This document summarizes a study on water quality in Imo River, Nigeria. Water and sediment samples were collected from three stations on the river - upstream, midstream, and downstream - and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and heavy metals. The results showed variations in parameters like pH, conductivity, turbidity, nutrients, and metals across the stations. For example, turbidity ranged from 6-305 mg/L and copper ranged from 0.92-1.16 mg/L in water samples. The study aims to investigate the impact of nearby industrial and human activities on water quality in the river system.
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
HEAVY METALS OF LEAD (PB) ACCUMULATION IN SEAWEED (GRACILARIA SP) CULTIVATION...IAEME Publication
The activities of industrial waste disposal and disasters of Sidoarjo volcanic
mudflow into the river give a negative impact to the surrounding aquatic ecosystems.
But as a fishery center area, its activity depends on the aquatic ecosystem condition.
This study aimed to evaluate the levels of lead (Pb) in seaweed (Gracilaria sp.)
cultivation, sedimentation and water quality of seaweed aquaculture ponds around the
river estuary, the center of industrial waste disposal.. Sample collection of seaweed,
sediment and pond water were conducted using simple random sampling method.
Measurement of the lead (Pb) levels in seaweed, sediment, and pond water samples
used the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. Based on the results of
this study, the concentration of lead metal levels in seaweed and sediment showed the
highest lead metal concentration values of 0.76 mg/kg and 0.58 mg/kg. However, the
concentration of heavy metals and water quality of pound water tended to be stable
with a value of <0.0764 mg / l. In conclusion, there was an increase in the lead metal
concentration in seaweed cultivation and sediment of pond water in normal water
quality conditions.
Rainy seasonal analysis of Physico-chemical parameters of Mukungwa River at N...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Water availability and quality are important factors that determine not only where people can live, but also the quality of life. The Mukungwa river is affected by rainy season especially at Ngaru point before discharge in Nyabarongo river, where its physico-chemical properties are seasonally changed. This may cause serious problems on all forms of life in the river. Objective of this work was to assess the impacts of rainy season on physico-chemical properties of Mukugwa River before discharging into Nyabarongo River at Ngaru. The parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TSS), phosphates, nitrates, and ammonium were monitored in three rainy seasons: April, 2012; October, 2012 and May, 2017 respectively. In this research, pH, temperature, electric conductivity were analyzed in situ using multifunction pH-meter and others parameters, were analyzed in laboratory using electrometric, volumetric, turbidity tube and colorimetric methods. The measured values for each parameter in three seasons were analyzed using MS Excel, and then compared to their international standards for surface water delivered by World Health Organization (WHO). The findings showed high variation of TSS (134mg/l, 178mg/l, and 582mg/l), turbidity (322NTU, 317NTU and 1560NTU) and ammonium (0.498mg/L, 0.536mg/L and 0.78mg/L) in three rainy seasons assessed. The quality of Mukungwa River needs prevention measures in order to control its pollution by erosion.
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to determine physicochemical characteristics, residues of pesticide and heavy metals in water of Gomati River in Lucknow to understand its ecology. In this study the water samples were collected from 5 different locations from upstream to downstream of Lucknow from all three sites i.e, right, middle and left. Analyte including organochlorine pesticide (OCP’s) and herbicides (H) α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, op-DDT, pp-DDT, pp-DDE, op-DDE, op-DDD, pp-DDD, α- endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan SO4, dicofol, heptachlor, alachlor, atrazine, butachlor, pendimethalin and heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni were analysed. The method for pesticide residues was based on d-SPE. The quantification was done by GC-ECD and confirmation by GC-MS/MS. Heavy metals were analysed by AAS.The results revealed that river water was contaminated with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor at hanuman sethu and gomati bairaj which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of the river. The recovery ranged from 76.6 to 96.2 %, with relative standard deviations below 14%. The results revealed that river water was contaminated with ∑HCH (ND - 0.024 μg/ml), endosulfan (ND - 0.127 μg/ml), dicofol (ND - 0.041 μg/ml), alachlor (ND - 0.035 μg/ml), heptachlor (ND - 0.107 μg/ml) and butachlor (ND - 0.135 μg/ml) which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of river. The heavy metals found in river water were in range: Cu (0.004 - 0.016 μg/ml); Fe (0.554 - 1.179 μg/ml); Mn (0.044 - 0.112 μg/ml); Pb (0.167 - 0.327 μg/ml) and Zn (0.046 - 0.168 μg/ml). The physicochemical parameter; pH (6.8 - 7.5), electrical conductivity (0.533 - 0.764 ms/cm), total dissolved solids (202 - 388 mg/l), chloride (17.99 - 35.98 mg/l) were recorded. The water quality has been found unsafe for civil consumption. The higher level of pollutants polluting water quality of river are disturbing the ecology of river and affecting human health directly and indirectly.A
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
HEAVY METALS OF LEAD (PB) ACCUMULATION IN SEAWEED (GRACILARIA SP) CULTIVATION...IAEME Publication
The activities of industrial waste disposal and disasters of Sidoarjo volcanic
mudflow into the river give a negative impact to the surrounding aquatic ecosystems.
But as a fishery center area, its activity depends on the aquatic ecosystem condition.
This study aimed to evaluate the levels of lead (Pb) in seaweed (Gracilaria sp.)
cultivation, sedimentation and water quality of seaweed aquaculture ponds around the
river estuary, the center of industrial waste disposal.. Sample collection of seaweed,
sediment and pond water were conducted using simple random sampling method.
Measurement of the lead (Pb) levels in seaweed, sediment, and pond water samples
used the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. Based on the results of
this study, the concentration of lead metal levels in seaweed and sediment showed the
highest lead metal concentration values of 0.76 mg/kg and 0.58 mg/kg. However, the
concentration of heavy metals and water quality of pound water tended to be stable
with a value of <0.0764 mg / l. In conclusion, there was an increase in the lead metal
concentration in seaweed cultivation and sediment of pond water in normal water
quality conditions.
Rainy seasonal analysis of Physico-chemical parameters of Mukungwa River at N...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Water availability and quality are important factors that determine not only where people can live, but also the quality of life. The Mukungwa river is affected by rainy season especially at Ngaru point before discharge in Nyabarongo river, where its physico-chemical properties are seasonally changed. This may cause serious problems on all forms of life in the river. Objective of this work was to assess the impacts of rainy season on physico-chemical properties of Mukugwa River before discharging into Nyabarongo River at Ngaru. The parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TSS), phosphates, nitrates, and ammonium were monitored in three rainy seasons: April, 2012; October, 2012 and May, 2017 respectively. In this research, pH, temperature, electric conductivity were analyzed in situ using multifunction pH-meter and others parameters, were analyzed in laboratory using electrometric, volumetric, turbidity tube and colorimetric methods. The measured values for each parameter in three seasons were analyzed using MS Excel, and then compared to their international standards for surface water delivered by World Health Organization (WHO). The findings showed high variation of TSS (134mg/l, 178mg/l, and 582mg/l), turbidity (322NTU, 317NTU and 1560NTU) and ammonium (0.498mg/L, 0.536mg/L and 0.78mg/L) in three rainy seasons assessed. The quality of Mukungwa River needs prevention measures in order to control its pollution by erosion.
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to determine physicochemical characteristics, residues of pesticide and heavy metals in water of Gomati River in Lucknow to understand its ecology. In this study the water samples were collected from 5 different locations from upstream to downstream of Lucknow from all three sites i.e, right, middle and left. Analyte including organochlorine pesticide (OCP’s) and herbicides (H) α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, op-DDT, pp-DDT, pp-DDE, op-DDE, op-DDD, pp-DDD, α- endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan SO4, dicofol, heptachlor, alachlor, atrazine, butachlor, pendimethalin and heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni were analysed. The method for pesticide residues was based on d-SPE. The quantification was done by GC-ECD and confirmation by GC-MS/MS. Heavy metals were analysed by AAS.The results revealed that river water was contaminated with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor at hanuman sethu and gomati bairaj which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of the river. The recovery ranged from 76.6 to 96.2 %, with relative standard deviations below 14%. The results revealed that river water was contaminated with ∑HCH (ND - 0.024 μg/ml), endosulfan (ND - 0.127 μg/ml), dicofol (ND - 0.041 μg/ml), alachlor (ND - 0.035 μg/ml), heptachlor (ND - 0.107 μg/ml) and butachlor (ND - 0.135 μg/ml) which may contribute to toxicity in the ecosystem of river. The heavy metals found in river water were in range: Cu (0.004 - 0.016 μg/ml); Fe (0.554 - 1.179 μg/ml); Mn (0.044 - 0.112 μg/ml); Pb (0.167 - 0.327 μg/ml) and Zn (0.046 - 0.168 μg/ml). The physicochemical parameter; pH (6.8 - 7.5), electrical conductivity (0.533 - 0.764 ms/cm), total dissolved solids (202 - 388 mg/l), chloride (17.99 - 35.98 mg/l) were recorded. The water quality has been found unsafe for civil consumption. The higher level of pollutants polluting water quality of river are disturbing the ecology of river and affecting human health directly and indirectly.A
Characterizing Automobile Industrial Wastewater and its Impacts on Surroundin...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The wastewater from industries varies so greatly in both flow and pollution strength. So, it is impossible to assign fixed values to their constituents. It is necessary to pretreat the wastes prior to release to the municipal system since lack of adequate treatment of the effluent can cause deterioration of the ecosystem, die off and contamination of the aquatic environment. These adverse effects necessitated the study of wastewater effect on surface water body at Emene Industrial Layout, Enugu State, Nigeria. Wastewater samples were collected, analyzed and compared with the plot of treatment means. The results obtained from the study were compared with WHO and NIS 554 water standards. The wastewater analysis suggested that contaminant at the untreated stage was very high. The results of the treated and river sample were within the WHO and NIS 554 allowable water ranges. Samples at discharge point recorded increased values which suggest high re-contamination along the open channel (from non-point sources) before discharge. This calls for proper monitoring and treatment of the industrial effluent prior to ground water recharge or discharge to surface water.
Abstract— This research focuses primarily on the causes, consequences and ways of mitigating the ongoing fresh water pollution problems among Akure communities. Surface water quality of River Ala, which cut across the town of Akure was assessed and three locations (3) were chosen spatially to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities capable of changing the quality of river water. Water samples were analyzed for physio-chemical parameters and it was observed that variations exists in the quality of the sampled waters and impaired to different degrees using WHO drinking water standards for the selected parameters. Leo road (Ala 3) has the highest dissolved solids, which shows that the dumping of waste to the water bodies might have caused the higher occurrence; the PH was low in Ala 3 and high in Ala 1 (Oke-Ijebu) with 6.9 and 7.4 respectively. The water is coloured, total alkalinity total hardness, iron and turbidity were found to be above the WHO standard, therefore not suitable for domestic use.
Many people in Africa depend on water from
rivers and borehole, but purity of the drinking water from these
sources remains questionable. Mudzira River being the longest
River in a village called Vimtim located in Mubi North Local
government area in Adamawa State was studied in the months of
September to December, 2012 to ascertain the suitability of the
water for human consumption and other related uses. Five study
point: inlet (A, B), middle (C) and out let (D, E) were adopted for
monitoring the physico-chemical parameters using standard
procedures. The mean total temperature values were A (25.000C),
B (24.500C), C (25.500C), D (24.000C) and E (24.000C. Average P
H
values were A (8.00), B (7.87), C (8.20) D (8.37) and E (8.13). The
average conductivity values were A (73.90
1 cms
), B
(73.11
1 cms
), D (74.00
1 cms
) and E (73. 80
1 cms
). The
average total dissolves solid value of each sample were A (17.10),
B (17.10), C (20.00) D (21.64) and E (21.60.). The average
turbidity value of sample were A (47.00), B (47.00), C (50.00) D
(53.00) and E (50.00). Average total hardness value are A
(20.00mg/l), B (20.00mg/L) C (24.00mg/L), D (20.00mg/L) and E
(20.00mg/L). The average chloride content were A (12mg/L), B
(16mg/L), C (12 mg/L) D (16mg/L) and E (16mg/L). The average
calcium content were A (0.3mg/L) B (0.4mg/L), C (0.3mg/L), D
(0.3mg/L) and E (0.2mg/L). The average content of magnesium
were A (12mg/L), B (16mg/L), C (16Mg/L), D (12mg/L), E
(12mg/L). The lead content of River Mudzira water was
negligible. The mean coliform count were A (4), B (3), C (6), D
(7), and E (4).The values of the parameters studied were within
the WHO/NAFDAC recommended standards, excepts for total
coliform levels. In conclusion Vimtim residents consuming
untreated water from River Mudzira are potentially exposed to
possible acute, sub chronic or even chronic water borne diseases
like typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhea etc.
Influence of Sulfate, Phosphate, Ammonia and Dissolved Oxygen on Biochemical ...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was done to ascertain the level biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Marlimund Lake situated in Ooty how it is related with the other parameters such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, sulfate, iron, and free ammonia. Four sampling sites were selected and studied over the period of 13 months from February 2016 to February 2017. The results were computed by best model fits applied for calculation using Curve Expert Version 4.2. The water temperature ranged from 8.1°C to 18.7°C, dissolved oxygen 3.468–6.976 mg/l, phosphate 0.1–1.92 mg/l, sulfate 1–18 mg/l, free ammonia 0.12–6.01 mg/l, and BOD 2.178–5.040 mg/l. BOD was found to be significantly related to dissolved oxygen (r = 0.5690291) by 4th degree polynomial fit, phosphate (r = 0.7095253) by rational function fit and free ammonia (r = 0.7395016) by MMF model fit, respectively. Sulfate was found to be nonsignificant (r = 0.2565396) by geometric fit model, and water temperature (r =0.4595060) shows a sinusoidal fit.
Prediction of groundwater quality in Selected Locations in Imo StateIJMER
The prediction of groundwater quality in selected locations was carried out in Owerri-West
L.G.A. of Imo State. The Physical, chemical and biological parameters of groundwater samples from
Nekede (Ward A), Ihiagwa (Ward B), Eziobodo (Ward C), Obinze (Ward D) and Avu (Ward E) were
analysed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). A total of three replicates of fifteen
different borehole water samples were collected based on distances from closest potential sources of
contamination. All parameters were detected up to 61m from pollution source and most of them
increased in concentration during the periods, pointing to infiltrations from storm water. The results
for Iron, pH and TVC decreased as distance increases while for nitrate and BOD increased as distance
increases. Results also showed that most of the boreholes were polluted and not suitable for human
consumption without adequate treatment, Regular monitoring of groundwater quality, abolishment of
unhealthy waste disposal practices and introduction of modern techniques are recommended.
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Effect of Starch on Mechanical, Electrical, Physical, Thermal Properties and ...IOSRJAC
HIPS was blended with starch in three formulations 10, 20 & 30% with compatibilizer glycerol (2wt% based on starch) using a twin screw extruder. Test specimens were prepared using an injection molding machine. Mechanical, electrical, physical and thermal properties were determined. Photo degradation using accelerated weather o meter for 25, 50, 100, 200 hrs was carried out. And then bio degradation for 45 days was carried out. The loss in mechanical properties was studied after photo degradation. After photo degradation, bio degradation was evaluated. The effect of starch on bio degradation was studied. HIPS is photo degradable and starch is bio degradable. Hence starch filled HIPS is photo & bio degradable. This photo & bio degradable starch filled HIPS is used in packaging & disposable applications like cups, lids, trays, spoons, pens & cutlery handles with lower cost.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Qualitative Evaluation and Hydrogeochemical Attributes of Groundwater in Ower...iosrjce
The qualitative evaluation and hydrogeochemical attributes of groundwater in Owerri Capital
Territory Owerri was investigated to assess the quality for human consumption and agricultural purposes. A
total of sixteen (16) groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and biological
properties. The range of temperature (oC), colour (Hz), and turbidity of groundwater in the study area are
between: 20-28.3, 5-15, and 1-50 respectively. The average of pH , conductivity (us/cm),TDS (mg/l), and
hardness (mg/l) are: 7.66, 0.135, 34.64, and 7.94 respectively. The result also reveals that the concentration of
Na+
(mg/l), K+
(mg/l), Ca2+(mg/l), Mg2+(mg/l), Fe+
(mg/l), Pb2+(mg/l),Cd2+(mg/l), Cu+
(mg/l),and Zn2+ (mg/l)
range between: 3.33-7.6, 0.2-6.8, 2.4-8.3,1.02-3.44, 0.001-0.59, 0.001-0.01, 0-0.16, 0.06-2.88 and 0.01-2.18
respectively. Water Classification result of the groundwater samples show the predominance of alkali
bicarbonate water type (Na+ + K+
) - HCO3
-
that is largely soft and therefore, mostly of acceptable quality for
household uses. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) of the groundwater samples in the study area showed that the
samples fall below 1.4meq/l, indicating predominance of excellent water for irrigation purposes in accordance
with recommended standard. This study recommends among other things that groundwater resources
development in the area requires elaborate qualitative assessment, to ensure that any necessary pre-use
treatment is effected.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Evaluation of physico - chemical parameters and microbiological populations ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation was carried out to evaluate physico-chemical parameters and total heterotrophic bacterial and fungal populations from Cauvery River water in the Pallipalyam region during the period from January 2009 to December 2009 . Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed using APHA standard procedure and microbiological count done by standard pour plate technique. The Physico-chemical parameters like temperature, hydroxyl ionic concentration (pH), electrical conductivity recorded were in a range of 24.7 - 29 C o, 7.5 - 9.2, and 406 - 982 μS/cm respectively. Besides, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS ), Total hardness and Total alkalinity of river water samples recorded were in the ranges of 7 – 11 NTU, 5 - 12mg/L, 291-701mg/L , 3 - 5mg/L, 228-364mg/L, and 139 - 245mg/L respectively. Nitrite, Phosphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Chloride of the river water exhibits within the ranges of 0.012 - 0.102 mg/L, 0.019 -.023 mg/L, 41.08 - 77.24 mg/L, and 53.56 - 143.16 mg/L respectively. A calcium and magnesium levels of the water samples during the study period were analyzed and the results recorded were in the ranges of 57.31 - 101.4 mg/L and 27.22 - 57.35 mg/L respectively. The amount of Sodium, Potassium and Ammonical nitrogen of the water samples estimated were in the ranges of 35.44 - 88.57 mg/L and 3 - 8 mg/L, 5.83 and 3.26 mg/L respectively. Bicarbonates and carbonates levels analyzed during the study period recorded were in the ranges of 164.7-303.78 mg/L and 2.4 - 9.6 mg/L respectively. The total bacterial and fungal populations were recorded during the study period. The maximum and minimum values of population density were ranged between 4.3 - 0.5 X 103 CFU/ml, and 3.2 - 0.1 X 103 CFU/ml respectively. The values of Physico-chemical parameters recorded were indicated that, the river was polluted in terms of increased accumulation of xenobiotics compounds by anthropogenic activities .The immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required to protect river from further pollution. Index Terms: River Cauvery, Physico-Chemical parameter, Microbial Population, Statistical analysis
Characterizing Automobile Industrial Wastewater and its Impacts on Surroundin...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The wastewater from industries varies so greatly in both flow and pollution strength. So, it is impossible to assign fixed values to their constituents. It is necessary to pretreat the wastes prior to release to the municipal system since lack of adequate treatment of the effluent can cause deterioration of the ecosystem, die off and contamination of the aquatic environment. These adverse effects necessitated the study of wastewater effect on surface water body at Emene Industrial Layout, Enugu State, Nigeria. Wastewater samples were collected, analyzed and compared with the plot of treatment means. The results obtained from the study were compared with WHO and NIS 554 water standards. The wastewater analysis suggested that contaminant at the untreated stage was very high. The results of the treated and river sample were within the WHO and NIS 554 allowable water ranges. Samples at discharge point recorded increased values which suggest high re-contamination along the open channel (from non-point sources) before discharge. This calls for proper monitoring and treatment of the industrial effluent prior to ground water recharge or discharge to surface water.
Abstract— This research focuses primarily on the causes, consequences and ways of mitigating the ongoing fresh water pollution problems among Akure communities. Surface water quality of River Ala, which cut across the town of Akure was assessed and three locations (3) were chosen spatially to reflect a consideration of all possible human activities capable of changing the quality of river water. Water samples were analyzed for physio-chemical parameters and it was observed that variations exists in the quality of the sampled waters and impaired to different degrees using WHO drinking water standards for the selected parameters. Leo road (Ala 3) has the highest dissolved solids, which shows that the dumping of waste to the water bodies might have caused the higher occurrence; the PH was low in Ala 3 and high in Ala 1 (Oke-Ijebu) with 6.9 and 7.4 respectively. The water is coloured, total alkalinity total hardness, iron and turbidity were found to be above the WHO standard, therefore not suitable for domestic use.
Many people in Africa depend on water from
rivers and borehole, but purity of the drinking water from these
sources remains questionable. Mudzira River being the longest
River in a village called Vimtim located in Mubi North Local
government area in Adamawa State was studied in the months of
September to December, 2012 to ascertain the suitability of the
water for human consumption and other related uses. Five study
point: inlet (A, B), middle (C) and out let (D, E) were adopted for
monitoring the physico-chemical parameters using standard
procedures. The mean total temperature values were A (25.000C),
B (24.500C), C (25.500C), D (24.000C) and E (24.000C. Average P
H
values were A (8.00), B (7.87), C (8.20) D (8.37) and E (8.13). The
average conductivity values were A (73.90
1 cms
), B
(73.11
1 cms
), D (74.00
1 cms
) and E (73. 80
1 cms
). The
average total dissolves solid value of each sample were A (17.10),
B (17.10), C (20.00) D (21.64) and E (21.60.). The average
turbidity value of sample were A (47.00), B (47.00), C (50.00) D
(53.00) and E (50.00). Average total hardness value are A
(20.00mg/l), B (20.00mg/L) C (24.00mg/L), D (20.00mg/L) and E
(20.00mg/L). The average chloride content were A (12mg/L), B
(16mg/L), C (12 mg/L) D (16mg/L) and E (16mg/L). The average
calcium content were A (0.3mg/L) B (0.4mg/L), C (0.3mg/L), D
(0.3mg/L) and E (0.2mg/L). The average content of magnesium
were A (12mg/L), B (16mg/L), C (16Mg/L), D (12mg/L), E
(12mg/L). The lead content of River Mudzira water was
negligible. The mean coliform count were A (4), B (3), C (6), D
(7), and E (4).The values of the parameters studied were within
the WHO/NAFDAC recommended standards, excepts for total
coliform levels. In conclusion Vimtim residents consuming
untreated water from River Mudzira are potentially exposed to
possible acute, sub chronic or even chronic water borne diseases
like typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhea etc.
Influence of Sulfate, Phosphate, Ammonia and Dissolved Oxygen on Biochemical ...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was done to ascertain the level biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Marlimund Lake situated in Ooty how it is related with the other parameters such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, sulfate, iron, and free ammonia. Four sampling sites were selected and studied over the period of 13 months from February 2016 to February 2017. The results were computed by best model fits applied for calculation using Curve Expert Version 4.2. The water temperature ranged from 8.1°C to 18.7°C, dissolved oxygen 3.468–6.976 mg/l, phosphate 0.1–1.92 mg/l, sulfate 1–18 mg/l, free ammonia 0.12–6.01 mg/l, and BOD 2.178–5.040 mg/l. BOD was found to be significantly related to dissolved oxygen (r = 0.5690291) by 4th degree polynomial fit, phosphate (r = 0.7095253) by rational function fit and free ammonia (r = 0.7395016) by MMF model fit, respectively. Sulfate was found to be nonsignificant (r = 0.2565396) by geometric fit model, and water temperature (r =0.4595060) shows a sinusoidal fit.
Prediction of groundwater quality in Selected Locations in Imo StateIJMER
The prediction of groundwater quality in selected locations was carried out in Owerri-West
L.G.A. of Imo State. The Physical, chemical and biological parameters of groundwater samples from
Nekede (Ward A), Ihiagwa (Ward B), Eziobodo (Ward C), Obinze (Ward D) and Avu (Ward E) were
analysed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). A total of three replicates of fifteen
different borehole water samples were collected based on distances from closest potential sources of
contamination. All parameters were detected up to 61m from pollution source and most of them
increased in concentration during the periods, pointing to infiltrations from storm water. The results
for Iron, pH and TVC decreased as distance increases while for nitrate and BOD increased as distance
increases. Results also showed that most of the boreholes were polluted and not suitable for human
consumption without adequate treatment, Regular monitoring of groundwater quality, abolishment of
unhealthy waste disposal practices and introduction of modern techniques are recommended.
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Effect of Starch on Mechanical, Electrical, Physical, Thermal Properties and ...IOSRJAC
HIPS was blended with starch in three formulations 10, 20 & 30% with compatibilizer glycerol (2wt% based on starch) using a twin screw extruder. Test specimens were prepared using an injection molding machine. Mechanical, electrical, physical and thermal properties were determined. Photo degradation using accelerated weather o meter for 25, 50, 100, 200 hrs was carried out. And then bio degradation for 45 days was carried out. The loss in mechanical properties was studied after photo degradation. After photo degradation, bio degradation was evaluated. The effect of starch on bio degradation was studied. HIPS is photo degradable and starch is bio degradable. Hence starch filled HIPS is photo & bio degradable. This photo & bio degradable starch filled HIPS is used in packaging & disposable applications like cups, lids, trays, spoons, pens & cutlery handles with lower cost.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Qualitative Evaluation and Hydrogeochemical Attributes of Groundwater in Ower...iosrjce
The qualitative evaluation and hydrogeochemical attributes of groundwater in Owerri Capital
Territory Owerri was investigated to assess the quality for human consumption and agricultural purposes. A
total of sixteen (16) groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and biological
properties. The range of temperature (oC), colour (Hz), and turbidity of groundwater in the study area are
between: 20-28.3, 5-15, and 1-50 respectively. The average of pH , conductivity (us/cm),TDS (mg/l), and
hardness (mg/l) are: 7.66, 0.135, 34.64, and 7.94 respectively. The result also reveals that the concentration of
Na+
(mg/l), K+
(mg/l), Ca2+(mg/l), Mg2+(mg/l), Fe+
(mg/l), Pb2+(mg/l),Cd2+(mg/l), Cu+
(mg/l),and Zn2+ (mg/l)
range between: 3.33-7.6, 0.2-6.8, 2.4-8.3,1.02-3.44, 0.001-0.59, 0.001-0.01, 0-0.16, 0.06-2.88 and 0.01-2.18
respectively. Water Classification result of the groundwater samples show the predominance of alkali
bicarbonate water type (Na+ + K+
) - HCO3
-
that is largely soft and therefore, mostly of acceptable quality for
household uses. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) of the groundwater samples in the study area showed that the
samples fall below 1.4meq/l, indicating predominance of excellent water for irrigation purposes in accordance
with recommended standard. This study recommends among other things that groundwater resources
development in the area requires elaborate qualitative assessment, to ensure that any necessary pre-use
treatment is effected.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Evaluation of physico - chemical parameters and microbiological populations ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation was carried out to evaluate physico-chemical parameters and total heterotrophic bacterial and fungal populations from Cauvery River water in the Pallipalyam region during the period from January 2009 to December 2009 . Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed using APHA standard procedure and microbiological count done by standard pour plate technique. The Physico-chemical parameters like temperature, hydroxyl ionic concentration (pH), electrical conductivity recorded were in a range of 24.7 - 29 C o, 7.5 - 9.2, and 406 - 982 μS/cm respectively. Besides, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS ), Total hardness and Total alkalinity of river water samples recorded were in the ranges of 7 – 11 NTU, 5 - 12mg/L, 291-701mg/L , 3 - 5mg/L, 228-364mg/L, and 139 - 245mg/L respectively. Nitrite, Phosphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Chloride of the river water exhibits within the ranges of 0.012 - 0.102 mg/L, 0.019 -.023 mg/L, 41.08 - 77.24 mg/L, and 53.56 - 143.16 mg/L respectively. A calcium and magnesium levels of the water samples during the study period were analyzed and the results recorded were in the ranges of 57.31 - 101.4 mg/L and 27.22 - 57.35 mg/L respectively. The amount of Sodium, Potassium and Ammonical nitrogen of the water samples estimated were in the ranges of 35.44 - 88.57 mg/L and 3 - 8 mg/L, 5.83 and 3.26 mg/L respectively. Bicarbonates and carbonates levels analyzed during the study period recorded were in the ranges of 164.7-303.78 mg/L and 2.4 - 9.6 mg/L respectively. The total bacterial and fungal populations were recorded during the study period. The maximum and minimum values of population density were ranged between 4.3 - 0.5 X 103 CFU/ml, and 3.2 - 0.1 X 103 CFU/ml respectively. The values of Physico-chemical parameters recorded were indicated that, the river was polluted in terms of increased accumulation of xenobiotics compounds by anthropogenic activities .The immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required to protect river from further pollution. Index Terms: River Cauvery, Physico-Chemical parameter, Microbial Population, Statistical analysis
Slaughter waste effluents and river catchment watershed contamination in Caga...Angelo Mark Walag
Slaughterhouse waste products are commonly known globally to pollute nearby communities and receiving bodies of water. The main aim of this study was to analyze the effluents disposed by Cagayan de Oro City Slaughterhouse to river catchment watershed. Standard methods were utilized in sampling and analyzing water quality parameters to determine the levels of nitrates, BOD, COD, total coliform, and lead. It was found out that the majority of wastes produced are internal organs, blood and urine mixtures, and manures. The study also revealed that all parameters tested crossed the permissible limits set by the government for effluent and inland water except for BOD and nitrates, in the river watershed. It was also determined that during wet seasons, major contaminants like lead and nitrates were diluted resulting to lower levels when compared to national standards. The result of this study also revealed the need for further remediation of the river water quality and intervention strategies to sustainably manage and prevent disposal of untreated effluents.
sciencepowerpoint.com delivers a four part 2150+ slide PowerPoint slideshow becomes the roadmap for an amazing and interactive science experience. Complete with bundled homework package, many built-in quizzes, hands-on activities with directions, unit notes, answer keys, video links, rubrics, review games, and much more.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy in Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information.
Areas of Focus within The Rivers Unit -Watersheds, Rivers of the United States, Sections of a River, Parts of River (Vocabulary), Stream Order, Erosion and Deposition, Water Quality, Chemical Properties of Water, Bio-Indicators of Water Quality (EPT richness), Physical Properties of Water Quality, Rivers and Flooding, Factors that Control Flooding, Types of Flooding, Tsunami's, Wetlands, Flood Prevention, Levees, Dams and Ecosystem, Importance of Dams, Impacts of Dams, Hydropower, Parts of Dam, Salmon (Life Cycle), Systems of Help Salmon, Fish (General), Layering in a Lake, Lake Turnover, Nutrients and Lakes.
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks + PowerPoint Review Games
Ryan Murphy M.Ed
www.sciencepowerpoint.com
Quantitative measurements of water pollution, Water Analysis, Measurement of water quality by chemical and physical examination of water, BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF WATER,
Nearly all water in the world contains contaminants, even in the absence of nearby pollution-causing activities
Many dissolved minerals, carbon compounds, and microbes find their way into drinking water as it comes in contact with air and soil
When pollutant and contaminant levels in drinking water are high, they may affect household routines and be detrimental to human health
The only way to ensure that your water supply is safe is to have a periodic laboratory water quality analysis done on your drinking water. Hach India is the leading provider of high end water quality analysis equipment in india
Assessment Of Heavy Metal In Sediment Of Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta State.docxResearchWap
This study was carried out to examine heavy metals concentration in sediment of upstream and downstream of the entry of the sewage to the Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta state Nigeria . Samples were collected from upstream and downstream and were analyzed for Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Ca, Mg, Co, Mn and Zn) by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. It shows the concentration of iron, cadmium, manganese, cobalt, chromium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, nickel, lead and copper in mg/kg in sediments sampled.Some specific physico-chemical characteristics, such as TDS, pH, Temperature and conductivity which are known to influence the interactions and dynamics of metals within the sediment. The mean value of the metals listed above in all the six locations gave 126.09mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.538mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.141mg/kg, 1.789mg/kg, 1.258mg/kg, 9.49mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.112mg/kg and 0.0827mg/kg respectively.. The result of the analysis It shown that the concentrations of heavy metal like Zn, Pb, Cr, Ca, Cu, Co, Mg, Mn, Cd and Ni in the sediment are low, but require monitoring to prevent an increase. Hence the concentration of Fe is higher when compared with the WHO and FEPA standard for sediment which may constitute risk to the environment. The concentration of heavy metals varies for the different locations. Based on the result of the analysis, recommendations were offered to reduce the concentration of heavy metal of the river.
The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking, resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity (μs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r = 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with each other.
An assessment of seasonal fluctuations in physicochemical variables in Lake Z...AI Publications
Seasonal changes in physicochemical characteristics were investigated in Zuzuwadi Lake and Ballur Lake in the Hosur District of Tamil Nadu, India. Throughout the year, mean air and water temperatures ranged from 27.0 to 32.0ºC. The dissolved oxygen concentrations at each station throughout the summer and winter seasons were in the range of 6.0 ± 0.113 (±1.89%) to 9.0 ± 1.118 (±1.57%) ppm and 12.0 ± 0.127 (±1.05%) to 13.5 ± 0.445 (±3.51%) ppm, correspondingly. The conductivity was between 300.0 ± 1.652 (±4.15%) to 329.0 ± 2.422 (±4.15%) µS/cm. The nitrate content of Lake Zuzuwadi ranges from 8.0 ± 0.113 (±1.62%) to 10.0 ± 1.132 (±12.57%) ppm, indicating that the water is oligotrophic and could destroy aquatic ecosystems. In Lake Zuzuwadi, the Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand remained at 5.0 ± 0.113 (±1.62%) and 200.0 ± 12.652 (±4.15%) ppm, respectively, but in Lake Ballur, they were 9.0 ± 1.386 (±19.80%) and 200.0 ± 12.652 (±4.15%) ppm. Both stations had salinities of less than 200.0 ± 1.497 (±0.50%) ppm. Lake Zuzuwadi has been found to have algal blooms. According to the comparative Physico-chemical parameter interpretations, Lake Zuzuwadi is oligotrophic in nature, while Lake Ballur is slightly contaminated, containing a diverse array of aquatic creatures that rely on the lakes to exist. Zuzuwadi Lake had a WQI of 60.6 ± 0.999 (±1.65%), whereas Ballur Lake had a WQI of 70.4 ± 0.784 (±1.11%) indicating that the water quality is bad.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
Groundwater quality of south India is depending on climate condition and bedrock geology but may also be impacted by pollution, particularly from industrial sources and agricultural activity. In the current study, 15 groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the Kinathukkadavu Taluk, Coimbatore to assess water quality for drinking as well as for irrigation purpose by analyzing the major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and F-) besides some physical and chemical parameters (pH, total hardness, electrical conductivity and total alkalinity). Statistical analysis like correlation, R- mode factor and cluster analysis were performed for demarcate the association of hydro geochemical parameters. Also groundwater quality mapping was developed using geographic information system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Impact on Aquatic Environment for Water Pollution in the Vahirab Rivertheijes
Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Vahirab river is the prominent & important rivers for vital source of water from Jessore to Khulna. The prime reason of deterioration and pollution of the river water quality by effluents discharged from industries, municipal sewage, household wastes, clinical wastes and oils. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of this wastewater on the river and thus to provide an updated report on the state of water quality of river Vahirab. The water sample were collected from different areas in the river Vahirab and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and fresh water elements in the month of July, 2013 to November, 2013. The values of temperature, turbidity, pH, chloride, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, Fe, As, Pb, Cd and Cr in the river water were measured. During study period the temperature, turbidity, pH, hardness, chloride, DO, BOD and COD were found to be 280C to 31.50C, 37 to 947 NTU, 7.2 to 8.01, 92 to 140 ppm, 9 to 34 ppm, 122 to 5.51 mg/L, 0.22 to 5.79 mg/L and 3.80 to 10.80 mg/L respectively. The concentration of Fe, Pb, As, Cd and Cr were found to be 0.10 to 2.60 ppm, 0.004 to 0.025 ppm, 0.001 to 0.004 ppm, 0.00015 to 0.0094 ppm and 0.001 to 0.006 ppm respectively. From the results of investigation, it was observed that the values of pH, Cl- , hardness, As, Pb, Cd and Cr were within standard limit but the values of temperature, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD and Fe were not within acceptable limit as recommended by WHO and BDS guidelines. The results obtained from this investigation will help the people of the research area to be conscious for using the water in the Vahirab river.
Heavy Metals in organs and endoparasites of Oreochromisniloticus, Sediment an...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
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Preliminary investigation of some physicochemical parameters and water quality of imo river nigeria
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.8, 2013
55
Preliminary Investigation of Some Physicochemical Parameters
and Water Quality of Imo River Nigeria
Umunnakwe Johnbosco.E 1
*,Johnson Clement Friday2
1. Department Of Environmental Technology, Federal University Of Technology
Owerri, Imo State Nigeria
2. Research Department/Unido-Rac, Minisrty Of Petroleum And Environment
Owerri, Imo State Nigeria.
• E-Mail Of Corresponding Author: Jnboscokwe@Yahoo.Com
Abstract
Research on water quality of Imo River Nigeria was conducted between the months of June and September,
2011 to investigate the impact of some human and industrial activities on some physicochemical and
bacteriological characteristics of the system. Industrial activities such as local sand dredging, cottage industries
producing papers and cosmetics, construction of a jetty for marine activities and municipal waste discharge all
take place at the bank of the river. Water and sediment samples were collected and analysed in the laboratory to
ascertain the level of the concentration of the parameters being monitored. Standard methods were adopted for
both field and laboratory analyses. For purpose of comparison the study was conducted in three stations
(upstream, station A. midstream, station B and downstream, station, C). Water sample was also collected from
tap water to act as a control for the potability fitness of the study area. The result of the mean concentrations of
the parameters for water sample include: pH (6.25), conductivity (217.30µS/cm), temperature (26.130
c), TDS
(123.67mg/l), TSS (67.67mg/l), Nitrate (3.93mg/l), Sulphate (5.67mg/l), Turbidity (105.65mg/l ), phosphate
(0.33mg/l), BOD (12.13mg/l), Lead (0.98mg/l), Aluminum (0.47mg/l), Cadmium (0.02mg/l) and Chromium
(0.0003mg/l). The mean concentration for sediments include pH (5.95), temperature (26.200c), Nitrate
(10.3mg/l), Sulphate (1.105mg/l), phosphate (2.43mg/l), Iron (0.73mg/l), Copper (1.42mg/l), Manganese
(0.34mg/l), Lead (1.56mg/l), Cadmium (0.04mg/l) and Chromium (0.005mg/l).
Key words: Imo River, water, sediments, parameters.
Introduction
Water is an essential natural resource, a primary need of man in his environment and essential for his sustenance
(Ajayi and Osibanjo,1981). Water quality describes the physicochemical and biological characteristics of water
and its suitability for a particular purpose (Corke and Doornkamp, 1974). Majority of surface waters in Nigeria
are negatively affected by human activities such as human excrement on the surface water and disposal of
domestic waste untreated (Udosen, 2004). Imo River is used by the rural dwellers as source of drinking water,
bathing and other domestic uses. However the steady growth in population and industrial activities has impacted
negatively on the water quality (Obunwo et al, 2004). The water need of Owerri, Imo state capital is expected to
rise to about 11.4millons m3
/per day in coming years (Egejuru, 1987). The indiscriminate discharge of effluent
by cottage industries in the state untreated and failure of enforcement by government agencies poses a challenge
to demand for safe and good water ( Ibe and Njemanze, 1998). The continuous growth in population and impact
of these industries will continue to exert pressure on water resources of the area, change the physicochemical
variables and pose a threat to the health of the communities (Harrison, 1990). This results in the deterioration of
the water quality which in turn affects aquatic ecosystem, recreational values and pollute the groundwater
deposits (Benka-Coke and Ojior, 1995). It is essential natural resources are exploited rationally and conserved at
regional and local levels ( Ademoroti, 1996).
Methods
Study Area
Imo river is located in Ngor Okpala local Government Area of Imo state, Nigeria (Fig 1), with an area of 561km2
and a population of 159,932 (National Population Commission, 2006 census). The inhabitants are mostly farmers
and Fishermen. The Imo River is being investigated to know the concentrations of the physicochemical
parameters of the river as a result of human activities like farming, quarrying, industrializations etc and the
effects on the use of this water.
Fig.1 and Fig. 2 show location of the river in the lower southern-eastern region of Nigeria. The basin is
moderately high plain with the land suitable for agriculture and industrial activities. Land ownership system,
farming system, poor planning and relatively small land mass with high population density and growth are
probably responsible for location of pockets of farmland at close vicinity to residential and industrialization areas.
This situation and poor waste disposal system enhance pollution risks in the basin (Sikoki and Zabbey,2006)
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Sampling procedure.
Surface water samples were collected in the rainy season month of June, 2011. Three sampling stations were
selected on a section of the river (station A, B, and C). Station A was the upstream where the human activities
were minimal. Station B was the discharge point where effluents from a cottage industry are discharged, station
C is the downstream. The choice of the stations was to compare the impact of the identified physicochemical
variables on the sections of the river. The parameters studied include; temperature, pH, Total Dissolved Solids,
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Total Suspended Solids, Turbidity, Nitrates, Phosphates, Iron, Copper, Manganese, lead, Aluminum, Chromium,
Cadmium, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) for both water and sediment samples.
After collection the samples were taken to the laboratory for analysis.
Analysis of Samples
Temperature was measured in situ using thermometer. pH was determined for both sediment and surface water
using suntex pH meter by inserting the probe inside the container for some minutes until the reading became
stable. Electrical conductivity concentration was determined by the use of conductivity meter while multi probe
meter was dipped into the beaker containing the samples to take TDS readings. The data logging
spectrophotometer model DR 2010 was used to determine the concentration of the following parameters by
entering their respective program and wavelength numbers: Total suspended solids, Turbidity, Nitrates,
Phosphates, Iron, Copper, Manganese, lead, Aluminium, Chromium, and Cadmium. The Dissolved Oxygen, DO
was determined by measuring the sample with Jenway model 9071 water proof meter by inserting the probe into
the container and the value displayed digitally.
The Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD was determined using the dilution method after 5-day incubation
period. The value of the Dissolved Oxygen before incubation subtracts the value after the five days to determine
the BOD values in mg/liter(APHA, 1992).
Statistical analysis
The data obtained for the various parameters were subjected to statistical tools of mean, standard deviation,
ANOVA, correlation matrix at significant difference of P 0.05 and P 0.05.
Results
The data of the results of the water and sediment samples analyzed were shown on tables 1 and 2; while the
statistical description are on tables 3 and 4.
Temperature varied from 26.00 – 26.30[26.13±0.09]0
c. the pH varied from 5.84 – 6.48[6.2467±0.20], while
conductivity of the sample varied from 195.00 – 232.00[217.33±11.34] S/cm. Total Dissolved Solids varied
from 92.50 – 166.00[123.67±21.94]mg/L. Colour varied from 173.00 – 514.00[287.67±11.17]Ptco. Also
turbidity varied from 6.00 – 305.00[105.67±99.67]mg/L, Total suspended solid varied from 15.00 –
172.00[67.67±52.17]mg/L.
The table also shows some variation of the nutrients present in the water like Nitrate which varied from 2.30 –
5.70[3.93±0.98]mg/L, Sulphate varied from 5.00 – 7.00[5.67±0.67]mg/L, and Phosphate varied from 0.06 –
0.86[0.34±0.26]mg/L. Aluminum varied from 0.24 – 0.61[0.48±0.12]. Heavy metals such as Cadmium varied
from 0.001 – 0.006[0.003±0.002] and Chromium varied from 0.00 – 0.001[0.0003±0.0033]. Iron varied from
0.35 – 0.66[0.49±0.09] mg/L; copper varied from 0.92 – 1.16[1.06±0.07]mg/L; Manganese varied from 0.06 –
0.12[0.08±0.02], Lead varied from 0.63 – 1.18[0.99±0.18].
DO varied from 3.6 – 5.80[4.5±0.67]mg/L; BOD varied from 9.30 – 16.70[12.13±2.3] and Lead varied from
0.63 – 1.18[0.99±0.18]
Table.2 shows the variations in the physicochemical parameters of the sediment samples at the upstream, the
midstream and downstream stations of Imo River.
Temperature varied form 26.10 – 26.40[26.20±0.10]0
c; pH of the stream varied from 5.00 – 6.45[5.9467±0.47].
Nitrate varied from 8.20 – 13.60[10.3067±1.67]mg/L while sulphate varied from 7.00 –
10.70[8.5667±1.11]mg/L as well as phosphate which varied from 1.13 – 3.12[2.433±0.65]mg/L. The variations
in the range of concentrations of heavy metals were as follows; Iron varied from 0.61 – 0.85[0.7333±0.69]mg/L,
Copper varied from 1.32 – 1.58[1.42±0.008]mg/L; Manganese varied from 0.15 – 0.48[0.3433±0.99]mg/L, also
Lead varied from 1.24 – 1.98[1.56±0.16]mg/L. Cadmium varied from 0.01 – 0.07[0.4±0.02]mg/L and
Chromium varied from 0.001 – 0.008[0.005±0.002]mg/L.
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TABLE 3. Descriptive statistics of physicochemical parameters of water sample across sampling location of Imo
River.
PARAMETERS MIN. VALUE MAX. VALUE RANGE MEAN SE
Temp (0c) 26 26.3 0.3 26.1333 0.8819
pH 5.84 6.48 0.64 6.2467 0.20407
Conductivity µs/cm) 195 232 37 217.3333 11.34803
TDS (mg/L) 92.5 166 73.5 123.667 21.93994
Colour (Ptco) 173 514 341 287.6667 113.17
Turbidity (mg/L) 6 305 299 105.6667 99.6667
TSS (mg/L) 15 172 157 67.6667 52.16747
Nitrate (mg/L) 2.3 5.7 3.4 3.9333 0.98376
sulphate (mg/L) 5 7 2 5.6667 0.6667
Phosphate (mg/L) 0.06 0.86 0.8 0.3367 0.2681
Iron (mg/L) 0.35 0.66 0.31 0.4933 0.09025
Copper (mg/L) 0.92 1.16 0.24 1.0633 0.07311
Manganese (mg/L) 0.06 0.12 0.06 0.0833 0.01856
DO (mg/L) 3.6 5.8 2.2 4.5 0.66583
BOD (mg/L) 9.3 16.7 7.4 12.1333 2.30531
Lead (mg/L) 0.63 1.18 0.55 0.9867 0.17854
Aluminium (mg/L) 0.24 0.61 0.37 0.4767 0.11865
Cadmium (mg/L) 0.001 0.006 0.005 0.00267 0.001667
Chromium (mg/L) 0 0.001 0.001 0.00033 0.0033
SE = Standard Error
TABLE 4. Descriptive statistics of physiochemical parameters of sediment samples across sampling
location of Imo River
PARAMETER MIN. VALUE MAX. VALUE RANGE MEAN SE
Temp (0
c) 26.1 26.4 0.3 26.2 0.1
pH 5 6.45 1.45 5.9467 0.47365
Nitrate (mg/L) 8.2 13.6 5.4 10.3067 1.66795
Sulphate (mg/L) 7 10.7 3.72 8.5667 1.10504
phosphate (mg/L) 1.13 3.12 1.99 2.4333 0.65198
Iron (mg/L) 0.61 0.85 0.24 0.7333 0.6963
Copper (mg/L) 1.32 1.58 0.26 1.42 0.08083
Manganese (mg/L) 0.15 0.48 0.33 0.3433 0.09939
Lead (mg/L) 1.24 1.78 0.54 1.56 0.16371
Cadmium (mg/L) 0.01 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.1732
Chromium (mg/L) 0.001 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.002082
SE = Standard Error
Discussion
Variations in the water temperature and pH Of Imo River across the sampling location.
Temperature recorded the highest value at midstream (26.300
c). The pH had the lowest value of 5.84 at the
midstream (discharge point) indicating acidity. This shows that the effluents discharged into the river from the
industrial activities around the watershed are organic in nature (Phiri et al, 2005). This pH value in comparison
with the potable water indicates that the water from Imo River in this original form is not safe for drinking
(FEPA, 1991).
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ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.8, 2013
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The conductivity values at the three sampling stations exceeded the WHO/FMENV standard which shows that
the activities taking place at the bank of Imo River elevated the quantity of dissolved salts present in the water
body. The concentrations of the conductivity and TDS were lowest at the upstream and highest at the
downstream; hence conductivity is approximately proportional to the TDS content. The levels of turbidity,
colour and Total Dissolved Solids, TDS were highest at the midstream and exceeded the WHO/FMENV
acceptable limits. Turbidity is a measure of the dispersion of light in a column of water due to suspended matter.
The higher the turbidity, the cloudier the water appears (Akeredolu,1991).If water becomes too turbid, it looses
the ability to support a wide variety of plants and other aquatic organisms. The activities in Imo River give rise
to high concentrations of suspended solids leading to high turbidity and colour at the midstream (discharge
point). The concentrations of Nitrate, Sulphate and Phosphate were within WHO/FMENV acceptable limits
though highest at the midstream. The metals and heavy metals concentrations lie within acceptable limits of
WHO/FMENV safe limits except lead which exceeded the limits at all the stations.
The Dissolved Oxygen, DO level was lowest at the midstream and below safe limits of WHO/FMENV; while
Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD was highest at the midstream. DO is indirectly proportional to BOD (Braide
et al 2004). The large amounts of degradable organic materials at the midstream resulted to low level of
Dissolved Oxygen, DO (McNeely et al;1979).
Conclusion
Effluents of the industrial and human activities on the banks of Imo River altered the quality of the river
negatively at the midstream station close to the discharge point. The effluents are acidic at this point. The
concentrations of turbidity, TSS, and DO show that the river is not fit for drinking without treatment; and the
river cannot support aquatic life sufficiently. These results show that the river is polluted by activities taking
place at the paper mills ,cosmetic company and other companies along the bank as well as urban run-off .If these
activities go on unregulated the water quality of Imo River will further be deteriorated.
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