Physiology of Exercise for course work Dr. BAMU.pptx

Physiology of Exercise
Prof. Shatrunjay M Kote, Ph. D.
Principal,
MSM’s College of Physical Education, Aurangabad
E-mail: shatru29570@gmail.com
Contact: +91 9422234957
Course Work for Ph. D. on 11-01-2021

Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular system deals with heart and blood vessels
Blood vessels are divided into three branches – Arteries,
Veins and Capillaries
Systole: Contraction of the heart – Arterial systole takes – 0.1
seconds and Ventricular systole takes – 0.5 seconds
Diastole: Relaxation of the heart – Arterial diastole takes – 0.7
seconds and Ventricular diastole takes – 0.3 seconds

Heart beat: One contraction and relaxation of ventricle–
Approximately 0.8 seconds
Pulse: is the expansion and elongation of the arterials walls
passively produced by the contraction and relaxation of the
heart.
Cardiac Cycle: The sequential change of events that occur in the
heart during one beat is repeated in successive beats (Average
time of cardiac cycle is 0.8 seconds)
Heart rate: Number of systoles and diastoles per minute is
approximately 72 beats per minute (Range 70 to 80 beats per
minute)
Stroke volume: Amount of blood pumped out of left ventricle in
one heart beat or stroke is approximately 70 milliliters

Volume: amount of blood passed out through
ventricle in one minute is usually 5 liters in a
minute
Minute volume = Stroke Volume X Heart rate
Cardiac output: Amount of blood passed out
from left ventricle in one minute is usually 5
liters in a minute
Cardiac Output = Heart rate X Stroke Volume

Cardiac Index: cardiac output per square meter
of the body surface per minute
Cardiac Index = 5 liters/ 1.7 square meters /
minute
Cardiac Index = 2.9 liters/ square meters/ minute
5 liters of blood can carry 1200 milliliters of air
and 250 to 300 milliliters of Oxygen per
minute

Blood Pressure: It is the lateral pressure exerted on the
walls of the arteries and is normally systolic
pressure is 120 mm to 140 mm Hg. and diastolic
pressure is 80 mm Hg.
(Normally blood pressure = 120/80 mm Hg.)
Formula for systolic pressure = 90 + Age
Arteries pressure = 120 mm Hg.;
Arterioles = 40 to 60 mm Hg.;
Capillaries = 15 to 20 mm Hg.;
Veins = 0 to 10 mm Hg.

Miracles of Heart
• In the course of one day, 8 tons of blood passes
through the heart.
• The entire network of vessels which makes up the
circulatory system measures 60,000 miles, which is
more than twice the circumference of the earth.
• The power of the human heart is such that if the
main artery, the aorta, was cut, a stream of blood 6
feet high would be released.

Effect of Exercise on Cardiovascular System
Factors that maintain circulation:
1. Force of contraction of the heart
2. Respiration also helps; when we inhale, intra-thoracic pressure
decreases in the chest cavity and the pressure in abdomen
increases
3. Elastic Recoil of the arteries: the arteries push the blood to all
parts of the body and helps in blood circulation.
4. Gravity: The parts located above the heart and the blood in
them is pulled towards the heart through the help of gravity
5. Difference in pressure between the arteries, arterioles,
capillaries and veins ensure a pressure gradient which helps in
the flow of the blood.

Factors Maintaining Cardiac Output:
1. Venous return means is that amount of blood which is
coming back to right atrium form the body.
2. Force of contraction of heart
3. Sterlings Law: The greater the initial length of the muscle
the more is the force of contraction.

Factors Affecting Cardiac Output:
1. Force of contraction of the heart depends on – respiration,
gravity, pressure gradient, elastic recoil
2. Venous return
3. Frequency of contraction of heart – heart rate
4. Peripheral resistance: when the blood is flowing through
the arteries in the body the resistance from the body

1. Cardiac Hypertrophy (Athletes Heart): increase in the size
of the heart especially left ventricle – best athletes have the
resting stroke volume approximately 125 milliliters whereas a
sedentary persons’ stroke volume is 70 milliliters
2. Bradycardia (Decreased heart rate):
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
for eg. Athlete: 5000 ml = 125 ml X 40 beats/minute
sedentary person: 5000 ml = 70 ml X 72 beats/ minute
3. Increase Stroke Volume: During exercise the stroke volume of
sedentary person goes to around 110 ml per beat whereas the
stroke volume of sportsman goes to around 170 ml to 200 ml.

4. Higher capillary density: Due to work out the demand on
heart increases at the same time the demand of blood on
muscles also increases hence increase capillary density.
5. Increase in blood volume: certain amount of blood
remains in tissues, but during exercise the blood from the
tissue comes out and mix with the total circulation
increasing in the blood volume.
6. Increase in total hemoglobin: due to increase in blood
volume automatically the total hemoglobin also increases

CALCULATIONS OF CARDIAC SYSTEM
• Each minute heart beats approximately 70 times in an average
adult
• In each beat the heart pumps out 70ml of blood approximately out
of heart
• In each minute it counts to approximately 5 liters
• In each hour it is around 5 liters X 60 minutes = 300 liters
• In each day it is around 300 liters X 24 hours = 7,200 liters
• In each month it is 7,200 liters X 30 days = 2,16,000 liters
• In each year it is 2,16,000 liters X 12 months = 25,92,000 liters
• In average 60 years of life
25,92,000 liters X 60 years = 15,55,20,000 liters
• No motor in the world will lift water up to 5 feet for 60 years
without maintenance.
• Approximately electricity required for 1HP water pump if run for
24 hours consumes approximately 20 units of electricity which
amounts to Rs. 140/-
• Please calculate Rs. 140/- X 60 years X 365 days = Rs. 30, 66, 000/-

HOW FIT ARE YOU REALLY?
What is your resting Heart Rate?
Results Men Men Men Men Women Women Women Women
Age Ex G S P Ex G S P
20-29 59< 60-69 70-85 86+ 71< 72-77 78-95 96+
30-39 63< 64-71 72-85 86+ 71< 72-79 80-97 98+
40-49 65< 66-73 74-89 90+ 73< 75-79 80-98 99+
50+ 67< 68-75 76-89 90+ 75< 77-83 84-102 103+

Respiratory System
• Inspiration and expiration makes RESPIRATION
• Two types of respiration: External and Internal
• External respiration: from external nasal cavity till
alveoli gases exchange
• Internal respiration: in the cell
• Three types of respiration: Clavicular, thoracic and
diaphragmal

Respiratory System
• Alveoli is the last part of respiration system,
exchange of gases takes place in alveoli, alveoli is
covered with blood vessels
• Nose filters the dust particles with the help of hairs
• Pharynx and larynx also have hair like structures
and they produces coughing sensations when some
dust enters in.

Mechanism of Respiration - Inhalation
• Internal intra-costal muscles contracts
• The ribs goes up and produces expansion in chest
cavity
• When the diaphragm goes down the chest cavity
increases longitudinally
• When the cavity increases the pressure reduces
• Which makes the air to get into lungs from the
atmosphere

Mechanism of Respiration - Exhalation
• External intra-costal muscles contracts
• The ribs goes down and produces contraction in chest
cavity
• When the diaphragm goes up the chest cavity decreases
longitudinally
• When the cavity decreases the pressure within chest
increases
• Which makes the air to get out from lungs into the
atmosphere

Exchange of Gases in Alveoli
• There are about 5 million alveoli and are attached to blood
vessels – 15% in sedentary person are non-working

Terminology Related to Respiratory System
Vital Capacity (Inspiratory Capacity): Amount of
air taken after forceful expiration – around 4500 ml.
to 5500 ml.
Tidal Volume: The amount of air taken or expired
during normal breathing – 500 ml.
Residual Volume: The air remained in the respiratory
system after forceful expiration.

Anatomical Dead Space: The amount of air that is
locked inside the respiratory track and which does
not exchange in alveoli.
Physiological Dead Space: the air which enters
alveoli, but still does not take part in exchange with
blood vessels.

Inspiratory Reserved Volume (IRV): the amount of
air inspired over and above the normal inspiration or
tidal volume.
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV): The amount of
air expired forcefully with respect to time.
Second Wind: Change of state from an ill feeling of
distress associated with hyperventilation, headache,
muscular cramps to a more comfortable position is
known as second wind

VO2 max.: Maximum Aerobic Capacity: The amount
of O2 a person can take in one minute breathing at
sea level during strenuous exercises (Average
endurance female athletes – 3.5 to 4 liters/minute
and endurance male athletes – 4 to 5.5 liters/minute)

Queens College test or Katch Test: Sixteen inches
stool on which subject has to climb and get down
(male – 24 times/minute and female – 22
times/minute) for 3 minutes, calculate pulse rate
from 03:05 minutes to 03:20 minutes – 15 seconds
and apply in formula given below:
Male VO2 max. = 111.33 – (0.42 X 15 seconds pulse
count X 4)
Female VO2 max. = 65.81 – (0.1847 X 15 seconds
pulse count X 4)

Functions of Respiratory System
1. Exchange of gases in lungs
2. Maintain acid base balance
3. Respiration helps in circulation of blood
4. Water vapor, CO2, and other toxins will get out of
the lungs

Miracles of Respiratory System
Respiration:
Approximately 500 cubic feet of air per day
surface area of lung - the size of the tennis court.
speed of a sneeze -between 60 to 100 miles per hour.
Calculation of Dog, Man and Tortoise calculation
“The law of use and disuse”,
Equal breath counts for everybody
• (Life span in years X Days X Hours X Minutes X Breath count per minute)
Dog = (20 X 365 X 24 X 60 X 45) =473040000
Human = (60 X 365 X 24 X 60 X 15) = 473040000
Tortoise = (150 X 365 X 24 X 60 X 6) = 473040000
• Effect of Exercises:

MONITORY CALCULATIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Everyday we breath around 3 Oxygen cylinders
• Each cylinder cost Rs. 700/- in most cheapest
hospital
• Every day around Rs. 2100/-
• Every month around Rs. 63,000/-
• Every year around Rs. 7,56,000/-
• In lifetime with average span of 60 years is
Rs. 4,53,60,000/-
• Nature provides in abundance
• Make use of Spirometer for the respiratory exercises

HOW FIT ARE YOU REALLY?
How efficient are your lungs?
* Accurate measurement of lung efficiency requires a
laboratory test, but the following simple checks will prove
a rough guide.
1. Take a deep breath and time how long you can hold your
breath.
2. Breath in and out as deeply as you can; measure your chest
in each position.
Your lungs are probably working with adequate efficiency if
you can hold your breath for 45 seconds or more and if the
difference between the two chest measurements is 2 to 3
inches or more.

TEST YOUR FITNESS
Check your respiratory system
Distance of candle from
your mouth
Respiratory system age
1.5 meters 20 years
1.25 meters 30 years
1 meter 40 years
0.75 meter 50 years
Up to 0.75 meters Over 60 years

Climatic Conditions and Sports Performance

Regulation of body temperature is done by Hypothalamus (Preoptic area)
Normal body temperature is 37 to 37.6 Degrees Centigrade or 98 to 98.6
Degrees Fahrenheit
Physiological Mechanism of Heat Production:
1. Vasoconstriction
2. Pilo-erection
3. Shivering
Physiological Mechanism of Heat Release:
1. Vasodilatation
2. Sweating
Heat Release to environment:
1. Radiation – 60%
2. Conduction – 18%
3. Evaporation – 22%
Climatic Conditions and Sports Performance in Heat

At 40 degree centigrade 2.6 liters of water per hour is released from body
thorough sweating
During normal heat the body releases 1.8 liters of water per hour which
is equal to 30 milliliters per minute
1 gram of sweat releases around 0.6 Kilocalories of heat energy
Physiological Responses of heat:
1. Cardiovascular: (a) Decreased Stroke Volume; (b) Increased Heart
Rate; (c) Increased Skin Blood Flow; (d) Decreased Plasma Volume
2. Body Temperature: During exercise in hot condition hyperthermia is
observed and O2 intake increases.
3. Dehydration: Loss of fluids from the body (Water and mineral salts)

Heat Acclimatization:
1. Heart rate will decrease (3rd to 6th day)
2. Increase in plasma volume (3rd to 6th day)
3. Decrease in body temperature (5th to 8th day)
4. Decrease in sense of fatigue (3rd to 6th day)
5. Decrease sweat and Sodium and Chlorine loss (5th to 10th day)
6. Decreased urinary Sodium and Chlorine loss (3rd to 8th day)

Heat Disorders:
1. Heat Cramps: Spasm of the muscle after few days of heat due to loss
of electrolytes from sweat
2. Heat Syncope: Headaches, reduced blood pressure, increase
weakness, increase sense of fatigue, sudden loss of consciousness etc
due to non-acclimatization to heat
3. Heat Exhaustion: headaches, blood visual, increase fatigue, reduced
sweating etc. due to over loss of water and mineral salts from body
4. Heat stroke: temperature regulation system collapse due to damage of
hypothalamus, sweating totally stops, skin becomes dry, temperature
rises up to 41 to 42 degrees centigrad

Prevention of Heat Disorders:
1. Cold treatment: cold water bath before prolonged duration of
activities
2. Prevention of Voluntary dehydration: Avoid using diuretics and
lassics
3. Fluid Replacement: cold fluid will be diffuses easily and will keep
body temperature maintained; Hypotonic (low salt content); Low
sugar content (glucose, fructose, sucrose etc. should not exceed
7.5%);
Fluid replacement before exercise – 400 to 600 ml – 10 to 20 minutes
before exercise;
Fluid replacement during exercise – 200 to 300 ml of water for every 15
minutes
Fluid replacement after exercise – should drink 8% salt solution – 1 glass
of orange juice is preferable or tomato juice or lemon juice

Human body is less adaptable to cold temperatures as compared to hot
temperatures as human being is said to be tropical animal.
Physiological Responses to Cold:
1. Heart response reduces
2. Stroke volume increases
3. Peripheral blood flow reduces
4. Cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heart beats)
5. Increases pulmonary ventilation
6. Increased O2 consumption
7. Vasoconstriction
8. pilo-erection
9. shivering
Climatic Conditions and Sports Performance in Cold

Acclimatization to Cold:
1. Resting metabolism increases
2. Shivering decreases
3. Regulation of low body temperature
Cold Disorders:
1. Hypothermia
2. Frost bite
Effects of clothing: Clothing unit is “clo” normally clothing is 1.4 to 1.6
clo
Climatic Conditions and Sports Performance in Cold

Medium altitude is considered from 5000 to 10,000 feet above sea level
High altitude is considered from 10,000 to 18,000 feet above sea level
Very High altitude above 18,000 feet
Conditions at high altitude:
Ultra violet radiations
Hypoxia
Altitude Training

Temperature at sea level is – 20 degrees centigrade, and atmospheric
pressure is 760 mm Hg., then
Temperature at 10,000 feet above sea level will be 0 degree centigrade
and atmospheric pressure will be 526 mm Hg.
Temperature at 20,000 feet will be -22 degrees centigrade and
atmospheric pressure will be 349 mm Hg.
Temperature at 30,000 feet will be -44 degrees centigrade and
atmospheric pressure will be 226 mm Hg.
Altitude Training

Physiological responses to Hypoxia:
1. Increased Pulmonary Ventilation due to pressure difference at high
altitude. Increases up to 65% immediately and increase from 3 to 7
times if we stay for 2 to 3 weeks.
2. Reduced affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen: 19 ml of O2 combines
with 100 ml of Hb due to production of diphosphoglyceric acid due
to excessive breakdown of ATP
3. Increased heart rate and cardiac output
4. Dehydration (fluid loss) due to dry atmosphere at high altitude
Altitude Training

Acclimatization at High altitude:
1. Reduced Hyper ventilation
2. Increases RBC and hemoglobin
3. Increased diffusing capacity
4. Increased blood vessels
5. Reduced plasma volume
Altitude Training

Mountain Sicknesses:
1. Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS): symptoms headache, nausea,
vomiting due to disturbances in medulla swelling – observed in 20%
ascenders; suggested bed rest if not recovered should be descended to
sea level immediately.
2. High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): 0.01 to 0.05% affected;
symptoms short breath, blood comes up with spittoon, spit is very
dry; cause is fluid accumulation in lungs due to increase in blood
pressure and plasma releases water into lungs and sometimes RBC.
Altitude Training

Mountain Sicknesses:
3. High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE): Fluid accumulation in brain
due to increase in blood pressure; symptoms are blood visual, slight
blindness etc.
4. High Altitude Retinal Hemorrhage (HARH): Malfunctioning of retina
due to fluid accumulation
5. Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS): RBC count goes higher up to 65%
it is called polycythermia; blood becomes denser and the viscosity
increases develops pressure in brain, this is also observed in
acclimatized persons also.
Altitude Training

Factors that are responsible for these mountain sickness:
1. Rate of Ascend
2. Duration of Stay
3. Height of Altitude
Altitude Training

Last but not least, I can only say that every era has its own prospects and
lacunas, only thing applicable everywhere is the understanding of:
“Law of Impermanence”
So we cannot judge whether it is good or bad, we can only say that
“It is Different”,
the above two things will serve the purpose and that too without getting
panic of any situation!
Thank You!
PHILOSOPHY IS TO PRACTICE NOT TO TEACH

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