states that the entire blood volume circulates through the body each minute at rest and that factors can increase cardiac output by increasing stroke volume or heart rate.
Physiologic and pathophysiologic function of the heart
FULL WEB Interactive version
http://www.scribd.com/doc/182401977/Physiologic-and-Pathophysiologic-Function-of-the-Heart-Cardiac-Cycle-Graphs-Curves-Loops-and-CO-Calculations
Physics- Fluids
Blood pressure is a measure of the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. It is derived from the pressure generated when the left ventricle of the heart contracts and pumps blood into the arteries (systolic pressure), and when the ventricle relaxes and fills with blood (diastolic pressure). The systolic pressure corresponds to the maximum pressure in the arteries, while the diastolic pressure corresponds to the minimum pressure when the heart is resting between beats. Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer, which applies pressure to the brachial artery in the arm and uses the Korotkoff sounds to determine the systolic and diastolic pressures.
Exercise physiology 7
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to deliver oxygen to muscles and remove carbon dioxide during exercise. The cardiovascular system increases heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output to boost blood flow and oxygen delivery. The respiratory system increases ventilation through deeper breaths to ensure adequate gas exchange. These physiological responses are critical for meeting the increased demands of physical activity.
Atherosclerosis (2)
The heart is a muscle about the size of a fist located behind the breastbone. It pumps 5 quarts of blood each minute through the coronary arteries to supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients. Coronary artery disease occurs when fatty deposits build up in the coronary arteries, restricting blood flow and oxygen to the heart. If a coronary artery fully blocks, it can cause a heart attack. Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and lack of exercise. Treatment may involve lifestyle changes, medication, procedures like angioplasty to clear blockages, or bypass surgery to redirect blood flow around blockages.
Chf
Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by diseases that weaken the heart muscle, stiffen the heart muscles, or increase oxygen demand. The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart, including the atria, ventricles, valves, coronary arteries, and conduction system. It describes tests used to diagnose congestive heart failure such as physical exams, blood tests, and urine tests. Signs and symptoms include enlarged heart, irregular heart sounds, fluid retention, and signs of congestion in the lungs or other organs as heart failure progresses.
Heart Slides
Hey, these are the slides me n my friends made... Use them if u want to... for viewing the videos used click on the links given ahead.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzOti_MtmBk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9MARqmqSf4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yokcKhqq48c
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJZVFRJmc9M
Cardiac output and venous return
This document discusses cardiac output and the factors that regulate it. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute and is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload. Preload refers to the stretching of the heart before contraction and is represented by end-diastolic volume; increased preload results in increased stroke volume according to the Frank-Starling law. Contractility is the strength of ventricular contraction independent of preload; increased contractility also increases stroke volume. Afterload is the resistance against which the heart must pump during contraction; increased afterload decreases stroke volume. The relationship between cardiac output and these factors can
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Physiologic and pathophysiologic function of the heart
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Similar to Assignment 4 & 5 bzt 214
Circulatory and respiratory system
(1) When climbing a mountain like Mount Everest, a person's circulatory and respiratory systems undergo several changes to support the increased physical exertion. (2) Their heart rate and cardiac output increase substantially, delivering more oxygenated blood to active muscles. (3) If the climber suffers from hypoxia or altitude sickness, symptoms include headaches, fatigue, nausea and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on increasing oxygen supply through concentrators, ventilation or transfusions. (3) The document notes that gender does not impact these physiological responses - a person's overall health and acclimatization are more important factors for mountain climbing.
Presentation2
When climbing Mount Everest, the man's circulatory and respiratory systems undergo several changes to provide oxygen to his working muscles:
His heart rate increases to pump more oxygen-rich blood while diastolic blood pressure drops and systolic pressure and blood volume rise. His breathing also deepens and his ventilation rate increases to deliver more oxygen to his bloodstream.
Upon reaching the peak, tissue hypoxia occurs due to less oxygen in the thin air. His heart works harder, pumping more blood, while lung conditions involve faster, deeper breathing and increased pulmonary artery pressure to compensate for the lower oxygen levels.
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This document discusses the effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system. It begins with defining the cardiovascular system and its key components like the heart, arteries, veins, blood, and pulmonary and circulatory systems. It then explains how exercise affects aspects of the cardiovascular system like heart size, plasma volume, stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output, oxygen extraction, blood flow and distribution, and blood pressure. Finally, it provides examples of aerobic exercises like walking, jogging, swimming and bicycling that provide maximum cardiovascular benefits.
Arterial blood pressure
The document discusses the physiology of the cardiovascular system, specifically arterial blood pressure. It defines blood pressure and its components, including systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure. It describes the functions of arterial blood pressure in maintaining tissue perfusion and capillary hydrostatic pressure. It also discusses various physiological variations in arterial blood pressure related to factors like age, sex, body region, meals, exercise, sleep, emotions, temperature, position, and respiration. Finally, it outlines the rapid mechanisms that regulate arterial blood pressure, including the baroreceptor feedback mechanism, chemoreceptor mechanism, central nervous system ischemic mechanism, adrenal medulla hormones, and antidiuretic hormone.
Animal Physio 4/5
When climbing a mountain, a person's circulatory and respiratory systems adapt to increased physical demands through a stronger heart and increased blood flow to active muscles. At high altitudes, both systems are stressed by low oxygen levels. Symptoms of altitude sickness include headache, nausea, fatigue, and confusion. Treatment options are resting at the current altitude, slowly descending to lower elevations, or using supplemental oxygen. Physiological responses are generally the same between sexes for healthy individuals.
Assignment 45
This document discusses the physiological responses of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to increased exertion during climbing. It explains how the body increases oxygen delivery and cardiac output during exercise through mechanisms like vasodilation, increased heart rate and stroke volume. It then discusses the additional challenges of climbing to high altitudes, where lower barometric pressure and oxygen levels lead to hypoxia. Symptoms of hypoxia are described along with possible treatments like acclimatization, oxygen supplementation, or seeking medical care.
Cs and rs at high altitude
The circulatory and respiratory systems undergo several changes when climbing mountains or at high altitudes to meet the body's increased oxygen demands during strenuous activity. The circulatory system increases cardiac output through higher heart rate and stroke volume to deliver more oxygenated blood to active muscles. Pulmonary ventilation and respiratory rate also increase to take in and distribute more oxygen. However, at altitudes over 1500 meters, the decreased partial pressure of oxygen reduces maximal oxygen intake and endurance performance. Symptoms of resulting hypoxia range from headaches to loss of consciousness, and treatment focuses on administering oxygen to raise blood oxygen levels. Women may experience more severe effects of altitude due to smaller lung and heart sizes limiting oxygen intake and distribution.
Ch7 (119 138)
The document discusses the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and their responses to exercise. It outlines the anatomy and physiology of the heart, blood vessels, lungs and respiratory control centers. It then describes how acute aerobic and resistance exercise affect cardiovascular and respiratory functions like cardiac output, heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen uptake. Long-term, aerobic exercise training enhances maximum cardiac output and oxygen uptake while lowering resting heart rate. Resistance training does not improve oxygen uptake but may increase capillaries with low-intensity, high-volume training.
The circulatory and respiration system
The document describes the changes that would occur in a healthy 20-30 year old male's circulatory and respiratory systems from climbing Mount Everest. When climbing: his blood flow and oxygen carrying capacity increase; his breathing rate and oxygen levels in his lungs and blood also increase. Upon reaching the peak: his heart rate increases while stroke volume decreases and non-essential functions are suppressed; breathing becomes faster due to low oxygen levels. If he develops altitude sickness: his symptoms could include acute mountain sickness, high-altitude pulmonary edema, or high-altitude cerebral edema. Treatments depend on the sickness but may include descending, hydration, rest, or medication. There would be differences for a female climber due to hormonal and physical
Cardio-Pulmonary Changes during Exercise
Here are the key ways pulmonary ventilation increases during different levels of exercise:
circulatory system and respiratory system
The circulatory and respiratory systems adapt in several ways when climbing mountains or during strenuous activity. The circulatory system increases cardiac output by raising heart rate and stroke volume to meet increased oxygen demands of active muscles. It also redistributes more blood flow to working muscles and skin for cooling. The respiratory system increases ventilation through deeper breathing to expel more carbon dioxide. At high altitudes, lower oxygen pressure reduces maximum oxygen intake and endurance. Hypoxia symptoms range from headaches to loss of consciousness depending on severity. Treatments for hypoxia administer oxygen to raise blood oxygen levels. A female climber may experience more severe effects of altitude due to smaller lung and heart size limiting oxygen intake and delivery.
Cardiovascular Adjustment in Excercise.pdf
The document discusses cardiovascular adjustments during exercise. It notes that cardiac output increases up to 30 L/min during exercise due to increased heart rate and stroke volume. Blood flow to muscles increases up to 100-fold through local vasodilation and other mechanisms. Training results in a larger heart size and increased stroke volume at rest through cardiac hypertrophy.
Physiological changes During Aerobic Exercise
Exercise induces more activity in the whole body almost every system of the body affected by exercise.
Increasing muscular activity demands the more Oxygen and red blood cell supply to the muscular tissue.
So what is Physiological changes During Aerobic Exercise? explained in detail.
Changes in Cardio-Vascular System
Changes in Respiration
Changes in Blood System
Endocrine functions
The Fick principle
Oxygen delivery or oxygen consumption ( VO2 )
Arterial venous oxygen difference (a-v O2 difference )
cardiac output
Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate. The average cardiac output is 5000 ml/minute. Cardiac output can vary based on activity level and is regulated by factors like heart rate, contractility, blood volume, and venous return. An increase in any of these factors can increase cardiac output, while a decrease can lower cardiac output. Pathologically, cardiac output can be too high due to conditions like beriberi that reduce peripheral resistance, or too low due to issues that decrease venous return or heart pumping effectiveness.
Acute effect of steady level exerise on vital parameters
steady level exercises effect on heat rate, respiratory rate ,temperature,acid base balance,electrolyte balance
Animal Physiology
Climbing a mountain involves strenuous activity that places increased demands on the circulatory and respiratory systems. When climbing, the heart rate increases to deliver more oxygenated blood to the working muscles. Deeper breathing also occurs to expel more carbon dioxide. Upon reaching high altitudes, the lower oxygen levels trigger faster breathing and heart rate to compensate. Hypoxia results from too little oxygen reaching tissues and can cause symptoms ranging from inattentiveness to coma. Treatments for hypoxia include breathing assistance, controlling heart function, raising blood pressure, and managing seizures. The body's response is similar in males and females during strenuous activity.
Exercise physiology
The ventilatory and cardiovascular systems work together to increase oxygen delivery during exercise in order to maintain homeostasis. The ventilatory system increases breathing rate and volume through actions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The cardiovascular system increases cardiac output through higher heart rate and stroke volume to distribute more blood to working muscles. Both systems must precisely coordinate their responses to exercise in order to meet increased demand for oxygen while removing carbon dioxide.
Vital Signs Lecture.pdf
This document provides an overview of vital signs, with a focus on pulse and blood pressure. It defines key terms like pulse, blood pressure, and their normal ranges. Factors that can affect pulse and blood pressure are discussed, like age, exercise, medications, and medical conditions. Methods for assessing pulse and blood pressure are presented, including appropriate sites and techniques. Indications for assessing apical pulse versus peripheral pulse are outlined. Overall, the document aims to describe important concepts for understanding, measuring, and interpreting pulse and blood pressure.
Cardiac & Pulmonary Review
The document provides a review of topics for Test 2 related to cardiac function and pacemakers, pulmonary physiology, and capillary regulation. Key points include:
1) Understanding ion channels involved in pacemaker and non-pacemaker action potentials.
2) Knowing the cardiac conduction pathway and rates of conduction.
3) Defining factors that impact cardiac output such as stroke volume, heart rate, venous return, and contractility.
4) Describing mechanisms of vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and their effects on blood flow and resistance.
5) Recalling pulmonary gas exchange processes and how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood and tissues.
Heart rate
Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, usually per minute.
The heart rate is based on the number of contractions of the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart).
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Assignment 4 & 5 bzt 214
- 1. ASSIGNMENT 4 & 5 CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- 2. QUESTION : • A healthy person, male, aged 20-30 years old wants to climb Mount Everest. Please describe the changes in his circulatory and respiratory system when he a) is climbing the mountain b) when he reached the highest peak c) if he were to suffer from hypoxia/high altitude sickness, what are his symptoms and what are the possible treatment. d) Bonus question: would it make any difference if the climber is a female?
- 3. Please describe the changes in his circulatory and respiratory system when he a) Is climbing the mountain - When he is climbing a mountain, mechanoreceptors in his muscles detect the change in the tension of the muscle as a result of contraction. These mechanoreceptors send afferent sensory information to his brain, activating the cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata.
- 4. • the cardiovascular control center reduces the activity of the parasympathetic nervous systems and increases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, changing the efferent signals going to the heart and the arteriolar smooth muscle. • At the onset of climbing, parasympathetic activity decreases, causing an increase in heart rate.
- 5. - At the same time, the increase in muscular activity and breathing improves the function of the respiratory and skeletal muscle pumps, causing an increase venous return to the heart. - Because of the Frank-Starling effect, the resulting increase in end-diastolic volume causes an increase in stroke volume.
- 6. - During the initial stages of exercise, the increase in cardiac output are a result of both increases in heart rate and increases in stroke volume. - In principle, the increase in contractility should cause an increase in stroke volume, but the large increase in heart rate reduces the time available for filling of the heart, and limits end-diastolic volume.
- 7. - There are large changes in the patterns of blood flow. These changes of blood flow are the result of vasodilation of the arterioles leading to the skeletal muscle and heart and vasoconstriction of the arterioles leading to the other organs.
- 9. b) When he reached the highest peak - At high altitude, the decrease in barometric pressure reduces the amount of oxygen available in the environment. Arterial chemoreceptors detect this decline in blood oxygen pressure, send a signal to the medulla to increase the rate and depth of breathing, restoring blood oxygen. Because of the increased ventilation rate, more carbon dioxide will be lost at the lungs leading to hypocapnia, or lower than normal blood pressure.
- 11. • c) if he were to suffer from hypoxia/high altitude sickness, what are his symptoms and what are the possible treatment. Cyanosis Nausea or vomiting Blood Pressure increased Headaches Symptoms of hypoxia breathless Fatigue or tiredness
- 12. Transport ventilator Treatment for Hypoxia Nasal cannula Simple oxygen facemask Bag valve mask Non-rebreather mask Bonus question : would it make any difference if the climber is a female ? Answer : No. It will not make any difference.