The document discusses different types of high-rise buildings. It defines high-rises and provides reasons for their increasing demand, including scarcity of land and desire for aesthetics. It describes various structural loads high-rises must withstand and common construction materials used. It also lists top 10 high-rise buildings worldwide and examples in Pakistan. Finally, it outlines different high-rise structural systems such as braced frames, shear walls, tube structures, and their advantages.

1. Type of high-rise
Building
Presented By:
Nik Mohammad B126015
Osama Abdul hafeez B126019
Zabihullah B126034

2. Introduction & Definition
Emporis Standards defines: A multi-story structure between 35–100
meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12–39 floors.
Or
A high-rise is a tall building or structure: Buildings between 75 feet
and 491 feet (23 m to 150 m) high are considered high-rises. Buildings
taller than 492 feet (150 m) are classified as skyscrapers.
Or
The international conference on fire safety: Any structure where the
height can have a serious impact on evacuation.

3. Demand for high-rise Building
1. Scarcity of land in urban areas
2. Increasing the demand for business and
residential space
3. Economic growth
4. Technological advancements
5. Innovations in structural systems
6. Desire for aesthetics in urban settings
7. Concept of city skyline
8. Cultural significance and prestige
9. Human aspiration to building higher

4. Structural Loads
• Gravity loads
– Dead loads
– Live loads
– Snow loads
• Lateral loads
– Wind loads
– Seismic loads
• Special load cases
– Impact loads
– Blast loads

5. Construction materials
Advantages are:
 Plasticity
 Easily availability
 Easy in casting
 Non corrosive
 Can be cast in situ
Disadvantages are:
 Cost of form
 Dead weight
 Difficulty in pouring
CONCRETE:- cellular concrete of clay-gypsum &
invention of light weight concrete.
FERRO CONCRETE:-it is layer of fine mesh
saturated with cement.
GUNITE:- it is also known as shot Crete.
compressed air to shoot concrete onto (or into) a frame or
structure. Shot Crete is frequently used against vertical soil
or rock surfaces, as it eliminates the need for
formwork.
GLASS:- float glass with double glass is used in tall buildings .
Tempered glass is used in tall buildings instead of plain glass,
as that would shatter at such height.
Materials used for high rise buildings: concrete, steel, glass, cladding material, high alumina
cement used for roofs & floors. It contains bauxite instead of clay, cement, Portland cement of
lime stone, silica.

9. List of Top 10 High-Rise Buildings
# Building City Floors Height Year
1 Burj Khalifa Dubai 163 828 m 2010
2 Makkah Clock Royal Tower [Abraj Al Bait] Makkah 95 601 m 2012
3 Taipei 101 Taipei 101 509 m 2004
4 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai 101 492 m 2008
5 International Commerce Centre [Union
Square]
Hong Kong 118 484 m 2010
6 Petronas Tower 1 [Petronas Towers] KualaLumpur 88 452 m 1998
7 Petronas Tower 2 [Petronas Towers] KualaLumpur 88 452 m 1998
8 Nanjing Greenland Financial Center Nanjing 66 450 m 2010
9 Willis Tower Chicago 108 442 m 1974
10 Kingkey Finance Tower Shenzhen 100 442 m 2011

10. Completed High Rise-Buildings in Pakistan
Sr # Name City Height Floors Year
1 Ocean Towers (formerly Sofitel) Karachi 120 m 394 ft 30 2012
2 MCB Tower Karachi 116 m 381 ft 29 2005
3 Telecom Tower Islamabad 113 m 371 ft 24 2011
4 The Centaurus Tower 1 Islamabad 114m 375 ft 32 2012
5 The Centaurus Tower 2 Islamabad 110m 361 ft 32 2012
6 The Centaurus Tower 3 Islamabad 110m 361 ft 32 2012
7 Arfa Software Technology Park Lahore 106 m 348 ft 19 2011
8 Dolmen City Karachi 102 m 335 ft 21 2011
10 Habib Bank Plaza Karachi 101 m 331 ft 22 1963
11 Chapal Plaza Karachi 101 m 331 ft 22 1985

11. Type of High-Rise Structure
1. Braced Frame
2. Rigid Frame Structure
3. Infilled Frame Structure
4. High efficiency Mega-Braced frame system
5. Flat Plate and Flat Slab Structure
6. Shear wall structure
7. Core Structure system
8. Framed tube structure
9. The trussed tube
10. Bundled tube structure
11. Outriggers system
12. Tube in tube

13. Advantages:-
•Girders only participate minimally in the lateral
bracing action-Floor framing design is independent
of its level in the structure.
•Can be repetitive up the height of the building with
obvious economy in design and fabrication.
Disadvantages:-
Obstruct the internal planning and the locations of
the windows and doors; for this reason, braced bent
are usually incorporated internally along wall and
partition lines, especially around elevator, stair, and
service shaft.-Diagonal connections are expensive to
fabricate and erect.

14. Rigid Frame Structure
The word rigid means ability to resist the
deformation. Rigid frame structures can be defined
as the structures in which beams & columns are
made monolithically and act collectively to resist the
moments which are generating due to applied load.

16. Infilled Frame Structure
Most usual form of construction for tall buildings up to 30 stories in height Column and
girder framing of reinforced concrete, or sometimes steel, is in-filled by panels of brickwork,
block work, or cast-in-place concrete. Because of the in-filled serve also as external walls or
internal partitions, the system is an economical way of stiffening and strengthening the
structure. The complex interactive behavior of the infill in the frame, and the rather random
quality of masonry, has made it difficult to predict with accuracy the stiffness and strength
of an in-filled frame.

18. Flat plate: The flat plate is a two-way
reinforced concrete framing system utilizing a
slab of uniform thickness, the simplest of
structural shapes.
Flat slab: The flat slab is a two-way reinforced
structural system that includes either drop
panels or column capitals at columns to resist
heavier loads and thus permit longer spans.
Flat-Plate and Flat Slab Structure

19. • A type of rigid frame construction.
• The shear wall is in steel or concrete to provide greater lateral
rigidity. It is a wall where the entire material of the wall is employed
in the resistance of both horizontal and vertical loads.
• Is composed of braced panels (or shear panels) to counter the
effects of lateral load acting on a structure. Wind & earthquake loads
are the most common among the loads.
• For skyscrapers, as the size of the structure increases, so
does the size of the supporting wall. Shear walls tend to be used only
in conjunction with other support systems.
Shear wall system

21. FRAMED-TUBE STRUCTURES]
The lateral resistant of the framed-tube structures is provided by very
stiff moment-resistant frames that form a “tube” around the perimeter
of the building.
The basic inefficiency of the frame system for reinforced concrete
buildings of more than 15 stories resulted in member proportions
of prohibitive size and structural material cost premium, and thus
such system were economically not viable.
The frames consist of 6-12 ft (2-4m) between centers, joined by deep
spandrel girders.
Gravity loading is shared between the tube and interior column or walls.
When lateral loading acts, the perimeter frame aligned in the direction of loading acts
as the “webs” of the massive tube of the cantilever, and those normal to the direction
of the loading act as the “flanges”.
The tube form was developed originally for building of rectangular plan, and probably
it’s most efficient use in that shape.
Dewitt chestnut

22. THE TRUSSED TUBE
The trussed tube system represents a classic solution for a tube
uniquely suited to the qualities and character of structural
steel.
Interconnect all exterior columns to form a rigid box, which can
resist lateral shears by axial in its members rather than through
flexure.
Introducing a minimum number of diagonals on each façade
and making the diagonal intersect at the same point at the
corner column.
The system is tubular in that the fascia diagonals not only form
a truss in the plane, but also interact with the trusses on the
perpendicular faces to affect the tubular behavior. This creates
the x form between corner columns on each façade.
Relatively broad column spacing can resulted large clear spaces
for windows, a particular characteristic of steel buildings.
The façade diagonalization serves to equalize the gravity loads
of the exterior columns that give a significant impact on the
exterior architecture.
John Hancock Center
introduced trussed tube
design.
Recently the use of perimeter diagonals – thus
the term “DIAGRID” - for structural effectiveness
and lattice-like aesthetics has generated renewed
interest in architectural and structural designers
of tall buildings.
Introducing a minimum
number of diagonals on
each façade and
making the diagonal
intersect at the same point
at the corner column

23. The concept allows for wider column
spacing in the tubular walls than would be
possible with only the exterior frame tube
form.
The spacing which make it possible to place
interior frame lines without seriously
compromising interior space planning.
The ability to modulate the cells vertically
can create a powerful vocabulary for a
variety of dynamic shapes therefore offers
great latitude in architectural planning of
at all building.
Burj Khalifa, Dubai.
Sears Tower, Chicago.
BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM

25. TUBE-IN-TUBE SYSTEM
This variation of the framed tube
consists of an outer frame tube, the
“Hull,” together
with an internal elevator and service
core.
The Hull and core act jointly in resisting
both gravity and lateral loading.
The outer framed tube and the inner
core interact horizontally as the shear
and flexural components of a wall-
frame structure, with the benefit of
increased lateral stiffness.
The structural tube usually adopts a
highly dominant role because of its
much greater structural depth.
Lumbago Tatung Haji
Building, Kuala Lumpur

26. Burj khalifa
Makkah Clock Royal Tower

27. Taipei 101

28. Petronas TowersInternational Commerce Centre

30. Kingkey Finance TowerWills Tower

31. Thank you