The document discusses the history and development of skyscrapers. It begins by defining skyscrapers as buildings taller than 50 meters that are usually designed for office, commercial, and residential use. Early skyscrapers like the Home Insurance Building in Chicago were made possible by innovations like elevators and steel frameworks. Modern skyscrapers use materials like concrete, steel, and glass. The tallest building featured is Burj Khalifa in Dubai, which stands 828 meters tall and has 163 floors, making it the tallest man-made structure ever built. The document compares Burj Khalifa to the Home Insurance Building and details their differences in height, materials used, architectural style, and floor functions.

1. MODERN ARCHITECTURE
SKYSCRAPERS
Submitted by:-
ALISHA SHRESTHA (02)
Submitted To:-
AR. TABASSUM
SIDIQUE

2. WHAT IS A SKYSCRAPER
?

4. PETRONAS TOWER
 Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential
purpose.
 A skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, but the term
skyscraper is often used for buildings higher than 50 m
(164 ft).
 For buildings above a height of 300 m (984 ft), the term
Supertall can be used, skyscrapers reaching beyond 600
m (1,969 ft) are classified as Megatall.
BURJ KHALIFA

6. PreHistory of Skyscrapers
Tower of Babel Great Pyramid of Giza, built in 26th
century BC,(146.5 m tall)

7. WHY WERE SKYSCRAPERS POSSIBLE?
1. ELEVATORS
2. STEEL
FRAMEWORKS
Elisha otis (fonder of otis elevator
company and inventor of safety
elevators(1853)

8. OBSTACLES AND INVENTIONS:
1. Two developments in the 19th century paved the way for a whole new type of
building: the skyscraper.
 The first was the development of a safe elevator.
 The second development took place in
Chicago in 1871, suffered a
devastating fire. (experienced explosive
growth, & began to strain
against its natural boundaries.
By the 1880s, the available land for new
buildings in this area could not keep up
& new method which used a grid of steel
beams and columns that were strong
enough to support any stresses or forces a
building might experience,
including both the weight of the floor
and the building contents, as well as the
force of wind or even, in some areas, earthquakes. the skyscraper was born and
the race for the tallest building began. )

9. USE OF MODERN MATERIALS:
 Concrete is one of the most
common materials, beyond the
steel supports, because it is
enormously versatile.
 Glass where glass walls became very popular
beginning after World War II, because they are
weatherproof while providing
ample natural light, and also because they are
so much lighter-and cheaper-than
masonry or concrete.
FIG: OVERALL
STRUCTURE

16. EARLY SKYSCRAPERS
Place: Chicago, USA Architect: William LeBaron Jenney
Height: 42 meters Finished: 1884
HOME INSURANCE BUILDING

17.  The first skyscraper was the ten storey home insurance building in chicago built in 1884-
1885.
 Demolishd in 47 years later in 1931.
 Major structure composed of cast and wrought iron.
 First tall building to use structural steel in its frame.
 In this building, a steel frame supported the entire weight of the walls, instead of load-
bearing walls carrying the weight of the building which was the usual method.

18.  Features :
• use of steel-frame buildings with
masonry cladding (usually terra cotta)
• large plate-glass window areas
• limiting the amount of exterior
ornamentation.
• elements of neoclassical
architecture are used i
• The "Chicago window" originated in this
school.
• It is a three-part window consisting of a
large fixed center panel flanked by two
smaller double-hung sash windows.

19. The top level houses mechanical
devices such as elevator engines and
water tanks. Its appearance proclaims
its difference in function from the rest
of the building.
A succession of workers offices fill
the upper stories and are modular and
repetitive in appearance.
Street level spaces for shops, banks,
and public commerce. These are large,
open spaces “liberal, expansive and
sumptuous” that will flow up into the
second storey.

21.  located near down -town dubai, UAE.
 multi-use tower that includes residential,
hotel, commercial offices, entertainment,
shopping, and parking facilities.
 world’s tallest structure ever built.
General Information

22. GENERAL INFORMATION
• Status : Completed
• Type : Mixed use
• Location : Dubai, United Arab
Emirates
• Construction started : January
2004
• Completed : 2010
• Opening : 4 January 2010
• Cost : 1.5 billion $
• Height : 829 m (2,717 ft)

23.  Height
Antenna spire : 829.84 m (2,723 ft)
Roof : 828 m (2,717 ft)
Top floor : 621.3 m (2,038 ft)
 Architect : Adrian Smith
 Developer : Emaar Properties
 Structural engineer : Bill Baker

24. Technical details
Floor counts : 163 floors plus 46
maintenance levels in the spire and 2
parking levels in the basement
Floor area : 309,473 m2 ( 3,331,100
sq ft )
Total area=465,000 square meters
Concrete used=250,000 cubic meters
Steel used=39,000 tonnes
Glass used=83,600 square meters

25. CHAIRMAN
MOHAMED
ALLABAR IS
THE
CHAIRMAN OF
BURJ KHALIFA

26.  The design of Burj Khalifa
is derived from the
geometries of desert
flower Hymenocallis.
 The desert flower is
indigenous to both the
region and patterning
system embodied in
Islamic architecture.
Design Origin

28. The tower is organized around a central hexagonal
core with three wings.
Each wing consists of four bays where, at each 7th
floor, one outer bay peels away as the structure
spiral into the sky.
The floor plan is characterized with a Y shape which
maximizes the views of the Persian Gulf and
provide tenants with plenty of natural lights.
Design Overview

29.  The structure is designed
using:
1. Reinforced concrete
(High performance
concrete) from the
foundation to level 156.
2. Structural steel braced
frame from level 156 to
the pinnacle.
Superstructure
Materials

32. PICTURES OF CONTRUCTION!

33. PICTURES AFTER
CONSTRUCTION..

34. SOME INTERIOR PICTURES

36. AQUA INSIDE
BURJ…

37. SWIMMING POOL INSIDE BURJ KHALIFA……

38. PARK OF BURJ KHALIFA..

39. COMPARSION CHART
ELEMENTS HOME INSURANCE BUILDING BURJ KHALIFA
• LOCATION CHICAGO,UNITED STATES DUBAI,UAE
• RECORD WORLD’S FIRST SKYSCAPERS
FROM 1884 TO 1889
(THEN)
WORLD’S TALLEST
STRUCTURE
(FROM 2009 TO STILL
NOW)
• TYPE OFFICE USE MIXED -USE
• COMPLETED 31 DECEMBER 2009 1885
• DEMOLISHED NOT UNTIL NOW 1931
• ARCHITECT WILLIAM LE BARON JENNY ADRIAN SMITH
• ARCHITECTURA
L STYLE
NEO-FUTURISM CHICAGO SCHOOL

40. COMPARSION CHART
ELEMENTS HOME INSURANCE BUILDING BURJ KHALIFA
• NO. OF FLOORS 10 163
• FLOOR AREA - 309,473 M2
• HEIGHT 138 FT (42 M) 2,722 FT (829.8 M)
• MATERIALS - BRICK
- STONE
- CAST
- GLASS
- STEEL
- WROUGHT IRON
- MASONARY
- STEEL
- ALUMINIUM
- REINFORCED
CONCRETE
- GLASS
• FEATURES • USE OF STEEL FRAME
WITH MASONARY
CLADDING
• LARGE PLATE GLASS
WINDOWS
• USE OF STEEL AND
REINFORCED
CONCRETE FOR 828 HT
BUILDING
• 24,830 INDIVIDUALL
HAND CUT GLASS
PANELS USED FOR
EXTERIOR

41. COMPARSION CHART
ELEMENTS HOME INSURANCE BUILDING BURJ KHALIFA
• FEATURES • LIMITING THE AMOUNT OF
EXTERIOR ORNAMENTATION
• SOME USE OF
NEOCLASSICAL
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
• BUILDING WITH FIRM VISUAL
BASE TREATED
INTERMEDIATE OFFIC
FLOORS AS A UNIT &
CROWNED THE WHOLE WITH
A BOLD CORNICES
• PRINCIPLE OF RECONCILING
THE WORLD OF NATURE
WITH SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
• VERTICAL STRIPS OF
WINDOWS
• PILASTER LIKE MULLIONS
• DECORATIVE TERRACOTTA
• NO ORNAMENTATION ON
EXTERIOR
• SOME USE OF MODERN
ARCHITECTURE
• Y SHAPED PLAN WITH
WINGS TO ALLOW
MAX.OUTWARD VIEWS
&INWARD NATURAL LIGHTS
• PRINCIPLE OF GOING
BEYOND THE HEIGHT OF
SKY
• NO VERTICAL STRIPS ON
WINDOWS
• NO MULLIONS
• NO TERRACOTTA
• TOWER IS TH
CENTERPIECE OF A 500

42. COMPARSION CHART
ELEMENTS HOME INSURANCE BUILDING BURJ KHALIFA
• USES OF
FLOORS
• DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS:
- TOP LEVEL : MECHANICAL
DEVICES
- 2ND TO 9TH : SUCCESSION OF
WORKERS OFFICE & ARE
MODULAR & REPETITIVE IN
APPEARANCE
- GROUND TO 1ST : STREET
LEVEL SPACES(SHOPS,
BANKS, PUBLIC COMMERCE)
• B1-B2 :
PARKING,MECHANICAL
- CONCOURSE : ARMANIH
HOTEL
- GROUND : ARMANI HOTEL
- 1-8TH : ARMANI HOTEL
- 9-16TH : ARMANI
RESIDENCES
- 17-18TH : MECHANICAL
- 19-37TH : RESIDENTIAL
- 38-39TH : ARMANI HOTEL
SUITES
- 40-42TH : MECHANICAL
- 43TH : SKY LOBBY
- 44-47TH : RESIDENTIAL

43. COMPARSION CHART
ELEMENTS HOME INSURANCE BUILDING BURJ KHALIFA
• USES - 73-75TH : MECHANICAL
- 76TH : SKY LOBBY
- 77-108TH : RESIDENTIAL
- 109–110TH : MECHANICAL
- 111-121TH : COPORATE SUITES
- 122TH : ATMOSPHERE
RESTAURANT
- 123TH : SKY LOBBY
- 124TH : TOP OBSERVATORY
- 125-135TH : CORPORATE
SUITES
- 136-138TH : MECHANICAL
- 139-147TH : CORPORATE
SUITES
- 148TH : THE NEW BECK
OBSERVATORY
- 149-154TH : CORPORATE
SUITES
- 155TH : MECHANICAL
- 156-159TH : COMMUNICATION
AND BROADCAST
- 160-163TH : MECHANICAL

44. Conclusion
“SKY IS THE LIMIT ” foremost the learning of the project.
The competition for the tallest is never going to end. More
ambitious projects are going to be constructed too.
Throughout the world, the population of the major cities are
increasing at a fast rate and where land for building is not
available; there is a pressure to build upward rather than
sideways.
The structures offer some major advantages but also pose
serious challenges to designers and builders.
 The need for office workers was increasing at a spectacular
rate as business like banking, insurance etc hired more people,
not only the partners at these firms but huge numbers of office
workers too.

45. Thank You