The document summarizes a study that evaluated the agricultural potential of biosolids produced from dewatering faecal sludge on drying beds in Ghana. Various filter media and loading rates of faecal sludge were tested. Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were within ranges that would support agricultural use. Heavy metal concentrations in the biosolids were very low and below limits for use in developing countries. The results indicate the biosolids have nutrient value and low risk of heavy metal contamination, suggesting potential for use as fertilizer in agriculture.
This document discusses vermifiltration, a low-cost wastewater treatment technique using earthworms. It describes how earthworms and their gut microbes remove 90% or more of BOD, COD, TDS and TSS from wastewater through ingestion and biodegradation. The document outlines the vermifiltration process, comparing it to a control biofilter bed without worms. It also lists several advantages of vermifiltration over conventional wastewater treatment, such as low energy needs, value-added vermicompost byproduct, and no foul odors.
Slaughter waste effluents and river catchment watershed contamination in Caga...Angelo Mark Walag
Slaughterhouse waste products are commonly known globally to pollute nearby communities and receiving bodies of water. The main aim of this study was to analyze the effluents disposed by Cagayan de Oro City Slaughterhouse to river catchment watershed. Standard methods were utilized in sampling and analyzing water quality parameters to determine the levels of nitrates, BOD, COD, total coliform, and lead. It was found out that the majority of wastes produced are internal organs, blood and urine mixtures, and manures. The study also revealed that all parameters tested crossed the permissible limits set by the government for effluent and inland water except for BOD and nitrates, in the river watershed. It was also determined that during wet seasons, major contaminants like lead and nitrates were diluted resulting to lower levels when compared to national standards. The result of this study also revealed the need for further remediation of the river water quality and intervention strategies to sustainably manage and prevent disposal of untreated effluents.
This study evaluated the effects of water hyacinth compost prepared with different starter cultures on the growth and yield of maize. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted in Kenya from 2011-2012. In the greenhouse experiments, water hyacinth compost was applied to maize plants and various growth parameters were measured over time. Application of water hyacinth compost and diammonium phosphate fertilizer significantly increased plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and root collar diameter compared to the control. In the field experiments, application of water hyacinth compost and diammonium phosphate increased shoot dry weight at tasseling stage compared to the control. However, yield parameters like 100 seed weight and
Objectives :-
* Characterization and study of biochar.
*To examine biochar adsorption capacity.
*To determine the effect of KMnO4 as modifying agent on biochar adsorption.
Analysis of nutrient content of some organic materials for soil amendment in ...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the nutrient content of various organic materials that could be used for soil amendment in Sokoto, Nigeria. It finds that materials like poultry manure, sheep dung, and cow dung have high levels of organic matter, nitrogen, and other nutrients. The materials showed moderate nutrient values and could effectively improve soil fertility when used for amendments. Analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences between the means of chemical properties measured in each organic material.
This document summarizes a study on the microbial communities in a full-scale vermifilter (VF) system treating rural domestic sewage in China over 17 months. The VF system achieved average removal efficiencies of 67.6% for COD, 78.0% for BOD5, 92.1% for NH4+-N, and 89.8% for TSS. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the VF biofilm was dominated by Proteobacteria, especially gamma-proteobacteria, followed by Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes. Earthworm activity in the VF selected for microbes related to processes in earthworm guts
Microbiological and Physicochemical Assessment of Poultry Soil Samples in Aku...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Human activities such as animal production in many parts of the world, still impact negatively on the environment and biodiversity. This study was carried out to assess the microbiological and physicochemical parameters of poultry soil samples. Soil samples were collected from different poultry in Akure metropolis and soil samples from Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA) environment as control. Microbiological and physicochemical analyses were carried out using standard methods. The mean total viable bacterial count of poultry soil ranged from 9.02±0.511×105cfu/g in sample site A to 11.2±0.021×105cfu/g in sample site B and there were significant difference (p<0.05) between the bacterial count of poultry soil and control, mean highest fungal load is 6.05±0.301× 103sfu/g. Bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila ,Bacilllus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecium. Escherichia coli had the highest occurrence of 23.08% while Aeromonas hydrophila had the lowest occurrence of 5.13%. Fungi isolated were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigates and Saccharomyces species. Aspergillus niger 46.67% had the highest occurrence while Saccharomyces species had the lowest occurrence of 13.33%. Physiochemical analysis showed that poultry soil had mean pH, temperature and Organic Carbon of 7.92±0.34, 34±0.04oC and 14.88±0.56% respectively, Organic Matter is 5.50±0.61%, Nitrogen 1.27±0.03 mg/g, Phosphorus58.92±0.01 mg/g, Potassium55.48±0.23 mg/g, Sodium 41.77±0.91mg/g, Calcium 28.70±0.24mg/g, Magnesium 20.65±0.32 mg/g and Cation exchange capacity146.60±0.11%. The results obtained calls for proper discharge of poultry waste into the environment to prevent transmission of diseases by water borne pathogens.
Effect of different bulking materials and earthworms species on bioremediatio...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effect of different bulking materials (cow dung, sheep manure, garden soil) and earthworm species (Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia foetida) on the bioremediation of municipal sewage sludge. The results showed that interactions between worm species and bulking materials significantly affected moisture content, EC, and chloride levels but not pH or organic carbon. Organic carbon, EC, and chloride levels generally decreased from the initial to final stages of vermiremediation. The combination of cow dung and Eudrilus eugeniae led to the lowest levels of EC, organic carbon, and chloride, indicating it was the most effective treatment for bioremedi
This document discusses vermifiltration, a low-cost wastewater treatment technique using earthworms. It describes how earthworms and their gut microbes remove 90% or more of BOD, COD, TDS and TSS from wastewater through ingestion and biodegradation. The document outlines the vermifiltration process, comparing it to a control biofilter bed without worms. It also lists several advantages of vermifiltration over conventional wastewater treatment, such as low energy needs, value-added vermicompost byproduct, and no foul odors.
Slaughter waste effluents and river catchment watershed contamination in Caga...Angelo Mark Walag
Slaughterhouse waste products are commonly known globally to pollute nearby communities and receiving bodies of water. The main aim of this study was to analyze the effluents disposed by Cagayan de Oro City Slaughterhouse to river catchment watershed. Standard methods were utilized in sampling and analyzing water quality parameters to determine the levels of nitrates, BOD, COD, total coliform, and lead. It was found out that the majority of wastes produced are internal organs, blood and urine mixtures, and manures. The study also revealed that all parameters tested crossed the permissible limits set by the government for effluent and inland water except for BOD and nitrates, in the river watershed. It was also determined that during wet seasons, major contaminants like lead and nitrates were diluted resulting to lower levels when compared to national standards. The result of this study also revealed the need for further remediation of the river water quality and intervention strategies to sustainably manage and prevent disposal of untreated effluents.
This study evaluated the effects of water hyacinth compost prepared with different starter cultures on the growth and yield of maize. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted in Kenya from 2011-2012. In the greenhouse experiments, water hyacinth compost was applied to maize plants and various growth parameters were measured over time. Application of water hyacinth compost and diammonium phosphate fertilizer significantly increased plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and root collar diameter compared to the control. In the field experiments, application of water hyacinth compost and diammonium phosphate increased shoot dry weight at tasseling stage compared to the control. However, yield parameters like 100 seed weight and
Objectives :-
* Characterization and study of biochar.
*To examine biochar adsorption capacity.
*To determine the effect of KMnO4 as modifying agent on biochar adsorption.
Analysis of nutrient content of some organic materials for soil amendment in ...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the nutrient content of various organic materials that could be used for soil amendment in Sokoto, Nigeria. It finds that materials like poultry manure, sheep dung, and cow dung have high levels of organic matter, nitrogen, and other nutrients. The materials showed moderate nutrient values and could effectively improve soil fertility when used for amendments. Analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences between the means of chemical properties measured in each organic material.
This document summarizes a study on the microbial communities in a full-scale vermifilter (VF) system treating rural domestic sewage in China over 17 months. The VF system achieved average removal efficiencies of 67.6% for COD, 78.0% for BOD5, 92.1% for NH4+-N, and 89.8% for TSS. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the VF biofilm was dominated by Proteobacteria, especially gamma-proteobacteria, followed by Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes. Earthworm activity in the VF selected for microbes related to processes in earthworm guts
Microbiological and Physicochemical Assessment of Poultry Soil Samples in Aku...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Human activities such as animal production in many parts of the world, still impact negatively on the environment and biodiversity. This study was carried out to assess the microbiological and physicochemical parameters of poultry soil samples. Soil samples were collected from different poultry in Akure metropolis and soil samples from Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA) environment as control. Microbiological and physicochemical analyses were carried out using standard methods. The mean total viable bacterial count of poultry soil ranged from 9.02±0.511×105cfu/g in sample site A to 11.2±0.021×105cfu/g in sample site B and there were significant difference (p<0.05) between the bacterial count of poultry soil and control, mean highest fungal load is 6.05±0.301× 103sfu/g. Bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila ,Bacilllus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecium. Escherichia coli had the highest occurrence of 23.08% while Aeromonas hydrophila had the lowest occurrence of 5.13%. Fungi isolated were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigates and Saccharomyces species. Aspergillus niger 46.67% had the highest occurrence while Saccharomyces species had the lowest occurrence of 13.33%. Physiochemical analysis showed that poultry soil had mean pH, temperature and Organic Carbon of 7.92±0.34, 34±0.04oC and 14.88±0.56% respectively, Organic Matter is 5.50±0.61%, Nitrogen 1.27±0.03 mg/g, Phosphorus58.92±0.01 mg/g, Potassium55.48±0.23 mg/g, Sodium 41.77±0.91mg/g, Calcium 28.70±0.24mg/g, Magnesium 20.65±0.32 mg/g and Cation exchange capacity146.60±0.11%. The results obtained calls for proper discharge of poultry waste into the environment to prevent transmission of diseases by water borne pathogens.
Effect of different bulking materials and earthworms species on bioremediatio...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effect of different bulking materials (cow dung, sheep manure, garden soil) and earthworm species (Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia foetida) on the bioremediation of municipal sewage sludge. The results showed that interactions between worm species and bulking materials significantly affected moisture content, EC, and chloride levels but not pH or organic carbon. Organic carbon, EC, and chloride levels generally decreased from the initial to final stages of vermiremediation. The combination of cow dung and Eudrilus eugeniae led to the lowest levels of EC, organic carbon, and chloride, indicating it was the most effective treatment for bioremedi
Assessment of pesticides residues in fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo ...IJEAB
In Benin, the main cash crop is the cotton of which the level of production is largely insufficient to satisfy the national and international market. The main food crops (corn, cassava, yam, bean, rice, etc.) permit to cover the food needed globally, but remain again extensively on this side of the potentialities offered by the ecological conditions of the country. In the process to increase the agricultural production, the herbicides, insecticides and the fertilizers are used now in higher quantity that in the past. The aim of this work was to assess the level of contamination of fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo River in Djidja (Benin) by the pesticides. Nine (09) samples of fish (Tilapia guineensis) have been collected in nine (09) points along the Couffo River. The analysis of these fish has been done by gas chromatography after extraction and purification. In fish, the detected concentrations in average ranged between 0.123 µg/kg and 0.191 µg/kg for the glyphosate, from 0.095 to 0.128 µg/kg for the profenofos, between 0.112 and 0.125 µg/kg for the acetamiprid and 0.127 and 0.139 µg/kg. To assess the risk to public health, pesticides intake by fish consumption was estimated and compared with Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values reported by the Codex Alimentarius. This comparison showed that fish consumption does not pose a risk for public health.
Development of sawdust from the Lagos Lagoon in Nigeria as a renewable feedst...Innspub Net
The accumulation of solid waste and consumption of fossil fuels are two phenomenons which already have a major destructive effect on the environment. The lack of alternative solid waste management procedures and shortage of the development of renewable energy resources should be addressed in order to sustain environmental quality. Sawdust is a major waste product along the Lagos lagoon with cellulose one of the predominant structural components of sawdust. The bio-conversion of waste cellulose, a glucose biopolymer into glucose a fermentable sugar has been performed with cellulase from Aspergillus Niger. Delignified and non-delignified sawdust from five different trees along the Lagos Lagoon have been saccharified with A. niger cellulase. The saccharification of these sawdust materials have been performed at different incubation temperatures of 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. Optimum saccharification of non-delignified and delignified cellulose from the various trees along the Lagos Lagoon were optimum saccharified at different temperatures resulting in different sugar concentrations produced. A temperature of 40°C was optimum for maximum degradation of non-delignified cellulose from all the trees producing sugar at concentration between 3.0 – 4.3mg.ml-1. Optimum saccharification of delignified cellulose from all the trees was obtained at a temperature of 50°C resulting in a sugar concentration of 5.9 – 8.4mg.ml-1.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE TRANSPORT OF E.COLI IN A NAT...IAEME Publication
Development of mathematical model to predict the rate of microbial depositions (E.coli) in a natural pond has been carried out. The models were developed to monitor the rate of concentration at different periods, with respect to the length of the pond at various sample station. Results of the theoretical values were compared with the experimental analysis. The analysis was thoroughly done to determine the physiochemical parameters of the pond. Microbial traces were found from the experimental analysis at different periods up to hundred days. The developed model compared favourably well with the experimental values. The values explain the rate of microbial growth and level of lag phase condition. The growth rate of the microbes were found to be higher because there is high deposition of substrate for growth and energy, while at some periods it degrades showing that the substrates have reduced in concentration including the inhibition from the pH. In some cases when the microbes developed lag phase condition it may be as a result of other environmental factors. Finally, the growth rates are between fifty and hundred days, showing that there is constant regeneration of the microbes including other environmental factors.
Vermicomposting: A Superlative For Soil, Plant, and Environmentx3G9
1) The document discusses vermicomposting as a way to convert organic wastes into a valuable fertilizer using earthworms.
2) It describes how vermicompost has higher nutrient content than chemical fertilizers and improves soil properties like structure, moisture-holding capacity and microbial activity.
3) Experiments showed that applying vermicompost produced from food waste enhanced the growth and yield of crops like ladyfinger and potatoes compared to chemical fertilizers.
Artifi cial wetlands are useful for wastewater treatment; however, relatively little is known of the effects of sewage on artifi cial wetland microbial community structure. Therefore, we assessed the effect of municipal sewage on microbial community diversity in surface water throughout an artifi cial wetland (Xiantao artifi cial wetland) treating municipal sewage. We analyzed the relationship between physicochemical parameters of surface water (i.e., Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and
NH4+-N) with microbial community structure (Illumina MiSeq sequencing followed by abundance indices). The results showed that the total microbial community in surface water was signifi cantly correlated with COD, TN, TP, and NH4
+-N (r = 0.764, 0.897, 0.883, 0.839, P < 0.05). In addition, the most abundant taxa were significantly correlated with COD (r = 0.803, P < 0.05). The relative abundance of rare operational taxonomic units in the more purifi ed water farther downstream was higher than in the polluted area, suggesting that rare groups were more sensitive to physicochemical parameters than abundant groups, and that the abundance of some bacteria could indirectly indicate the degree of aquatic pollution. Our results indicate that the responses of microorganisms in artificial wetlands to environmental conditions should be considered to ensure efficient treatment.
Proximate and heavy metals composition of Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) frui...IJEAB
Plantain thrives well in waste dumpsites. These wastes usually contaminate the soil with heavy metals which become absorbed by the plants. The risk of heavy metal toxicity in humans is an issue of serious concern globally. Proximate composition of plantain fruits harvested from three randomly selected waste dumpsites in Uyo metropolis, Nigeria were determined using AOAC standard analytical techniques while their heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd and As) concentrations and that of their rhizosphere soil were analysed with Unicam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Proximate analyses results revealed that carbohydrate content was higher in the fruits harvested from the control uncontaminated soil sites (91.61%) than in the fruits harvested from dumpsite soils (87.23%; 87.89%; 88.00%). Dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than the control soil. Lead (Pb) was the highest occurring heavy metal in all the dumpsite soils. Fruits harvested from the dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than those from the control soil. Pb was the only heavy metal whose concentration in the plantain fruits was higher than the WHO/FAO permissible limit. This work has established that the selected dumpsite soils have been contaminated with heavy metals which have been absorbed by the plantain cultivated there. Cultivation and consumption of plantain from these dumpsite soils should be discouraged.
Evaluation of Biogas Production from the Digestion of Swine Dung, Plantain Pe...IJCMESJOURNAL
This study centered on biogas production from locally available animal and kitchen wastes: swine dung (SD), plantain peel (PP) and fluted pumpkin stem (PS) using five 32-Litres metallic prototype digesters. The anaerobic digestion was in the ratio of 3:1 of water to waste for all the samples as follows: Sample A was 100%SD, Sample B; 100% PP, Sample C; 100% PS, Sample D; 50%SD+50%PP and Sample E; 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS. The retention time was 30 days and parameters like pH, pressure, daily biogas production, ambient and slurry temperatures alongside the physico-chemical properties of wastes were monitored. The cumulative gas production yield was 11.5L, 35.1L, 39.5L, 46.9L, 59.3L for Sample A, Sample B, Sample C, Sample D and Sample E respectively. The flammable time was 15th, 5th, 25th, 26th, 2nd day for sample A, sample B, sample C, sample D and sample E respectively. The result revealed that the blend of the 3 substrates i.e. sample E: 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS gave the highest yield of biogas and flamed earlier than the other samples while sample A: 100%SD had the lowest yield of biogas. The results also showed that the sample that had the highest composition of methane in the biogas produced was Sample D: 50%SD+50%PP with 85.6989% while the lowest composition of methane was found in Sample C to be 79.0996%. The TS, TVS, BOD and VS were seen to be consistently reducing showing the level of waste treatment achieved during the digestion period of 30 days.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Effects of inorganic nutrient P and N application on Azolla biomass growth an...Innspub Net
This study examined the effects of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) application on Azolla biomass growth and nutrient uptake. Azolla samples were collected from six major rice growing regions in Kenya and grown in plastic pots with varying levels of P (0 or 3 mg/L) and N (0 or 200 mg/L) added to the irrigation water. Biomass accumulation and doubling time were measured over 10 days. Application of N and P significantly reduced Azolla biomass accumulation and increased doubling time. Tissue N and P content in Azolla and irrigation water nutrient levels also varied between regions. The study provides information on how external nutrient levels affect Azolla growth.
Microbiological and physicochemical analyses of top soils obtained from four ...Innspub Net
Several methodologies were utilized to evaluate the microbiological and physico chemical properties of top soil samples bored from four municipal waste dumpsites and a farmland (control sample) all located in Benin City, Edo State. The soil samples were obtained during the month of January, 2013. The mean aerobic bacterial counts for the soil samples ranged from 9.7 × 103 cfu/g for the control soil to 1.80 × 104 cfu/g for the soil sourced from the dump site at Ikheuniro. The mean heterotrophic fungal counts varied from 7.0 × 102 cfu/g for capitol dumpsite to 3.3 × 103 cfu/g for the control soil. Ten (10) microbial isolates were characterized and identified; Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp. and Staphylococcus sp., Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., Saccharomyces sp. and Fusarium sp. respectively. Both Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were the most dominant amongst the bacterial isolates whilst Staphylococcus sp. was the least occurring bacterial isolate. Aspergillus sp. was the highest occurring fungal isolate while the least isolated fungal culture was Saccharomyces sp. The physico chemical results showed values which ranged from 5.60 to 8.08, 164.00 µS/cm to 540.00 µS/cm, 2.378 mg/kg to 3.444 mg/kg, 0.009 mg/kg to 0.016 mg/kg for pH, electrical conductivity, sulphate and cadmium. Despite the positive impacts of the dumped municipal wastes on the microbial and organic properties of the analyzed soils, disposal of municipal wastes in open dump sites is an archaic and unsustainable option in the management of municipal wastes. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-1-september-2013/
Influence of Human Urine on Rice Grain Yield (Orzya sativa L.) and Selected S...IJEAB
An experiment was carried out at Abakaliki Southeastern Nigeria to study the influence of human urine on rice grain yield, selected soil physical and chemical properties in Abakaliki southeastern Nigeria in 2014 and 2015. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block designed (RCBD) with human urine applied in the following rates: A = Control (no application of treatment); B = 2 kilolitres/ha; C = 4 kilolitres/ha and D = 6 kilolitres/ha. Treatments were not applied in 2015 to test the residual effect. In general, human urine improved rice grain yield, bulk density, total porosity, hydraulic conductivity, moisture content, organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, pH, available phosphorus and exchangeable bases in 2014 it was applied and the following year as residual effect. An increase in the rate of urine application also resulted to an increase in rice grain yield and higher improvement in soil properties studied.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that investigated the physicochemical, heavy metal, and microbial properties of soils polluted by organic waste at an animal market/park in Uyo, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from 5 stations at depths of 2, 10, and 20 cm and analyzed using various methods. The results showed acidic soil pH at some stations. Heavy metal pollution varied significantly between stations, with lead, zinc, copper, nickel, and manganese being highest near the slaughterhouse. Bacterial and fungal contamination also varied between stations. The study concludes that surface drainage and wastewater treatment are needed to prevent pollution of nearby water sources.
Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water S...YogeshIJTSRD
Invasive alien plant species are major thread to biodiversity, climate change and environmental sustainability. Management of these invasive alien plant species become a typical task at global level. Composting can be an efficient and environment friendly solution for management of these invasive alien species. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of compost prepared from three invasive alien species Cuscutareflexa, Eupatorium adenophorum and Lantana camaraon the tomato plant vigour, antioxidant and nutrient content under water deficit and irrigated well watered conditions. The results revealed that Cuscutareflexa CR compost treatment gave highest shoot length 23.0 , 23.7 , root length 30.0 , 21.4 , shoot fresh weight 47.9 , 52.2 , shoot dry weight 71.0 , 49.4 and root dry weight 66.7 , 51.5 , under water stressand irrigated conditions, respectively. The application of compostCR under water stress has enhanced chlorophyll and prolinecontent over control. Similarly, antioxidant enzymes analysis showed the increased superoxide dismutase 1.33 2.17fold , peroxidase 1.38 1.82fold and catalase 1.06 1.73fold activity under water deficit condition. Nutrient content such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodiumin tomato leaf were higher under both water stress and irrigated conditions compared to their respective control. It can be concluded from above outcomes that compost prepared from invasive alien species have potential to ameliorate the negative effects of water stress and enhance the tomato growth. Sandhya Bind | A. K. Sharma "Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water Stress in Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39961.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/39961/impact-of-compost-prepared-from-invasive-alien-species-in-alleviating-water-stress-in-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-l/sandhya-bind
Some Physiochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Wastewater and Pos...IIJSRJournal
This study focuses on treating wastewater with natural materials (Charcoal and lime), identifying the physiochemical properties, identifying microorganisms in treated and untreated wastewater, and the possibility of using treated wastewater in agriculture by studying two different types of wastewater collected from two areas in Benghazi (Al-Kish and Sarti sites) in order to find out their suitability for agriculture and some other uses. The Microbiological analysis results were as follows; the growth of bacterial colonies represented in Kleibseilla pnewmonia in wastewater collected from the Sirty sites and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa & Escherichia coli from wastewater collected from the El-Kish sites, where a biological analysis of the wastewater after treating by using two types of economic and available materials in nature Calcium carbonate “lime” and Charcoal after replanting the treated wastewater with the same previous method, we obtained bacterial growth, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa in wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Escherichia coli growth in wastewater treatment by Charcoal. Wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Charcoal did not show any microbial growth, this study was illustrated there was not growth from any kind of fungi from the studied wastewater treatment and un-treatment.
Wastewater treatment was found that it is possible to benefit from the treated wastewater to irrigate green areas and insensitive crops without soil degradation, and criteria for assessing the suitability of water for irrigation according to the United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) wastewater treatment samples are located in class C3-S1, it cannot be used to irrigate sensitive crops, especially citrus fruits, and it should only be used in lands that do not have impervious layers that prevent leaching because they need washing.
This study examines the physicochemical controls on the transport of veterinary pharmaceuticals and hormones from animal manures to surface waters. The researchers investigated the long-term sorption kinetics of the antibiotic lincomycin on various biochars derived from animal manures. They also studied the sorption and transport of the hormone 17β-estradiol on biochars using batch experiments and fixed-bed column experiments. The results showed fast initial surface sorption and slower long-term pore diffusion of lincomycin onto the biochars. Additionally, biochar had a greater sorption capacity for 17β-estradiol than sand and reduced its transport compared to biochar-free sand in column experiments.
IRJET- Decontamination of Wastewater by Biofiltration using Invasive BivalvesIRJET Journal
This document discusses using invasive bivalves for biofiltration of wastewater to reduce contamination. Bivalves like quagga mussels, zebra mussels, and blue mussels are effective at removing nutrients, organic matter, pathogens, and other pollutants from water through their filter feeding. A study was conducted where bivalves were placed in a filtration unit to treat wastewater from canals and industrial areas in Kakinada, India. The bivalves decreased levels of eutrophication, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and E. coli through bioaccumulation of contaminants in their bodies. Invasive bivalves show potential for cost-effective wastewater treatment by removing
This document summarizes research on the physicochemical controls of transport of veterinary pharmaceuticals and hormones to surface waters. The research examined how sorption to soil phases and facilitated transport by fine particles can influence the fate and transport of antibiotics in the environment. Completed and ongoing work is described that examines the long-term sorption kinetics of lincomycin to biochars under varying conditions, as well as the potential for biochar particles to facilitate the transport of antibiotics through saturated porous media. The research aims to better understand how biochar amendments may reduce the transport and bioavailability of antibiotics in soil.
Qualitative Study of Landfill Leachate from Different Ages of Landfill Sites ...iosrjce
The present paper describes the qualitative analysis of landfill leachate at different ages of landfill
sites (LFS) around the world and it has been prepared on the basis of extensive survey of literatures. The main
objective of this study was to explore the knowledge on qualitative analysis of municipal solid waste landfill
leachate. This paper provides a reliable and robust database for the prediction of leachate quality when new
landfills are to be developed in Nepal and other parts of the world.
Large amount of biodegradable organic matter is indicated though high ratio of BOD/COD. This in turn leads
to relative high concentration of Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. The lower concentration of VFAs and high pH represents
“old” leachate from the late methanogenic phase. The humic substances give a dark color to stabilized
leachate. Due to the decreasing solubility of many metal ions with increasing pH, the concentration of metal
ions is low in general. The strength of the leachate decreases with time with precipitation of soluble elements
such as heavy metals as the organic compounds break down biologically. This is the reason why leachate
management is problematic due to complexity in its design, operation, and composition, age of landfill, specific
climate conditions and moisture routing through the landfill. In order to avoid pollution and toxicity level in the
water bodies, it is legal necessity to treat landfill leachate before discharging it
This document appears to be a profile for an individual named Hithru who has experience in telecom engineering, industrial engineering, mobile development, game design, robotics, business development, product design, security, and software design. It includes their Twitter handle and a link to install something from their website www.hithru.co/install as well as an email contact for information.
Kaspersky Endpoint Security 8 for Linux provides an installation guide for its latest version. The guide includes 3 sections: [1] an introduction summarizing the purpose and requirements of the software, how to obtain support, and new features in version 8; [2] instructions for installing and configuring the software; and [3] additional information on tasks like removing the software.
Assessment of pesticides residues in fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo ...IJEAB
In Benin, the main cash crop is the cotton of which the level of production is largely insufficient to satisfy the national and international market. The main food crops (corn, cassava, yam, bean, rice, etc.) permit to cover the food needed globally, but remain again extensively on this side of the potentialities offered by the ecological conditions of the country. In the process to increase the agricultural production, the herbicides, insecticides and the fertilizers are used now in higher quantity that in the past. The aim of this work was to assess the level of contamination of fish (Tilapia guineensis) in the Couffo River in Djidja (Benin) by the pesticides. Nine (09) samples of fish (Tilapia guineensis) have been collected in nine (09) points along the Couffo River. The analysis of these fish has been done by gas chromatography after extraction and purification. In fish, the detected concentrations in average ranged between 0.123 µg/kg and 0.191 µg/kg for the glyphosate, from 0.095 to 0.128 µg/kg for the profenofos, between 0.112 and 0.125 µg/kg for the acetamiprid and 0.127 and 0.139 µg/kg. To assess the risk to public health, pesticides intake by fish consumption was estimated and compared with Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values reported by the Codex Alimentarius. This comparison showed that fish consumption does not pose a risk for public health.
Development of sawdust from the Lagos Lagoon in Nigeria as a renewable feedst...Innspub Net
The accumulation of solid waste and consumption of fossil fuels are two phenomenons which already have a major destructive effect on the environment. The lack of alternative solid waste management procedures and shortage of the development of renewable energy resources should be addressed in order to sustain environmental quality. Sawdust is a major waste product along the Lagos lagoon with cellulose one of the predominant structural components of sawdust. The bio-conversion of waste cellulose, a glucose biopolymer into glucose a fermentable sugar has been performed with cellulase from Aspergillus Niger. Delignified and non-delignified sawdust from five different trees along the Lagos Lagoon have been saccharified with A. niger cellulase. The saccharification of these sawdust materials have been performed at different incubation temperatures of 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. Optimum saccharification of non-delignified and delignified cellulose from the various trees along the Lagos Lagoon were optimum saccharified at different temperatures resulting in different sugar concentrations produced. A temperature of 40°C was optimum for maximum degradation of non-delignified cellulose from all the trees producing sugar at concentration between 3.0 – 4.3mg.ml-1. Optimum saccharification of delignified cellulose from all the trees was obtained at a temperature of 50°C resulting in a sugar concentration of 5.9 – 8.4mg.ml-1.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE TRANSPORT OF E.COLI IN A NAT...IAEME Publication
Development of mathematical model to predict the rate of microbial depositions (E.coli) in a natural pond has been carried out. The models were developed to monitor the rate of concentration at different periods, with respect to the length of the pond at various sample station. Results of the theoretical values were compared with the experimental analysis. The analysis was thoroughly done to determine the physiochemical parameters of the pond. Microbial traces were found from the experimental analysis at different periods up to hundred days. The developed model compared favourably well with the experimental values. The values explain the rate of microbial growth and level of lag phase condition. The growth rate of the microbes were found to be higher because there is high deposition of substrate for growth and energy, while at some periods it degrades showing that the substrates have reduced in concentration including the inhibition from the pH. In some cases when the microbes developed lag phase condition it may be as a result of other environmental factors. Finally, the growth rates are between fifty and hundred days, showing that there is constant regeneration of the microbes including other environmental factors.
Vermicomposting: A Superlative For Soil, Plant, and Environmentx3G9
1) The document discusses vermicomposting as a way to convert organic wastes into a valuable fertilizer using earthworms.
2) It describes how vermicompost has higher nutrient content than chemical fertilizers and improves soil properties like structure, moisture-holding capacity and microbial activity.
3) Experiments showed that applying vermicompost produced from food waste enhanced the growth and yield of crops like ladyfinger and potatoes compared to chemical fertilizers.
Artifi cial wetlands are useful for wastewater treatment; however, relatively little is known of the effects of sewage on artifi cial wetland microbial community structure. Therefore, we assessed the effect of municipal sewage on microbial community diversity in surface water throughout an artifi cial wetland (Xiantao artifi cial wetland) treating municipal sewage. We analyzed the relationship between physicochemical parameters of surface water (i.e., Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and
NH4+-N) with microbial community structure (Illumina MiSeq sequencing followed by abundance indices). The results showed that the total microbial community in surface water was signifi cantly correlated with COD, TN, TP, and NH4
+-N (r = 0.764, 0.897, 0.883, 0.839, P < 0.05). In addition, the most abundant taxa were significantly correlated with COD (r = 0.803, P < 0.05). The relative abundance of rare operational taxonomic units in the more purifi ed water farther downstream was higher than in the polluted area, suggesting that rare groups were more sensitive to physicochemical parameters than abundant groups, and that the abundance of some bacteria could indirectly indicate the degree of aquatic pollution. Our results indicate that the responses of microorganisms in artificial wetlands to environmental conditions should be considered to ensure efficient treatment.
Proximate and heavy metals composition of Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) frui...IJEAB
Plantain thrives well in waste dumpsites. These wastes usually contaminate the soil with heavy metals which become absorbed by the plants. The risk of heavy metal toxicity in humans is an issue of serious concern globally. Proximate composition of plantain fruits harvested from three randomly selected waste dumpsites in Uyo metropolis, Nigeria were determined using AOAC standard analytical techniques while their heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd and As) concentrations and that of their rhizosphere soil were analysed with Unicam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Proximate analyses results revealed that carbohydrate content was higher in the fruits harvested from the control uncontaminated soil sites (91.61%) than in the fruits harvested from dumpsite soils (87.23%; 87.89%; 88.00%). Dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than the control soil. Lead (Pb) was the highest occurring heavy metal in all the dumpsite soils. Fruits harvested from the dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than those from the control soil. Pb was the only heavy metal whose concentration in the plantain fruits was higher than the WHO/FAO permissible limit. This work has established that the selected dumpsite soils have been contaminated with heavy metals which have been absorbed by the plantain cultivated there. Cultivation and consumption of plantain from these dumpsite soils should be discouraged.
Evaluation of Biogas Production from the Digestion of Swine Dung, Plantain Pe...IJCMESJOURNAL
This study centered on biogas production from locally available animal and kitchen wastes: swine dung (SD), plantain peel (PP) and fluted pumpkin stem (PS) using five 32-Litres metallic prototype digesters. The anaerobic digestion was in the ratio of 3:1 of water to waste for all the samples as follows: Sample A was 100%SD, Sample B; 100% PP, Sample C; 100% PS, Sample D; 50%SD+50%PP and Sample E; 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS. The retention time was 30 days and parameters like pH, pressure, daily biogas production, ambient and slurry temperatures alongside the physico-chemical properties of wastes were monitored. The cumulative gas production yield was 11.5L, 35.1L, 39.5L, 46.9L, 59.3L for Sample A, Sample B, Sample C, Sample D and Sample E respectively. The flammable time was 15th, 5th, 25th, 26th, 2nd day for sample A, sample B, sample C, sample D and sample E respectively. The result revealed that the blend of the 3 substrates i.e. sample E: 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS gave the highest yield of biogas and flamed earlier than the other samples while sample A: 100%SD had the lowest yield of biogas. The results also showed that the sample that had the highest composition of methane in the biogas produced was Sample D: 50%SD+50%PP with 85.6989% while the lowest composition of methane was found in Sample C to be 79.0996%. The TS, TVS, BOD and VS were seen to be consistently reducing showing the level of waste treatment achieved during the digestion period of 30 days.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Effects of inorganic nutrient P and N application on Azolla biomass growth an...Innspub Net
This study examined the effects of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) application on Azolla biomass growth and nutrient uptake. Azolla samples were collected from six major rice growing regions in Kenya and grown in plastic pots with varying levels of P (0 or 3 mg/L) and N (0 or 200 mg/L) added to the irrigation water. Biomass accumulation and doubling time were measured over 10 days. Application of N and P significantly reduced Azolla biomass accumulation and increased doubling time. Tissue N and P content in Azolla and irrigation water nutrient levels also varied between regions. The study provides information on how external nutrient levels affect Azolla growth.
Microbiological and physicochemical analyses of top soils obtained from four ...Innspub Net
Several methodologies were utilized to evaluate the microbiological and physico chemical properties of top soil samples bored from four municipal waste dumpsites and a farmland (control sample) all located in Benin City, Edo State. The soil samples were obtained during the month of January, 2013. The mean aerobic bacterial counts for the soil samples ranged from 9.7 × 103 cfu/g for the control soil to 1.80 × 104 cfu/g for the soil sourced from the dump site at Ikheuniro. The mean heterotrophic fungal counts varied from 7.0 × 102 cfu/g for capitol dumpsite to 3.3 × 103 cfu/g for the control soil. Ten (10) microbial isolates were characterized and identified; Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp. and Staphylococcus sp., Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., Saccharomyces sp. and Fusarium sp. respectively. Both Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were the most dominant amongst the bacterial isolates whilst Staphylococcus sp. was the least occurring bacterial isolate. Aspergillus sp. was the highest occurring fungal isolate while the least isolated fungal culture was Saccharomyces sp. The physico chemical results showed values which ranged from 5.60 to 8.08, 164.00 µS/cm to 540.00 µS/cm, 2.378 mg/kg to 3.444 mg/kg, 0.009 mg/kg to 0.016 mg/kg for pH, electrical conductivity, sulphate and cadmium. Despite the positive impacts of the dumped municipal wastes on the microbial and organic properties of the analyzed soils, disposal of municipal wastes in open dump sites is an archaic and unsustainable option in the management of municipal wastes. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-1-september-2013/
Influence of Human Urine on Rice Grain Yield (Orzya sativa L.) and Selected S...IJEAB
An experiment was carried out at Abakaliki Southeastern Nigeria to study the influence of human urine on rice grain yield, selected soil physical and chemical properties in Abakaliki southeastern Nigeria in 2014 and 2015. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block designed (RCBD) with human urine applied in the following rates: A = Control (no application of treatment); B = 2 kilolitres/ha; C = 4 kilolitres/ha and D = 6 kilolitres/ha. Treatments were not applied in 2015 to test the residual effect. In general, human urine improved rice grain yield, bulk density, total porosity, hydraulic conductivity, moisture content, organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, pH, available phosphorus and exchangeable bases in 2014 it was applied and the following year as residual effect. An increase in the rate of urine application also resulted to an increase in rice grain yield and higher improvement in soil properties studied.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that investigated the physicochemical, heavy metal, and microbial properties of soils polluted by organic waste at an animal market/park in Uyo, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from 5 stations at depths of 2, 10, and 20 cm and analyzed using various methods. The results showed acidic soil pH at some stations. Heavy metal pollution varied significantly between stations, with lead, zinc, copper, nickel, and manganese being highest near the slaughterhouse. Bacterial and fungal contamination also varied between stations. The study concludes that surface drainage and wastewater treatment are needed to prevent pollution of nearby water sources.
Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water S...YogeshIJTSRD
Invasive alien plant species are major thread to biodiversity, climate change and environmental sustainability. Management of these invasive alien plant species become a typical task at global level. Composting can be an efficient and environment friendly solution for management of these invasive alien species. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of compost prepared from three invasive alien species Cuscutareflexa, Eupatorium adenophorum and Lantana camaraon the tomato plant vigour, antioxidant and nutrient content under water deficit and irrigated well watered conditions. The results revealed that Cuscutareflexa CR compost treatment gave highest shoot length 23.0 , 23.7 , root length 30.0 , 21.4 , shoot fresh weight 47.9 , 52.2 , shoot dry weight 71.0 , 49.4 and root dry weight 66.7 , 51.5 , under water stressand irrigated conditions, respectively. The application of compostCR under water stress has enhanced chlorophyll and prolinecontent over control. Similarly, antioxidant enzymes analysis showed the increased superoxide dismutase 1.33 2.17fold , peroxidase 1.38 1.82fold and catalase 1.06 1.73fold activity under water deficit condition. Nutrient content such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodiumin tomato leaf were higher under both water stress and irrigated conditions compared to their respective control. It can be concluded from above outcomes that compost prepared from invasive alien species have potential to ameliorate the negative effects of water stress and enhance the tomato growth. Sandhya Bind | A. K. Sharma "Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water Stress in Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39961.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/39961/impact-of-compost-prepared-from-invasive-alien-species-in-alleviating-water-stress-in-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-l/sandhya-bind
Some Physiochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Wastewater and Pos...IIJSRJournal
This study focuses on treating wastewater with natural materials (Charcoal and lime), identifying the physiochemical properties, identifying microorganisms in treated and untreated wastewater, and the possibility of using treated wastewater in agriculture by studying two different types of wastewater collected from two areas in Benghazi (Al-Kish and Sarti sites) in order to find out their suitability for agriculture and some other uses. The Microbiological analysis results were as follows; the growth of bacterial colonies represented in Kleibseilla pnewmonia in wastewater collected from the Sirty sites and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa & Escherichia coli from wastewater collected from the El-Kish sites, where a biological analysis of the wastewater after treating by using two types of economic and available materials in nature Calcium carbonate “lime” and Charcoal after replanting the treated wastewater with the same previous method, we obtained bacterial growth, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa in wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Escherichia coli growth in wastewater treatment by Charcoal. Wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Charcoal did not show any microbial growth, this study was illustrated there was not growth from any kind of fungi from the studied wastewater treatment and un-treatment.
Wastewater treatment was found that it is possible to benefit from the treated wastewater to irrigate green areas and insensitive crops without soil degradation, and criteria for assessing the suitability of water for irrigation according to the United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) wastewater treatment samples are located in class C3-S1, it cannot be used to irrigate sensitive crops, especially citrus fruits, and it should only be used in lands that do not have impervious layers that prevent leaching because they need washing.
This study examines the physicochemical controls on the transport of veterinary pharmaceuticals and hormones from animal manures to surface waters. The researchers investigated the long-term sorption kinetics of the antibiotic lincomycin on various biochars derived from animal manures. They also studied the sorption and transport of the hormone 17β-estradiol on biochars using batch experiments and fixed-bed column experiments. The results showed fast initial surface sorption and slower long-term pore diffusion of lincomycin onto the biochars. Additionally, biochar had a greater sorption capacity for 17β-estradiol than sand and reduced its transport compared to biochar-free sand in column experiments.
IRJET- Decontamination of Wastewater by Biofiltration using Invasive BivalvesIRJET Journal
This document discusses using invasive bivalves for biofiltration of wastewater to reduce contamination. Bivalves like quagga mussels, zebra mussels, and blue mussels are effective at removing nutrients, organic matter, pathogens, and other pollutants from water through their filter feeding. A study was conducted where bivalves were placed in a filtration unit to treat wastewater from canals and industrial areas in Kakinada, India. The bivalves decreased levels of eutrophication, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and E. coli through bioaccumulation of contaminants in their bodies. Invasive bivalves show potential for cost-effective wastewater treatment by removing
This document summarizes research on the physicochemical controls of transport of veterinary pharmaceuticals and hormones to surface waters. The research examined how sorption to soil phases and facilitated transport by fine particles can influence the fate and transport of antibiotics in the environment. Completed and ongoing work is described that examines the long-term sorption kinetics of lincomycin to biochars under varying conditions, as well as the potential for biochar particles to facilitate the transport of antibiotics through saturated porous media. The research aims to better understand how biochar amendments may reduce the transport and bioavailability of antibiotics in soil.
Qualitative Study of Landfill Leachate from Different Ages of Landfill Sites ...iosrjce
The present paper describes the qualitative analysis of landfill leachate at different ages of landfill
sites (LFS) around the world and it has been prepared on the basis of extensive survey of literatures. The main
objective of this study was to explore the knowledge on qualitative analysis of municipal solid waste landfill
leachate. This paper provides a reliable and robust database for the prediction of leachate quality when new
landfills are to be developed in Nepal and other parts of the world.
Large amount of biodegradable organic matter is indicated though high ratio of BOD/COD. This in turn leads
to relative high concentration of Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. The lower concentration of VFAs and high pH represents
“old” leachate from the late methanogenic phase. The humic substances give a dark color to stabilized
leachate. Due to the decreasing solubility of many metal ions with increasing pH, the concentration of metal
ions is low in general. The strength of the leachate decreases with time with precipitation of soluble elements
such as heavy metals as the organic compounds break down biologically. This is the reason why leachate
management is problematic due to complexity in its design, operation, and composition, age of landfill, specific
climate conditions and moisture routing through the landfill. In order to avoid pollution and toxicity level in the
water bodies, it is legal necessity to treat landfill leachate before discharging it
This document appears to be a profile for an individual named Hithru who has experience in telecom engineering, industrial engineering, mobile development, game design, robotics, business development, product design, security, and software design. It includes their Twitter handle and a link to install something from their website www.hithru.co/install as well as an email contact for information.
Kaspersky Endpoint Security 8 for Linux provides an installation guide for its latest version. The guide includes 3 sections: [1] an introduction summarizing the purpose and requirements of the software, how to obtain support, and new features in version 8; [2] instructions for installing and configuring the software; and [3] additional information on tasks like removing the software.
La Comisión Europea aprobó la creación de Trelleborg Vibracoustic, una empresa conjunta entre las compañías Freudenberg y Trelleborg Automotive que desarrolla, fabrica y distribuye sistemas anti-vibración para vehículos. La Comisión determinó que la fusión no plantearía problemas de competencia dado que otros competidores fuertes permanecerían en el mercado y los consumidores podrían elegir entre proveedores.
El documento presenta el currículum vitae de Ana María Niquen Vivas, que incluye sus datos personales, contacto, educación, experiencia laboral en el área de la salud y capacitaciones. Tiene 38 años y ha trabajado como enfermera técnica en varias clínicas y hospitales desde el 2000, adquiriendo experiencia en áreas como obstetricia, pediatría y medicina general. También se ha capacitado regularmente para mantener sus conocimientos actualizados.
Este documento proporciona información sobre varios restaurantes y hoteles en Cantabria que ofrecen opciones sin gluten, incluyendo sus nombres, ubicaciones y detalles sobre su atención a celíacos. Se recomienda contactarlos con antelación.
This document summarizes the history and applications of aerosol therapy. It discusses how aerosol therapy has been used for thousands of years, but modern applications began in the 18th century with devices like the Mudge inhaler. A major advancement was the invention of the pressurized metered-dose inhaler in the 1950s. The document then reviews the physics and physiology of aerosol generation and different medication delivery systems. It outlines diverse applications of aerosol therapy and discusses factors that influence the success of treatment, concluding that patient education and adherence are especially important.
With a population of around 1.8 million, Hamburg is the second most populated city in Germany. Over the last decade, the city underwent major developments, counting two iconic transformations: the successful extension and modernisation of the port which has become the second largest port in Europe in terms of container volume and the ongoing redevelopment of the HafenCity, one of the most important urban conversions in Europe.
In terms of tourism, the Hanseatic city does not yet benefit from the same level of international recognition as other European cities, but this does not mean that it offers less sights or attractions. On the contrary, Hamburg is a very exciting destination with many charming neighbourhoods, a broad musical offer, and is considered as the first location in Germany for business angels and venture capitalists with more than 13 start-up businesses per 10 000 inhabitants.
Our Hotel Market Snapshot will present the strong potential of Hamburg with its numerous projects planned for the upcoming years.
El documento contiene información sobre gastos presupuestarios de una unidad militar en 2008. Incluye detalles sobre gastos de personal, inteligencia, operaciones, logística e infraestructura como mantenimiento de vehículos, servicios básicos, telecomunicaciones y energía. También presenta modificaciones presupuestarias y gastos realizados en diferentes proyectos y dependencias de la unidad.
Este álbum de fotografías contiene recuerdos de una familia a lo largo de los años. Las fotos muestran momentos especiales como cumpleaños, vacaciones y reuniones familiares. En conjunto, el álbum captura la historia y los recuerdos compartidos de esta familia.
Faq for sign shine industrial serial gprs gsm modem ip modem dtuSignShine Andy
This document contains a FAQ section for SignShine Industrial Serial GPRS GSM Modem and IP Modem products. It addresses common questions about device configuration, operation, and troubleshooting. Key questions covered include how to check firmware version and signal strength, configure data and baud rates, update firmware, and ensure secure data transmission from GPRS devices. The document provides technical details and step-by-step instructions for working with SignShine industrial modems.
This document provides a summary of tablet apps from major UK news publishers, including audience metrics and advertising opportunities. It covers apps from The Guardian, Daily Telegraph, London Evening Standard, The Independent, The Times, and Daily Mail. For each publisher, it provides key details on the app, subscription prices, downloads and active users, as well as the types of advertisements available and analytics capabilities. The document is intended to help advertisers understand the tablet app landscape and how to leverage these channels in their campaigns.
The document discusses the AddressBook framework in Swift, including ABAddressBookRef which represents an address book, ABRecordRef which represents a person, group or source, and ABMulitValueRef which represents a multi-valued property like multiple phone numbers. It provides code examples for creating and accessing these objects to retrieve and work with contact data from the address book.
El documento proporciona una introducción a los Círculos de Calidad, definidos como grupos voluntarios de empleados que se reúnen periódicamente para identificar y resolver problemas relacionados con su trabajo. Explica que los Círculos de Calidad buscan mejorar la calidad y productividad mediante el trabajo en equipo. Además, describe el proceso de los Círculos de Calidad, que incluye la identificación de problemas, análisis, búsqueda de soluciones y evaluación.
El documento describe el proyecto "Rumbo a la U - Adelante la universidad te espera" implementado en la Institución Educativa Bijao. El proyecto busca mejorar los resultados académicos de los estudiantes y aumentar los índices de ingreso a la educación superior a través de tres ejes: el aprovechamiento de las TIC, la orientación para el ingreso a la educación superior, y despertar la pasión por el aprendizaje. El proyecto ha tenido un impacto positivo en los resultados de las pruebas ICFES y se
Am 04.04.2013 präsentierten Markus Moucka (Drees & Sommer) sowie ImmoNomade Philipp Kaufmann auf Einladung vom Absolventenverein der TU Wien ImmoABS Antworten auf die Frage, ob Nachhaltigkeit bei komplexen Bauvorhaben umsetzbar ist.
Die Antwort war einfach und herausforderend zugleich: ja, es ist möglich, wenn der Bauherr dies will, das Planer-Team gemeinsam zusammenarbeitet und das Thema von Beginn auf der Agenda steht. Insofern ist es umsetzbar und aktuelle Projekte zeigen, welche Möglichkeiten sich damit ergeben.
Mehr zur Nachhaltigkeit auf http://www.ogni.at.
Mehr zum Veranstalter: http://www.ImmoABS.at
Taming startup dynamics - Magnus Jungsbluth & Domagoj Cosicmfrancis
OSGi Community Event 2016 Presentation by Magnus Jungsbluth & Domagoj Cosic (Bundesdruckerei GmbH)
If you had to name a single great thing about OSGi, it would probably be its dynamics. Services come and go; other services react to those events, configuration can change and so on. Even the startup is dynamic: start levels are increased synchronously; however, configuration, Declarative Services, and Blueprint are started asynchronously after bundles turn active. We love that but sometimes you want to exercise control over when your application is actually fully started or more importantly when it is not. You certainly do not want your system to be accessible with a security module that threw an exception during startup. Unlike monolithic applications, an OSGi application behaves more like a distributed system that converges to a final state eventually.
We will show you a way to monitor startup of your application by creatively using some common OSGi mechanisms and demonstrate failure scenarios for common subsystems like configuration and Blueprint. We will also demonstrate the concept of start phases which are a higher-level concept on top of OSGi start levels. A phased start enables a higher level of security in the face of failures during startup.
The source code for the APIs and the reference implementation are available under Apache 2.0 license
Effects of different solid loading rates of faecal sludge on the dewatering p...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effect of different solid loading rates (SLR) of faecal sludge on the dewatering performance of unplanted filter beds.
2) Faecal sludge from public toilets and septic tanks was mixed in different ratios to create SLR1, SLR2, and SLR3 and applied to experimental filter beds.
3) SLR3, with the highest septage ratio and lowest solid content, achieved the fastest dewatering time of 4 days on average, while SLR1 had the longest time of 7 days.
Impact of Improved Aeration on Decomposition Rate of Enriched Compostijtsrd
Agricultural activities tend to generate a substantial volume of animal and crop residues. Composting is the most economical and ecologically sustainable option to manage farmyard waste. However, it takes approximately three months to complete decomposition and contains lower plant nutrient percentages than inorganic fertilisers. This study aimed to reduce the decomposition time and improve the nutrient content of compost. Aerobic decomposition was enhanced by aeration inside the pile using a blower with 0.5 l min kg airflow. Paddy straw, poultry manure, goat manure, cattle manure and paddy husk ash were mixed in 3 1 1 1 1 ratio respectively as the raw materials and 3 of Eppawala Rock Phosphate was added to the mixture in weight basis. Six piles 150 X 100 X 80 cm were prepared, and three piles were aerated for six hours per day while other three piles were left to decompose under the ambient condition as the control. According to the results, aerated and control piles took 35 days and 65 days to complete the decomposition. Total N, available P, exchangeable K, C N ratio, pH, EC and CEC were analysed in compost samples from aerated after 35 days and controls, and the results were, 20.5 g kg 1, 1.8 g kg 1, 10.4 g kg 1, 7, 8.8, 4.3 mS cm 1, 19.3 cmol kg 1 and 17.8 g kg 1, 1.5 g kg 1, 9.9 g kg 1, 8.5, 8.8, 3.64 mS cm 1, 21.3 cmol kg 1 respectively. Data were analysed using SAS 9.0 software with a 95 confidence interval. The results revealed a significant increment in total N, exchangeable K, C N ratio, EC and CEC in aerated piles compared to controls. And the nutrient composition of both methods was significantly higher than the commercial compost. Therefore, it can be concluded that decomposition time can be effectively reduced and the nutrient level can be increased by artificial aeration and nutrient enrichment, respectively. However, further studies are recommended to study the economic feasibility. D. M. S. H. Dissanayaka | V. P. T. Dhananjaya | E. J. Kosgollegedara | S. Karthigayini "Impact of Improved Aeration on Decomposition Rate of Enriched Compost" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38557.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/38557/impact-of-improved-aeration-on-decomposition-rate-of-enriched-compost/d-m-s-h-dissanayaka
Analysis of leachates from solid waste dumpsites a tool for predicting the qu...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes leachates and soils from five solid waste dumpsites in Accra, Ghana. Heavy metals (cadmium, lead, zinc, manganese, copper) and pathogens (coliform bacteria, helminth eggs) were found in higher levels in the wet season compared to the dry season. The high levels of heavy metals and pathogens indicate that waste from these dumpsites would require sorting to remove contaminants before use in composting. Proper composting temperatures and curing periods would also be needed to eliminate pathogens from any compost produced from these waste sources. The quality of compost produced would depend on the waste composition and levels of pollutants.
Impact of wastewater irrigation on major nutrient status in soil near Bhaluka...AbdullaAlAsif1
The population increase has not only increased the fresh water demand but also increased the volume of wastewater generated. Treated or recycled wastewater (RWW) appears to be the only water resource that is increasing as other sources are dwindling. Increasing need for water has resulted in the emergence of domestic wastewater application for agriculture and its relative use. The present study was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 2013 to evaluate the contribution of wastewater to major soil nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na) and fluctuation in physicochemical properties of soil (soil pH and Ec) from waste carrying canal at 10 selected sites of Bhaluka Upazila. Three (3) soil samples were collected at 0, 30 and 60 m distances from the waste discharging canals. The pH, EC, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, B and Na in soil samples decreased gradually with the increase of distance from waste discharging canal. Maximum concentrations of N at 60 and 0m distance varied from 8400 to 9700, P from 1850 to 5000, K from 4600 to 6000, S from 2000 to 4000, Ca from 7500 to 28800, Mg from 7500 to 7800, B from 90 to 2800 and Na from 2300 to 3100 μg g-1 in test soil.The results showed better nutrient status of the soil along waste discharge canals. The findings give applicable advice to commercial farmers and agricultural researchers for proper management and use of treated industrial wastewater for agricultural purpose.
Performance of EcoSan Toilets at Majumbasita in Dar Es Salaam – TanzaniaIJEABJ
This document summarizes a study on the performance of Ecological Sanitation (ECOSAN) toilets in Majumbasita, Tanzania. Samples of faecal sludge and urine were collected from 10 ECOSAN toilets and analyzed. The results showed that faecal sludge had a high pH between 8.3-10.3 due to ash addition, temperatures of 27-31 degrees C, and COD, TS and VS levels within reported ranges. Ascaris eggs were efficiently removed when pH was above 10. Ammonium, TKN, phosphorus and potassium levels in faecal sludge were between specified ranges. Urine samples had TKN, phosphorus and potassium levels within
Characterization of organic compounds from biosolids of Buenos Aires City, Silvana Torri
This study characterized the organic compounds in biosolids from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Different solvents were evaluated for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and a hexane:acetone mixture provided the highest extractability. The organic compounds identified included fatty acids, n-alkanes, and steroids. Persistent organic pollutants were below detection limits. The recalcitrant organic fraction reported previously is mainly due to stable sterols in the biosolids.
Biological treatment of domestic wastewater using constructed wetlands is gaining acceptance worldwide
due to low cost and simple operation and maintenance. A treatment system (BIOWATSYST) was
established at Abo-Attwa Experimental Station, Ismailia, Egypt in 1998. The system consists of six
parallel short-deep treatment beds, three sterilization ponds and a disinfection pond. The beds were filled
with gravel and/or sand. Four beds were planted with Phragmites australis and two beds were planted
with Cyprus papyrus. The study evaluates the performance of the treatment beds for the removal of
nutrients and pathogens from primary treated domestic wastewater, with minimizing the length of the
treatment beds. Maximum removal efficiency was 76.3% for the biochemical oxygen demand, 83.9% for
chemical oxygen demand, 59.2% for total suspended solids, 58.6% for organic matter, and 22.1% for the
total nitrogen. Maximum removal efficiency was 82.6% for fecal coliforms, 79.8% for fecal enterococci,
and 87.4% for the coliphages. The results revealed that sand bed was the most effective treatment bed for
the removal of both nutrient and pathogenic bacteria from primary treated domestic wastewater.
Key words: Constructed wetland, Cyprus papyrus, Phragmites australis, physicochemical monitoring,
sewage, wastewater, biological management, treatment beds.
Earthworms for Safe and Useful Management of Solid Wastes and Wastewaters, Remediation of Contaminated Soils and Restoration of Soil Fertility, Promotion of Organic Farming and Mitigation of Global Warming
Earthworms for Safe and Useful Management of Solid Wastes and Wastewatersx3G9
Earthworms for Safe and Useful Management of Solid Wastes and Wastewaters, Remediation of Contaminated Soils and Restoration of Soil Fertility, Promotion of Organic Farming and Mitigation of Global Warming
Africa; Performance Of Multistage Filtration Using Different Filter Media D7Z
This study evaluated the performance of multistage filtration (MSF) systems using different locally available filter media, compared to a conventional water treatment system. A pilot plant was constructed using gravel, charcoal maize cobs, and broken burnt bricks as pretreatment filter materials in horizontal flow roughing filters (HRF), followed by slow-sand filters (SSF). The MSF systems performed better than the conventional system at removing turbidity, suspended solids, E. coli, and total coliforms. The locally available materials were also effective as pretreatment media, allowing filter runs greater than 82 days. Despite the improved performance, the MSF systems still require chlorination for final disinfection, but with greatly reduced dos
Numerical simulation of bioremediation of poly aromatic hydrocarbon pollutedIAEME Publication
The document describes a numerical simulation of bioremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) polluted soil using different species of mushrooms. Three mushroom substrates (saprophytic, symbiotic, and parasitic) were applied to six polluted soil cells for 10 weeks. Residual PAH concentrations were measured every two weeks. A kinetic model was developed using MATLAB to study biodegradation rates. Results showed the parasitic mushroom degraded PAHs fastest with a rate constant of 0.3751 day-1 and lowest residual concentration of 2.825 after 10 weeks, indicating it is most effective for bioremediating PAH pollution.
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Review on Biogas Production in NigeriaAJSERJournal
One of the greatest challenges facing the Nigerian societies now and in the future is the reduction of green
house gas emissions, energy generation, power supply and thus preventing the climate change. It is therefore necessary
to look for an alternative with renewable and recycling sources, such as biogas. Biogas can be produced from various
organic waste streams or as a byproduct from industrial processes. Beside energy production, the degradation of
organic waste through anaerobic digestion offers other advantages, such as the prevention of odor release and the
decrease of pathogens. Moreover, the nutrient rich digested residues can be utilized as fertilizer for recycling the
nutrients back to the fields. However, the amount of organic materials currently available for biogas production is
limited and new substrates as well as new effective technologies are therefore needed to facilitate the growth of the
biogas industry all over the world. Hence, major developments have been made during the last decades regarding the
utilization of lignocelluloses biomass, the development of high rate systems and the application of membrane
technologies within the anaerobic digestion process in order to overcome the shortcomings encountered. The
degradation of organic material requires a synchronized action of different groups of microorganisms with different
metabolic capacities. Recent developments in molecular biology techniques have provided the research community
with a valuable tool for improved understanding of this complex microbiological system, which in turn could help
optimize and control the process in an effective way in the future.
Anaerobicaly - Composted Environmental Wastes as Organic Fertilizer and Ident...Oyeniyi Samuel
This document summarizes a study that anaerobically composted sawdust, wood shavings, and poultry manure to produce organic fertilizer. The compost was high in nutrients like organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and minerals. Nine fungi species were isolated from the compost, including Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium aethiopicum, and Fusarium species. These fungi helped decompose the lignified materials during the composting process. The compost produced was found to be rich in organic matter and nutrients, making it a suitable supplement to inorganic fertilizers for sustainable crop production.
The Effluent Quality Discharged and Its Impacts on the Receiving Environment ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The study evaluates the performance of Kacyiru Sewage Treatment Plant and its effluent impacts on the receiving wetland. Influent and effluent wastewaters as well as receiving wetland water qualities were measured from April to September 2019, at Kacyiru estate. The average removal efficiency (%) of the parameters such as TN, TP, COD, BOD 5 were recorded as 46.57; 61.49; 50.51; 66.79 respectively. The parameters such as pH, TDS, temperature value, were recorded within the prescribed limit of Rwanda standards for domestic wastewater discharge. The other parameters such as NTU, TN, TP, TSS, BOD 5 and Fecal coliforms were not complying with National standards requirements for domestic wastewater discharge. The finding showed that the excess nutrient observed may present potential sources of pollution in wetland and decrease the oxygen levels which affect the water living organisms. The discharged effluents contain microbes which can negatively devastate the receiving environment, thus the effect of discharged wastewater on environment is significant.
The Response of Chickpea Cultivars to Irrigation with Treated WastewaterMarwan Haddad
This document summarizes a three-year study on the response of four chickpea cultivars (Bulgarit, WIR-32, Jordan, ICC 11293) to irrigation with treated wastewater versus freshwater. The results showed that the Bulgarit and ICC 11293 cultivars maintained yield when irrigated with treated wastewater, and even saw some biological growth improvements. However, the WIR-32 and Jordan cultivars showed significant yield reductions when irrigated with treated wastewater compared to freshwater. Soil analysis found no significant difference between the two irrigation water types.
Growth, gas exchanges and accumulation of inorganic matter of Populus nigra L...Innspub Net
1. The study evaluated the effects of treated wastewater irrigation on the growth, gas exchange, and mineral accumulation of Populus nigra L.
2. Irrigation with treated wastewater increased photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates in poplar seedlings over the first 60 days compared to controls, but these effects decreased after 90 days.
3. Treated wastewater irrigation also increased biomass and root growth initially, but decreased the relative growth rate of poplars after 90 days compared to controls, possibly due to accumulation of trace metals like cadmium, lead, and nickel in plant tissues over time.
Similar to Agricultural potential of biosolids generated from dewatering of faecal sludge on unplanted filter beds. (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
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Agricultural potential of biosolids generated from dewatering of faecal sludge on unplanted filter beds.
1. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
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Agricultural Potential of Biosolids Generated from Dewatering of
Faecal Sludge on Unplanted Filter Beds.
A.R. Kuffour1*
, E. Awuah2
, N. Adamtey3
, F.O.K. Anyemedu2
and D. Kone´4
1. Department of Environmental Health and Sanitation Education, University of Education, Winneba,
Ghana.
2. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana.
3. University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
4. Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water and
Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec), Ueberlandstrasse, 133 CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland.
*Email of corresponding author: rakuffour@gmail.com
Abstract
The study was conducted to determine the agricultural potential of biosolids produced from the dewatering of
faecal sludge on drying beds in Ghana. It was conducted using bench scale filter beds at KNUST in Kumasi,
Ghana. Different filter media were used to dewater FS while different loading rates of FS were dewatered on
selected filter medium. Different percentages of sawdust mixed with FS were also dewatered and biolsolids
produced were dried and analysed for nutrients and heavy metals. The results showed that the average
percentage carbon in all the biosolid ranged between 27 and 42.7%, nitrogen was 1.82 – 3.54% and carbon –
nitrogen ratio ranged between 8.7 - 23.9%. The level of phosphorus and potassium ranged between 1.73 –
3.69%and 0.81- 3.78% respectively. The average concentration of heavy metals analysed in the dried biosolids
were very low where the range of Cu was 0.081- 0.157mg/kg, Fe 1.530- 4.562mg/kg, Pb 0.009- 0.032mg/kg. Cd,
Mn, and Zn showed ranges of 0.036 – 0.092, 0.076-0.652 and 0.026-0254 mg/kg respectively.
Key words: Biosolid, dewatering, faecal sludge, heavy metals, nutrients.
1.0 Introduction
New approaches in human waste management postulates that sanitation systems should, whenever feasible, be
conceived and managed in a way that enables the recycling of organic matter and nutrients contained in human
excreta (Winblad ,1997). A change in the sanitation management paradigm from flush-and-discharge to
recycling of urine and faeces is gaining ground in Europe ( Otterpohl, 2000). As a consequence, treatment
strategies and technological options for faecal sludges and solid waste will have to be developed which allow the
optimum recycling of nutrients and organic matter to peri-urban agriculture, while being adapted to the local
situation and needs.
Use of untreated municipal wastes to enhance productivity and soil quality could lead to significant health risks
derived from the spread of excreta related diseases and chemical contamination of the food chain (Owusu-
Bennoah and Visker, 1994). Nevertheless, it is considered that where sludge can improve agricultural
productivity, independently of its microbial characteristics, it improves the nutritional status of a population
lacking food, thus improving public health (IWMI, 2003)
The organic and solids content as well as ammonium and helminth egg concentrations measured in FS are
normally higher by a factor of 10 or more in FS than in sewage or domestic wastewater (Montangero and Strauss,
2000). It has been recommended that due to high variability in faecal sludge characteristics, the design of a
treatment system should be based on case-to-case results, and should include a first treatment step consisting of
separating solids from liquid. Methods for solids–liquid separation of FS have been reported (Strauss et. al.,
2000). In Ghana, stabilization and settling ponds have been the method-of-choice to date. However, system
based on this option prove little effective where fresh undigested and highly concentrated FS from public toilets
form a major fraction of the FS delivered to the treatment plants. In most cities in Ghana, public toilet sludge
(PTS) form up to 50% of the FS collected
(http://www.ghanadistricts.com/districts1on1/kma/?arrow=atd&_=6&sa=5492; assessed 12/4/2011).
Large volumes of faecal sludge generated in urban centres of most developing countries, coupled with
indiscriminate disposal of liquid and solid waste in the environment have led to rampant outbreak of sanitation
related diseases. In addition to this are the large amounts of nutrients (N and P) washed from these organic
matter into water bodies causing eutrophication and consequent fish kill and the loss of the aesthetical beauty of
the environment.
Harmful though the faecal sludge with its associated pathogen load could be, it can be made beneficial and very
useful if well handled and treated so that incorporating the nutrients into the soil for agricultural production
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through recycling will not pose such hazard. Leitzinger (2000) reported that urban and peri-urban agricultural
soils are usually depleted of organic matter and nutrients (N and P). According to Drangert, (1998), every
person’s excreta is in theory at least, nearly sufficient to grow one’s own food. A material flow study conducted
in the City of Kumasi, Ghana, found that for urban and peri-urban agricultural soils, nutrients (N and P), organic
matter, could be fully replenished by using all the human waste and recycling all the organic market waste and
the wastes from breweries, timber and food processing factories and from chicken farms. However, most of these
wastes would have to be treated prior to use (Leitzinger, 2000).
Numerous options for treatment of faecal sludge are available of which solid-liquid separation using unplanted
drying beds is among the potentially feasible ones. This method is among the lot prescribed for developing and
newly industrialized countries. It is comparably more favourable to others with respect to logistics, land
requirement and duration of cycle.
Preliminary results showed that unplanted drying beds were effective in dewatering FS and produce biosolids
after which the product of co-compost could be safely recommended for agriculture (Koné and Strauss, 2004).
2.0 Materials And Methods
The study was conducted at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in Kumasi, the
second largest city of Ghana. Bench scale drying beds were used to carry out the dewatering of faecal sludge.
The studies consisted of different methods of improving the dewatering of faecal sludge using unplanted filter
bed to produce biosolids for crop production. It looked at the nutrient potential and the heavy metal
concentrations of the biosolids so produced.
2.1 Filter bed preparation
Each filter bed was raised in a cylindrical plastic container having a size of 0.85m long 0.175m diameter. Coarse
and fine gravel of about 2.0-3.0 cm and 0.5-1.0 cm diameter respectively, served as base support for the filter
medium (sand). The base of the filter bed was filled with the course gravel to a depth of 15cm, followed by the
fine gravel to a depth of 10cm, with the sand on top to a depth of 20cm. Nylon net was placed on the sand on
which the FS was poured, to ensure easy removal of the dewatered biosolid. A wooden structure of size 4.5m
long by 3.5m wide and 2m high was raised and roofed with iron sheets to cover the filter beds. A wooden table
of 3m long, 2m wide and 0.4m high was constructed under it which served as a platform for raising miniature
filter beds.
2.2 Collection of faecal sludge samples
The faecal sludge used for the dewatering consisted of public toilet sludge (PTS) and septage. Public toilet
sludge and septage were collected in separate plastic drums of about 90 litres each from Kumasi Waste
Treatment Plant in Kumasi in Ashanti Region of Ghana. The drums of FS were then transported to the project
site for mixing. The public toilet sludge (PTS) and the septage were mixed in various proportions (1:1, 1:2 and
1:3), for further application on the drying beds.
2.3 Methods of dewatering
The dewatering activities involved three main phases depending on the objective under consideration. These
included, (i) dewatering of FS using filter media of different particle sizes,(0.1 – 0.5, 0.5 – 1.0, and 1.0 – 1.5mm)
denoted as FM1, FM2 and FM3 respectively. (ii) dewatering of FS of different solid loading rates of Public toilet
sludge(PTS) and septage in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 denoted as SLR1, SLR2 and SLR3 respectively, using
filter media of particle sizes between 0.1 – 0.5 mm, denoted as FM1, and (iii) mixing different percentages of
sawdust with faecal sludge (selected from specific objective two) and dewatering on a selected filter medium
(selected from specific objective one).
2.4 Sample preparation
The biosolid collected from each filter bed was well mixed in a plastic bowl using a wooden stick. About 50 g
was collected and oven dried at 105 o
C for 24 hours. It was packaged in a clean plastic sheet and kept in
refrigerator. The biosolids from all the filter beds were treated the same way. After completing all the cycles, all
the dried samples were analysed for nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), and heavy metals
(copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pd), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn).
A modification of the wet oxidation procedure based on the reduction of the Cr2O7
2-
ion by organic matter which
is known as the Wakley and Black procedure was employed to analyse carbon (Okalibo, et. al. 2002). The total
nitrogen in dried faecal sludge and biosolid was determined using the block digester method as described by
Okalibo, et. al. (2002). The total phosphorus was determined by the caloric procedure for total phosphorous
measurement without pH adjustment as described in, Laboratory Methods of soil and plant analysis (Okalebo et.
al. (2002). The potassium was determined using the method as described in, Laboratory Methods of soil and
plant analysis, (Okalebo et. al. (2002). The heavy metals were measured in a digest obtained by treating samples
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with an acid mixture made from concentrated nitric acid, concentrated sulphuric acid, and perchloric acid, as
described in Chapman and Pratt, (1961); Association of Official Analytical Chemist,(1979).
3.0 Results And Discussion
3.1 Characteristics of nutrients and heavy metals
The percentage carbon (%C) in the dried biosolids from the different filter media were 36.0%, 34.0% and 33.0%
for FM1, FM2, and FM3 respectively, which were lower than %C obtained in the dried raw FS. The percentage
nitrogen (%N) in the dried biosolids obtained from FM1, FM2, and FM3 were, 3.01%, 2.45% and 2.29%
respectively. The percentage phosphorus (%P) and percentage potassium (%K) in the dried biosolid from FM1,
FM2 and FM3 were, 2.05, 1.98 and 1.73(%), and 1.04, 0.93 and 0.81(%) respectively. All the values were lower
than their corresponding values in the dried raw FS, (Table 1). The C:N ratio of the dried biosolids from FM1,
FM2 and FM3 which showed values of 12.0, 13.9 and 14.4 were however greater than the corresponding value
in the raw FS (Table 1). The percentage values obtained for all the nutrients decreased from FM1 to FM3. The
concentration of all the metals analysed (Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, Zn and Mn) (mg/kg) in the dried biosolids decreased
from the FM1 to FM3 (Table 1). The dried biosolids concentrations were all lower than their corresponding
values in the dried raw FS.
Table 1: Nutrients and Heavy metals in dried biosolid from different filter media (N = 6)
Nutrients as % TS
Heavy metals (HM) as
mg/kg
Filter
media
(FM) C:N %C % N %P %K Cu Fe Pb Cd Zn Mn
FM1 12.0 36.0 3.01 2.05 1.04 0.190 4.38 0.019 0.073 0.325 0.148
FM2 13.9 34.0 2.45 1.98 0.93 0.188 3.35 0.017 0.061 0.301 0.132
FM3 14.4 33.0 2.29 1.73 0.81 0.081 2.04 0.009 0.089 0.257 0.105
Raw FS 10.2 38.10 3.72 3.06 2.93 0.116 4.43 0.022 0.083 0.496 0.150
LSD 1.906 2.258 0.647 0.586 1.004 0.054
1.12
3 0.006 0.012 0.104 0.021
Limit of HM in biosolids (USA). From
Salvato, 1982 (mg/kg) 95-700 200-500 10-400 1000-1800
Limit of HM in Developing countries, Hornwerg
et al, (2000). (mg/kg) 80.000 150 3.0 300
C, N, P and K = % TS; Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, Zn and Mn = mg/kg
3.2 The quality of dried biosolids dewatered from different solid loading rates
The percentage carbon (%C) of the dried dewatered biosolids decreased from 30% in SLR1 to 28% in SLR2 but
increased to 31% in SLR3, whereas in the raw dried FS it increased from 37.7% in SLR1 to 39.8% in SLR3
(Table 2). The percentage nitrogen (%N) in the dried dewatered biosolid decreased from 3.45% in SLR1 to
2.23% in SLR3 and it correspondingly decreased from 3.65% to 2.98% in SLR1 to SLR3 of the dried raw FS.
The ratio of the %C and %N resulted in an increasing C:N ratio from 8.7 in SLR1 to 13.9 in SLR3, in the dried
biosolids. It again increased in the dried raw FS from SLR1 to SLR3. The percentage (%P) of 3.08% in SLR1
decreased to 2.18% in SLR3 of the dried dewatered biosolid. The percentage (%K) in the dried dewatered
biosolid decreased from 1.05% in SLR1 to 0.84% in SLR3. The %P and %K again decreased from SLR1 to
SLR3 in the dried raw FS (Table 2). The heavy metals analysed showed increasing values in Fe, Zn and Pb from
SL1 to SLR3 in the dried dewatered biosolid and dried raw FS, whereas Cu, Cd and Mn decreased from SLR1 to
SLR3 in the dried dewatered biosolids and the dried FS. The concentrations of the heavy metals of the dried FS
samples were higher than their corresponding dried dewatered biosolid concentrations (Table 2).
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Table 2: Nutrients and Heavy metals (HM) in dried dewatered biosolid from different solid loading rates
(SLR) of raw faecal sludge (FS)
Nutrients as % TS HM as mg/kg
Solid Loading Rate C:N %C % N %P %K Cu Fe Pb Cd Zn Mn
SLR1 (db) 8.7 30.0 3.45 2.18 1.05 0.225 2.127 0.014 0.059 0.282 0.026
SLR2 (db) 9.5 28.0 2.96 2.43 0.96 0.176 2.952 0.017 0.038 0.364 0.112
SLR3 (db) 13.9 31.0 2.23 3.08 0.84 0.142 3.986 0.018 0.039 0.451 0.208
Raw FS (SLR1) 10.3 37.7 3.65 3.22 3.78 0.145 4.423 0.022 0.092 0.532 0.201
Raw FS (SLR2) 10.8 35.5 3.28 3.17 3.18 0.188 4.562 0.026 0.085 0.592 0.254
Raw FS (SLR3) 13.4 39.8 2.98 3.14 3.09 0.128 4.506 0.031 0.076 0.652 0.230
LSD 1.716 3.818 0.407 0.366 1.091 0.030 0.817 0.005 0.019 0.114 0.070
db = dried biosolid
3.3 Quality of dried faecal sludge and dried biosolid dewatered from sawdust-faecal sludge (SD-FS)
mixture.
The dried dewatered biosolids were obtained from dewatering 50%, 100%, 150% and 0% sawdust-faecal sludge
(SD-FS) mixture on filter beds. The percentage carbon (%C) in the dried dewatered biosolid increased as the
percentage sawdust (% SD) increased thus the control had the least %C of 34.0 while the 150% SD mixture had
the highest %C of 43.5. The %C in the dried dewatered biosolids of all the treatments were lesser than the dried
raw FS, except the dried dewatered biosolid from the 150% SD-FS mixture. The percentage nitrogen (%N) was
higher in the dried raw FS than the dried dewatered biosolids (Table 3). The %N in the dried dewatered biosolid
decreased as the percentage of sawdust increased, thus the 0% sawdust treatment had the highest %N of 3.18
while the 150% sawdust treatment had the least %N of 1.82. This consequently affected the C:N ratio, which
therefore increased as the percentage sawdust increased (Table 3). The %P in the dried biosolid of the 0%
sawdust treatment (control) which was 3.04 was the highest among the treatments and it decreased as the
percentage sawdust increased. The 150% sawdust treatment therefore had the least %P of 1.95. The percentage
of potassium (%K) rather increased as the percentage of sawdust increased, thus the 0% sawdust treatment had
the least %K of 0.94 while the 150% treatment had the highest %K of 1.67.The %P and the %K in the dried
faecal sludge were higher than their corresponding dried biosolids (Table 3). Copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) in the
dried biosolids decreased as the percentage sawdust increased. Lead (Pb) was extremely small in all the samples
but was higher in the dried raw faecal sludge than the dewatered biosolids. Cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and
manganese (Mn) were all higher in the raw FS and decreased in the dried biosolids as the percentage sawdust
increased (Table 3) thus the control had the highest concentration in the dried biosolids while the 150% SD
treatments had the least concentrations.
Table 3: Nutrients and Heavy metals in dried dewatered biosolid from different sawdust-FS mixture (N =
6).
Nutrients as % TS
Heavy metals (HM) as
mg/kg
% Sawdust Added C:N %C % N %P %K Cu Fe Pb Cd Zn Mn
50% SD 15.7 37.0 2.35 3.69 1.28 0.122 2.209 0.022 0.055 0.414 0.130
100% SD 18.3 40.0 2.18 2.47 1.55 0.105 2.265 0.021 0.036 0.128 0.093
150% SD 23.9 43.5 1.82 1.95 1.67 0.069 1.530 0.015 0.045 0.076 0.052
0% SD 10.7 34.0 3.18 3.44 0.94 0.157 3.754 0.024 0.047 0.542 0.205
Raw FS 12.1 42.7 3.54 3.39 2.20 0.156 4.328 0.032 0.072 0.449 0.218
LSD 4.725 3.553 0.644 0.667 0.418 0.033 1.048 0.006 0.012 0.185 0.064
C, N, P and K = % TS; Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, Zn and Mn = mg/kg
Faecal sludges are usually “cleaner” than sewage treatment plant sludges, as they tend to contain less heavy
metals or refractory organics. Exceptions may be found in places where septage is also collected from septic
tanks serving cottage or small industrial enterprises (Montangero and Strauss, 2002).
The dried dewatered biosolids and the dried FS analysed showed organic carbon content ranging between 28.0
and 43.5 %. These values of percentage carbon showed significant improvement well above values obtained in
collaborative research conducted by IWMI, SANDEC, KMA and KNUST, (Cofie, 2003), at Buobai in Kumasi,
Ghana, on co-composting of dried faecal sludge (DFS) and municipal solid waste (MSW), where analyses of
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dried faecal sludge (DFS) gave 11.4% carbon content. Drangert et. al., (1998), through their analyses of human
excreta also obtained 11.7% carbon content. These percentage carbon (%C) compared well with municipal solid
wastes of developing countries whose content have been found to contain about 40 -85% biodegradable organics
of which 30-40% is C. The percentage carbon of the sawdust-FS mixtures which ranged between 37.0 and
43.5% compared well with literature compiled by Arends, (1985), in which different wood materials showed
carbon content of between 43.2% and 49.8%. The high carbon content of the dried FS might be attributed to the
dietary content of the people in most developing countries and for that matter, Ghana, whose basic diet is mostly
rough carbohydrates. It might partly depend on the type of FS generated, without addition of storm water or
industrial waste as found in the developed world. The high organic carbon as found in this type of dried biosolids
and FS is very essential if the use of the biosolid for soil amelioration is paramount. Epstein (2003), asserted that
organic carbon increased linearly with biosolid application, and 4 years after application, there was three times
as much carbon in the high biosolid application rate soils. Again Epstein (1973, 1975), indicated that organic
matter through the activity of microorganisms increases soil aggregation. Adding biosolids and sludge increased
the hydraulic conductivity of soils. Organic matter through the addition of biosolids reduced bulk density and
increased total porosity and moisture retention of soils (Clapp et. al., 1986).
The percentage nitrogen (%N) within the range of 1.82% and 3.72% obtained in the samples from the different
treatments in this studies was higher, compared to the ranges of 1.3 – 1.6 % N, being nitrogen levels of human
wastes used as raw materials for compost (Shuval et. al., 1981; Obeng and Wright, 1987). The % N values in
this study were higher than that of the raw FS applied in the pilot co-composting at Buobai in Kumasi which
contained average N of 0.9% (Cofie, 2003). Analyses of feaces and human excreta by Strauss in developing
countries produced 4-7% N and 9-12% N of dry TS respectively (Strauss, 1985). Although these values were
comparatively higher, the analyses were made from fresh samples of feaces and excreta. The high nitrogen
content of the dried biosolids obtained from the dewatering by the unplanted beds serve as good basis for its
application in the soil for crop production or as good compost/co-compost material. The organic nitrogen in
biosolids applied to land undergoes numerous transformations which are extremely important since they affect
plant growth (Epstein, 2003). Chae and Tabatabai (1986) indicated that the rate of nitrogen mineralization is
dependent on moisture, temperature, C:N ratio and biosolids properties. Parker and Sommers (1983) found that
amount of mineralisable nitrogen in biosolids was proportional to the total organic nitrogen. The foregoing
emphases indicate the importance of nitrogen in biosolids. Since the organic matter in biosolids incorporated into
the soil begin to decompose while the microorganisms utilize the carbon as a source of energy and nitrogen for
cell development and growth, the C:N ratio becomes very important. Hoornweg et. al., (2000), states that the
C:N ratio of the final product (compost) should be lower than 22. Good compost is about 10:1 C:N ratio (Bollen
and Glennie, 1959). The C:N obtained for these dewatering schemes which ranged between 8.7 and 23.1 can be
described as good for composting or for direct application on the land. The highest C:N ratio recorded by 150%
SD-FS treatment is high enough to make a good composting material. It compares well with C:N of 31.4 for
household waste, 28.5 for Municipal waste and 21.8 for dried faecal sludge which were recorded by Cofie et. al.,
(2006) in their pilot co-composting project carried out at Buobai near Kumasi.
Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient. It has been stated that, P deficiency is the second most important
soil fertility problem throughout the world (Lindsey et. al. 1989). However excessive amounts of P in the soil
tend to immobilize other chemical elements such as zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) that are also essential for plant
growth (Chang, et. al.1983). The %P obtained from the dried biosolids and dried FS which ranged between
1.73% and 3.39% compares well with percentages of 4.0, 3.7 and 3.8 obtained for dried feaces, urine and excreta
reported by Strauss in developing countries (Strauss, 1985).
Epstein reported that potassium (K) in biosolids is generally low since K compounds in wastewater are soluble,
they do not settle in biosolids (Epstein, 2003). This assertion is actually reflected in these analyses where the
dried raw FS had %K ranging between 2.2 and 3.78% while the dewatered biosolids ranged low between o.64
and 1.67% meaning that a lot of the K went into the filtrates. However all the %K obtained in the dried biosolid
samples compared well with what Strauss reported, which were 1.6% for feaces and 2.7% for excreta. It also
compares well with %K values of the starting compost materials of the pilot co-composting project at Buobai in
Kumasi. Potassium is an essential element for plant growth. It is also important in amino acids and protein
synthesis and photosynthesis.
Copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) analysed in this research were
classified as heavy metals. Copper is important in many roles including photosynthesis, respiration, enzymes,
reproductive growth, and seed and fruit yield (Romheld and Marschner, 1991). Iron is essential to plants,
animals and humans. It is a component of protein. It affects photosynthesis, respiration, sulphur reduction and
nitrogen fixation (Romheld and Marschner, 1991). Zinc is involved in carbohydrate metabolism as well as
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proteins and auxins. It is important in stabilisation and structural orientation of certain membrane proteins.
Cadmium (Cd) is toxic to animals and man. It is retained in the kidney and the liver and is probably related to the
mental binding protein matallothionein (Kagi and Valee, 1960). It has been indicated that a 25% yield reduction
for various crops resulted when Cd concentration ranged from 7 to 160 µg/g dry weight (Millner et al., 1976;
Bingham, 1979). Lead (Pb) is non essential element to humans, animals and plants but is toxic to humans.
Generally, toxic intake is 1mg and lethal intake is 10g but the lethal intake for many animals occur at about 10
mg (NRC, 1980). From the above discussions it is understood that low concentrations of these heavy metals in
the soil may affect the plant growth or their high concentration in the soils may affect plants growing in the soils
or animals and humans that feed on it. This therefore makes their presence in the biosolids very important
especially when there is reuse consideration as fertiliser. The concentrations found in the dried dewatered
biosolids and the dried FS analysed recorded low concentrations that make them insignificant to cause any
concern. They were far below the samples used for the pilot co-composting at Buobai (IWMI et al., 2003). All
were over 100 – 1000 times lower than the corresponding concentrations reported in US and Canadian biosolids
(Lue- Hing et. al, 1999). They were also about 10 – 100 times lower than their corresponding concentrations that
occur in the commercial inorganic fertilisers (Bowhay, 1997).
The high level of nutrients and low concentrations of heavy metals recorded in the dried faecal sludges and the
dried bioslids are good characteristics for the bioslids to be recommended for co-composting.
4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation
4.1 Conclusion
The percentage carbon of all the dewatered biosolids from the filter beds were high enough to be used for
composting or co-composting. It further increased with the biosolids of the faecal sludge-sawdust mixture as the
percentage of the sawdust increased.
The percentage nitrogen in all the dried dewatered biosolids obtained from the dewatering schemes was within
levels to be used as compostable materials.
Other nutrients like phosphorus were also within levels described as good for composting/co-composting.
The concentrations of all the heavy metals analysed in the dried dewatered biosolids were too low to be source of
concern when the biosolids are to be considered as soil ameliorants.
4.2 Recommendation
It is therefore highly recommended that the biosolids produced from faecal sludge dewatered on unplanted filter
beds is a good compostable material either for composting or co-composting.
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Bollen, W.B. and Glennie D.W. (1959). Sawdust, bark and other wood wastes for soil conditioning and
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Bowhay, D. (1997). Screening, survey for metals in fertilizers and industrial by-product fertilizers in Washington
State, Department of Ecology. Ecology Publ. 97-341, Olympia, Washington.
Chae, Y.M. and Tabatabai M. (1986). Mineralisation of nitrogen soils amended with organic wastes. J. Environ.
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Chang A.C., Page A.L., Sutherland F.H. and Grgurevic E. (1983). Fractionation of phosphorus in sludge-
affected soils. J. Environ. Qual. 12(2):286-290.
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