S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium that commonly causes infections of the skin and throat. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals. The bacterium produces several virulence factors like M protein, capsule, and streptokinase that help it evade the immune system and spread infection. Common diseases caused include pharyngitis, impetigo, and necrotizing fasciitis. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin.
This presentation is about STREPTOCOCCI, GRAM POSITIVE STTREPTOCOCCI, BROWN’S CLASSIFICATION, ALPHA HEMOLYTIC STREP.,BETA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI, LANCIFIED CLASSIFICATION, GROUP A ( S. PYOGENS) , GROUP – B ( S. AGLACTIA ), GROUP - D, DISEASES, PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCI
TRANSMISSION, PATHOGENESIS,STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE, IMPORTANT PROPERTIES, C - SUBSTANCE, TRANSMISSION, CONSOLIDATION OF LUNGS, FACTORS THAT PREDISPOSE PERSON TO PNEOMCOCCAL INFECTIONS, CLINICAL FINDINGS, LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT
Bordetella (Gram-Negative Rod Related to the Respiratory Tract)Syeda Maryam
In this presentation, we are discussing Bordetella Pertussis, its important properties, EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, Several factors that play a role in the pathogenesis, Pertussis toxin production,
adenylate cyclase production, Tracheal
cytotoxin, Whooping cough, its CLINICAL FINDINGS, THE CLASSIC PICTURE OF WHOOPING
COUGH IN YOUNG CHILDREN, it's LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, PREVENTION, KILLED VACCINE, and ACELLULAR VACCINE.
1. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that do not contain chlorophyll and have cell walls. They can grow as filaments called hyphae and reproduce through spores.
2. Around 300 fungal species are known to be pathogenic to humans, causing infections of the skin, nails, mucous membranes, and various internal organs depending on factors like host immunity.
3. Common pathogenic fungi include Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and dermatophytes that cause superficial infections. Opportunistic fungi can cause serious disease in immunocompromised individuals.
This document summarizes several bacterial diseases:
Tuberculosis is caused by two types of bacteria and spreads through coughing or sneezing. It is diagnosed using tuberculin tests and treated with long-term antibiotic therapy. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria and spreads through respiratory droplets. It produces a toxin that kills epithelial cells and blocks the respiratory tract. Pneumonia infects the lungs through inhaled droplets from infected individuals and is treated with antibiotics. Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that spreads through direct contact and is communicable.
This document provides information on Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the bacteria that causes diphtheria. It discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, epidemiology, and laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria. Key points include:
- C. diphtheriae bacteria produce a toxin that is absorbed systemically and can damage organs. Only toxigenic strains can cause severe disease.
- Diphtheria usually causes an infection in the throat that produces a gray membrane. Symptoms include sore throat and fever. It is communicable for weeks without antibiotics.
- The disease is most common in children under 5. It spreads through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Laboratory diagnosis involves
1. Streptococci are Gram-positive cocci that can be classified based on their hemolysis patterns, serology using the Lancefield system, and clinical syndromes they cause.
2. Group A Streptococcus is the cause of illnesses like pharyngitis, impetigo, and scarlet fever. It produces several virulence factors like M protein, erythrogenic toxins, and streptolysin.
3. Group B Streptococcus can cause neonatal infections and post-partum sepsis. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis and otitis media. It has a polysaccharide capsule that is immunogenic
1. Fungal infections can be caused by molds, yeasts, or dimorphic fungi and their morphology and growth patterns differ.
2. Superficial fungal infections affect the outer layer of skin and are commonly caused by dermatophytes, candida, and aspergillus.
3. Aspergillosis is caused by the mold Aspergillus and can cause allergic bronchopulmonary disease or invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals. Candidiasis is a common yeast infection that can cause oral or vaginal thrush.
This presentation is about STREPTOCOCCI, GRAM POSITIVE STTREPTOCOCCI, BROWN’S CLASSIFICATION, ALPHA HEMOLYTIC STREP.,BETA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI, LANCIFIED CLASSIFICATION, GROUP A ( S. PYOGENS) , GROUP – B ( S. AGLACTIA ), GROUP - D, DISEASES, PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCI
TRANSMISSION, PATHOGENESIS,STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE, IMPORTANT PROPERTIES, C - SUBSTANCE, TRANSMISSION, CONSOLIDATION OF LUNGS, FACTORS THAT PREDISPOSE PERSON TO PNEOMCOCCAL INFECTIONS, CLINICAL FINDINGS, LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT
Bordetella (Gram-Negative Rod Related to the Respiratory Tract)Syeda Maryam
In this presentation, we are discussing Bordetella Pertussis, its important properties, EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, Several factors that play a role in the pathogenesis, Pertussis toxin production,
adenylate cyclase production, Tracheal
cytotoxin, Whooping cough, its CLINICAL FINDINGS, THE CLASSIC PICTURE OF WHOOPING
COUGH IN YOUNG CHILDREN, it's LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, PREVENTION, KILLED VACCINE, and ACELLULAR VACCINE.
1. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that do not contain chlorophyll and have cell walls. They can grow as filaments called hyphae and reproduce through spores.
2. Around 300 fungal species are known to be pathogenic to humans, causing infections of the skin, nails, mucous membranes, and various internal organs depending on factors like host immunity.
3. Common pathogenic fungi include Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and dermatophytes that cause superficial infections. Opportunistic fungi can cause serious disease in immunocompromised individuals.
This document summarizes several bacterial diseases:
Tuberculosis is caused by two types of bacteria and spreads through coughing or sneezing. It is diagnosed using tuberculin tests and treated with long-term antibiotic therapy. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria and spreads through respiratory droplets. It produces a toxin that kills epithelial cells and blocks the respiratory tract. Pneumonia infects the lungs through inhaled droplets from infected individuals and is treated with antibiotics. Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that spreads through direct contact and is communicable.
This document provides information on Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the bacteria that causes diphtheria. It discusses the etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, epidemiology, and laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria. Key points include:
- C. diphtheriae bacteria produce a toxin that is absorbed systemically and can damage organs. Only toxigenic strains can cause severe disease.
- Diphtheria usually causes an infection in the throat that produces a gray membrane. Symptoms include sore throat and fever. It is communicable for weeks without antibiotics.
- The disease is most common in children under 5. It spreads through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Laboratory diagnosis involves
1. Streptococci are Gram-positive cocci that can be classified based on their hemolysis patterns, serology using the Lancefield system, and clinical syndromes they cause.
2. Group A Streptococcus is the cause of illnesses like pharyngitis, impetigo, and scarlet fever. It produces several virulence factors like M protein, erythrogenic toxins, and streptolysin.
3. Group B Streptococcus can cause neonatal infections and post-partum sepsis. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis and otitis media. It has a polysaccharide capsule that is immunogenic
1. Fungal infections can be caused by molds, yeasts, or dimorphic fungi and their morphology and growth patterns differ.
2. Superficial fungal infections affect the outer layer of skin and are commonly caused by dermatophytes, candida, and aspergillus.
3. Aspergillosis is caused by the mold Aspergillus and can cause allergic bronchopulmonary disease or invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals. Candidiasis is a common yeast infection that can cause oral or vaginal thrush.
Lecture 3. diseases caused by bacterial infectionIffah Raniya
This document provides an overview of bacterial skin diseases and infections. It discusses several gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus and Streptococcus that can cause infections. It describes common skin infections from Staphylococcus like folliculitis and boils. It also covers Streptococcus and the skin infection of scarlet fever. The document further discusses gram-negative pathogens such as Pseudomonas, Vibrio, E. coli, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Neisseriae that can infect the skin. It provides details on diseases associated with these bacteria and their characteristics, transmission, pathogenesis and symptoms.
CAMPYLOBACTER & HELICOBACTER (Curved Gram-Negative Rods affecting the GIT)Syeda Maryam
In this presentation, I have discussed the following topics:
Curved Gram-Negative Rods affecting the GIT
CAMPYLOBACTER
HELICOBACTER
ENTEROCOLITIS
Guillain-barre Syndrome
Important Properties of these bacteria
their Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention.
MALT lymphomas
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas
Gastric carcinoma
Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram positive coccus that forms chains and causes beta hemolysis on blood agar. It is classified by Lancefield grouping based on cell wall carbohydrates and Griffith typing based on M proteins. S. pyogenes causes respiratory, skin, and genital infections and can lead to post-streptococcal sequelae like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Penicillin is usually the treatment of choice.
The document discusses various bacterial diseases categorized by pathogenic bacteria, symptoms caused, and mechanisms of infection. Key points include:
1) Common bacterial infections in children include those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, which can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other diseases.
2) Sexually transmitted diseases discussed are gonorrhea (caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae), chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi), granuloma inguinale, and syphilis (Treponema pallidum).
3) Enteropathogenic bacteria like Salmonella, Shigella,
This document discusses various fungal infections that can affect the oral cavity and respiratory tract, including candidiasis, aspergillosis, and zygomycosis. It describes the characteristics and morphology of fungi, including molds, yeasts, dimorphic fungi. It then covers the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of the main opportunistic fungal infections.
Foot rot is an anaerobic infection of the soft tissues between the toes in cattle, sheep, and goats that causes lameness. In cattle, it is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, while in sheep it is caused by a combination of Bacteroides nodosus and F. necrophorum. The disease is common worldwide and is transmitted between animals through discharges from infected feet. Clinical signs include lameness, fever, and lesions in the interdigital space. Treatment involves systemic and topical antibiotics, cleaning and dressing wounds, and maintaining clean dry living conditions to control spread.
This document discusses various diseases that affect the respiratory systems of sheep and goats, with a focus on pneumonia. It provides information on the causative agents of pneumonia including bacteria like Pasteurella haemolytica and Mannheimia haemolytica, viruses, parasites, fungi and other factors. The clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and control of pneumonia are outlined. Pneumonia can cause high fever, cough, nasal discharge and respiratory distress in affected animals. Post-mortem examination and laboratory testing are used to diagnose the condition and identify the specific pathogen. Antibiotics and addressing predisposing stress factors are used to treat pneumonia in sheep and goats.
This document describes Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax. It is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus. Anthrax primarily infects herbivores through ingestion, and humans can become infected through contact with infected animals or their products. The bacterium produces an antiphagocytic capsule and lethal toxin. Anthrax infection can occur cutaneously, through inhalation, or gastrointestinal transmission. Treatment involves antibiotics, and vaccines can provide immunity. Control relies on proper disposal of infected carcasses and decontamination of animal products.
Actinomycetes and Nocardia, Bacteria but similar to fungi usually because of its morphological feature of forming a branching filament network, causing Actinomycosis, Actinomycetoma, Farmer's Lung, etc. Demonstrated under microscope by Gram's stain and ZN staining. Cultured on BHI and Thioglycolate broth. Characteristically produce Supher granules. Penicillin is the drug of choice in allergic to penicillin can be replaced by Erythromycin or Tetracycline. In worst cases surgical removal of affected tissue required.
Staphylococcal skin infections by dr, Hari dagalHari dagal
Streptococcal cellulitis. Streptococcal cellulitis, an acute spreading inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, usually results from infection of burns, wounds, or surgical incisions, but may also follow mild trauma. Clinical findings include local pain, tenderness, swelling, and erythema.
This document discusses Gram positive bacilli including Corynebacterium and Listeria. It focuses on Corynebacterium diphtheriae, providing details on its morphology, culture characteristics, virulence factors causing diphtheria, clinical manifestations of disease, diagnosis and prevention through vaccination. It also briefly discusses Listeria monocytogenes and its ability to cause neonatal meningitis through contaminated food consumption by the mother.
This document summarizes key information about various Streptococcus bacteria. It describes their morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical properties, pathogenic species and diseases caused. Streptococcus pyogenes, pneumoniae, viridans and faecalis are discussed in detail, outlining their laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Classification systems for streptococci include Lancefield grouping and hemolytic reactions on blood agar. Streptococcus pyogenes produces various virulence factors and causes impetigo, pharyngitis, and rheumatic fever. Pneumoniae commonly colonizes the nasopharynx and can lead to pneumonia or otitis media.
The document discusses fungal infections, with a focus on Candida infections. It describes how Candida infections are classified based on location and epidemiology. Common types include mucocutaneous infections, which affect the skin and mucous membranes, and deep organ infections. Risk factors for Candida infections include HIV/AIDS, antibiotics, steroids, diabetes, and malnutrition. Clinical manifestations vary depending on infection location and can include oral thrush, vaginal infections, skin infections, and deep organ infections affecting organs like the liver, kidneys, heart and brain. Diagnosis involves visualizing Candida in samples through staining techniques. Treatment depends on infection severity and location, but may include topical or oral antifungal medications like a
Systemic mycosis refers to fungal infections that affect internal organs. Coccidioidomycosis is an infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Coccidioidomycosis immitis, which lives in alkaline soil. It is transmitted through inhalation of dust from infected soil and causes a primary infection in the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include fever, chest pain, cough, and weight loss. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining clinical samples microscopically for the presence of spherules and endospores or culturing the fungus from samples on agar plates. The infection is endemic in certain desert regions of the Americas.
Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram positive, spherical bacterium that grows in chains and causes a variety of infections in humans. It is aerobic and facultative anaerobic, growing best at 32°C. On blood agar medium, it forms small, transparent colonies showing alpha hemolysis. It is an important pathogen causing suppurative infections like tonsillitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, and erysipelas as well as non-suppurative complications like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture, microscopy showing gram positive cocci in chains, and biochemical tests. Treatment is with penicillin or other antibiotics.
This document provides information on Corynebacterium, including Corynebacterium diphtheriae which causes diphtheria. It discusses the morphology, cultural characteristics, biotypes, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, complications, laboratory diagnosis and epidemiology of C. diphtheriae. The key points are that C. diphtheriae is a gram-positive bacillus that produces a powerful exotoxin causing diphtheria, a serious infection of the upper respiratory tract, and immunization is important for control of the disease.
The presentation includes information about bacteria Bacillus anthracis like its structure, characters, infection, life cycle, pathogenicity and diseases caused by it which is Anthrax. It includes information about types of anthrax, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
This document discusses fractures of the acetabulum, or hip socket. It describes the different patterns of acetabular fractures including anterior wall, anterior column, posterior wall, posterior column, and transverse column fractures. Emergency treatment involves reducing dislocations and applying skeletal traction. Non-operative treatments include walking aids, positioning aids, and medications. Operative treatments include open reduction and internal fixation or total hip replacement, performed a few days later once the patient is stable. Complications can include iliofemoral venous thrombosis, sciatic nerve injury, heterotopic bone formation, avascular necrosis, and secondary osteoarthritis.
Abnormal uterine bleeding can be caused by systemic conditions, pregnancy disorders, ovarian and adnexal disorders, or uterine disorders. The most common causes in women aged 12-18 are polymenorrhagia (heavy periods), menometrorrhagia (heavy periods and bleeding between periods), and polymenorrhoea (frequent periods with short cycle length). A chart shows the percentage of different types of abnormal uterine bleeding in that age range.
Lecture 3. diseases caused by bacterial infectionIffah Raniya
This document provides an overview of bacterial skin diseases and infections. It discusses several gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus and Streptococcus that can cause infections. It describes common skin infections from Staphylococcus like folliculitis and boils. It also covers Streptococcus and the skin infection of scarlet fever. The document further discusses gram-negative pathogens such as Pseudomonas, Vibrio, E. coli, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Neisseriae that can infect the skin. It provides details on diseases associated with these bacteria and their characteristics, transmission, pathogenesis and symptoms.
CAMPYLOBACTER & HELICOBACTER (Curved Gram-Negative Rods affecting the GIT)Syeda Maryam
In this presentation, I have discussed the following topics:
Curved Gram-Negative Rods affecting the GIT
CAMPYLOBACTER
HELICOBACTER
ENTEROCOLITIS
Guillain-barre Syndrome
Important Properties of these bacteria
their Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention.
MALT lymphomas
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas
Gastric carcinoma
Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram positive coccus that forms chains and causes beta hemolysis on blood agar. It is classified by Lancefield grouping based on cell wall carbohydrates and Griffith typing based on M proteins. S. pyogenes causes respiratory, skin, and genital infections and can lead to post-streptococcal sequelae like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Penicillin is usually the treatment of choice.
The document discusses various bacterial diseases categorized by pathogenic bacteria, symptoms caused, and mechanisms of infection. Key points include:
1) Common bacterial infections in children include those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b, which can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other diseases.
2) Sexually transmitted diseases discussed are gonorrhea (caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae), chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi), granuloma inguinale, and syphilis (Treponema pallidum).
3) Enteropathogenic bacteria like Salmonella, Shigella,
This document discusses various fungal infections that can affect the oral cavity and respiratory tract, including candidiasis, aspergillosis, and zygomycosis. It describes the characteristics and morphology of fungi, including molds, yeasts, dimorphic fungi. It then covers the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of the main opportunistic fungal infections.
Foot rot is an anaerobic infection of the soft tissues between the toes in cattle, sheep, and goats that causes lameness. In cattle, it is caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, while in sheep it is caused by a combination of Bacteroides nodosus and F. necrophorum. The disease is common worldwide and is transmitted between animals through discharges from infected feet. Clinical signs include lameness, fever, and lesions in the interdigital space. Treatment involves systemic and topical antibiotics, cleaning and dressing wounds, and maintaining clean dry living conditions to control spread.
This document discusses various diseases that affect the respiratory systems of sheep and goats, with a focus on pneumonia. It provides information on the causative agents of pneumonia including bacteria like Pasteurella haemolytica and Mannheimia haemolytica, viruses, parasites, fungi and other factors. The clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and control of pneumonia are outlined. Pneumonia can cause high fever, cough, nasal discharge and respiratory distress in affected animals. Post-mortem examination and laboratory testing are used to diagnose the condition and identify the specific pathogen. Antibiotics and addressing predisposing stress factors are used to treat pneumonia in sheep and goats.
This document describes Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax. It is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus. Anthrax primarily infects herbivores through ingestion, and humans can become infected through contact with infected animals or their products. The bacterium produces an antiphagocytic capsule and lethal toxin. Anthrax infection can occur cutaneously, through inhalation, or gastrointestinal transmission. Treatment involves antibiotics, and vaccines can provide immunity. Control relies on proper disposal of infected carcasses and decontamination of animal products.
Actinomycetes and Nocardia, Bacteria but similar to fungi usually because of its morphological feature of forming a branching filament network, causing Actinomycosis, Actinomycetoma, Farmer's Lung, etc. Demonstrated under microscope by Gram's stain and ZN staining. Cultured on BHI and Thioglycolate broth. Characteristically produce Supher granules. Penicillin is the drug of choice in allergic to penicillin can be replaced by Erythromycin or Tetracycline. In worst cases surgical removal of affected tissue required.
Staphylococcal skin infections by dr, Hari dagalHari dagal
Streptococcal cellulitis. Streptococcal cellulitis, an acute spreading inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, usually results from infection of burns, wounds, or surgical incisions, but may also follow mild trauma. Clinical findings include local pain, tenderness, swelling, and erythema.
This document discusses Gram positive bacilli including Corynebacterium and Listeria. It focuses on Corynebacterium diphtheriae, providing details on its morphology, culture characteristics, virulence factors causing diphtheria, clinical manifestations of disease, diagnosis and prevention through vaccination. It also briefly discusses Listeria monocytogenes and its ability to cause neonatal meningitis through contaminated food consumption by the mother.
This document summarizes key information about various Streptococcus bacteria. It describes their morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical properties, pathogenic species and diseases caused. Streptococcus pyogenes, pneumoniae, viridans and faecalis are discussed in detail, outlining their laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Classification systems for streptococci include Lancefield grouping and hemolytic reactions on blood agar. Streptococcus pyogenes produces various virulence factors and causes impetigo, pharyngitis, and rheumatic fever. Pneumoniae commonly colonizes the nasopharynx and can lead to pneumonia or otitis media.
The document discusses fungal infections, with a focus on Candida infections. It describes how Candida infections are classified based on location and epidemiology. Common types include mucocutaneous infections, which affect the skin and mucous membranes, and deep organ infections. Risk factors for Candida infections include HIV/AIDS, antibiotics, steroids, diabetes, and malnutrition. Clinical manifestations vary depending on infection location and can include oral thrush, vaginal infections, skin infections, and deep organ infections affecting organs like the liver, kidneys, heart and brain. Diagnosis involves visualizing Candida in samples through staining techniques. Treatment depends on infection severity and location, but may include topical or oral antifungal medications like a
Systemic mycosis refers to fungal infections that affect internal organs. Coccidioidomycosis is an infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Coccidioidomycosis immitis, which lives in alkaline soil. It is transmitted through inhalation of dust from infected soil and causes a primary infection in the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include fever, chest pain, cough, and weight loss. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining clinical samples microscopically for the presence of spherules and endospores or culturing the fungus from samples on agar plates. The infection is endemic in certain desert regions of the Americas.
Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram positive, spherical bacterium that grows in chains and causes a variety of infections in humans. It is aerobic and facultative anaerobic, growing best at 32°C. On blood agar medium, it forms small, transparent colonies showing alpha hemolysis. It is an important pathogen causing suppurative infections like tonsillitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, and erysipelas as well as non-suppurative complications like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture, microscopy showing gram positive cocci in chains, and biochemical tests. Treatment is with penicillin or other antibiotics.
This document provides information on Corynebacterium, including Corynebacterium diphtheriae which causes diphtheria. It discusses the morphology, cultural characteristics, biotypes, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, complications, laboratory diagnosis and epidemiology of C. diphtheriae. The key points are that C. diphtheriae is a gram-positive bacillus that produces a powerful exotoxin causing diphtheria, a serious infection of the upper respiratory tract, and immunization is important for control of the disease.
The presentation includes information about bacteria Bacillus anthracis like its structure, characters, infection, life cycle, pathogenicity and diseases caused by it which is Anthrax. It includes information about types of anthrax, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
This document discusses fractures of the acetabulum, or hip socket. It describes the different patterns of acetabular fractures including anterior wall, anterior column, posterior wall, posterior column, and transverse column fractures. Emergency treatment involves reducing dislocations and applying skeletal traction. Non-operative treatments include walking aids, positioning aids, and medications. Operative treatments include open reduction and internal fixation or total hip replacement, performed a few days later once the patient is stable. Complications can include iliofemoral venous thrombosis, sciatic nerve injury, heterotopic bone formation, avascular necrosis, and secondary osteoarthritis.
Abnormal uterine bleeding can be caused by systemic conditions, pregnancy disorders, ovarian and adnexal disorders, or uterine disorders. The most common causes in women aged 12-18 are polymenorrhagia (heavy periods), menometrorrhagia (heavy periods and bleeding between periods), and polymenorrhoea (frequent periods with short cycle length). A chart shows the percentage of different types of abnormal uterine bleeding in that age range.
Paraphilias are recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges or behaviors involving non-consensual or unlawful activities. Common paraphilias include pedophilia, voyeurism and exhibitionism. They are caused by biological and behavioral factors like genetics, early life experiences, mental disorders and substance abuse. Paraphilias are difficult to treat and people with paraphilias rarely seek treatment due to guilt and shame. Treatments include psychotherapy, medication, and in severe cases, surgery. Studies show paraphilias are more common in psychiatric patients than previously thought but often go undetected and untreated. Long-term medical treatment of paraphilias can have side effects like bone loss that require monitoring
Peptic ulcer disease is defined as erosions in the gastric or duodenal mucosa that extend through the muscularis mucosae. Lifetime prevalence of peptic ulcer disease is 10% of Americans. Common causes include H. pylori infection, NSAID use, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, upper endoscopy with biopsy, and tests for H. pylori. Treatment focuses on eradicating H. pylori, reducing acid with PPIs, and lifestyle changes. Complications include bleeding, perforation, and gastric outlet obstruction.
This document discusses viral infections that can cause oral lesions. It describes several human herpes viruses (HHV), including HHV-1 which causes herpetic gingivostomatitis, and HHV-4 which is associated with oral hairy leukoplakia. It also discusses human papillomavirus (HPV) and its links to oral warts, condyloma, and cancer. Other viruses mentioned include Coxsackie virus which can cause hand, foot and mouth disease, as well as mumps virus, measles virus, and rubella virus, and the oral lesions they may produce. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, laboratory tests, and biopsy, while treatment focuses on antiviral medications
Intussusception is the invagination of one part of the intestine into another. It most commonly occurs in infants and children between 6 months and 2 years of age. Ultrasound is the preferred method of diagnosis as it can clearly visualize the "coiled-spring" or "bull's-eye" pattern of intussusception. Non-operative reduction using hydrostatic or pneumatic enema under fluoroscopic or ultrasound guidance is the first-line treatment and has high success rates of 80-95%. Surgical intervention is needed if non-operative reduction fails or if there is evidence of intestinal ischemia or perforation.
Rubella, also known as German measles, is generally a mild viral illness that is often asymptomatic in children but can cause serious birth defects if contracted during pregnancy. It spreads through respiratory droplets. While rubella itself is usually not serious, infection during the first trimester of pregnancy can lead to congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus, causing defects such as deafness, heart problems, and cataracts. The rubella virus was isolated in 1962. An attenuated vaccine was developed in 1967 and is included in the routine MMR vaccine for children, helping to control outbreaks and prevent congenital rubella syndrome through herd immunity.
Viral infections of oral cavity - Dr. Abhishek SolankiAbhishek Solanki
This document discusses various viral infections including herpes simplex virus, varicella, herpes zoster, infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus, enteroviruses, rubeola, rubella, mumps, and human immunodeficiency virus. It provides details on the causative viruses, clinical manifestations, histopathological features, diagnosis and treatment of each infection. Complications are also mentioned for some viruses. Classification systems for HIV infected patients based on CD4 count and clinical categories are summarized.
This document provides information on the enteric bacilli Salmonella typhi. It describes S. typhi as a gram-negative facultative anaerobe that causes the systemic disease typhoid fever. The document outlines the clinical symptoms of typhoid fever such as sustained fever, headache and abdominal issues. It discusses the virulence factors that allow S. typhi to cause disease, including its ability to invade non-phagocytic cells and inhibit the immune response. Prevention is focused on proper sanitation and hygiene to avoid contamination of food and water from human feces carrying the bacteria.
This document discusses Streptococcus bacteria, including Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep). Key points:
- S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive coccus that forms chains and produces beta hemolysis on blood agar. It requires enriched media and is a facultative anaerobe.
- Virulence factors include M protein, streptokinase, hyaluronidase, and pyrogenic exotoxins. M protein determines serotype and virulence. Exotoxins cause scarlet fever rash and toxic shock syndrome.
- Diseases include pharyngitis, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis, rheumatic fever, glomerul
Rickettsia are obligate intracellular bacteria that are transmitted to humans through arthropod bites such as ticks, lice, fleas, and mites. They infect endothelial cells and cause vasculitis. There are three main groups - epidemic typhus group, scrub typhus group, and spotted fever group. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted by ticks. It presents with acute fever, rash, and potentially life-threatening complications if not treated promptly with doxycycline or chloramphenicol. Laboratory diagnosis involves serologic tests to detect antibodies. Prevention involves avoiding tick and insect bites.
This document provides information on the non-spore-forming gram-positive bacillus Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria. It discusses the organism's properties, biotypes, modes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical findings, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diphtheria. It also briefly summarizes Listeria monocytogenes and some spore-forming gram-positive bacilli including Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridium difficile.
This document provides information about various staining techniques used in microbiology and pathology. Periodic acid-Schiff staining is used to demonstrate glycogen by oxidizing tissue sections with periodic acid to form aldehyde groups, which are then detected by Schiff reagent to produce a colored product. Mucicarmine staining can also aid in identifying Cryptococcus neoformans fungus due to its mucin capsule staining. Ziehl-Neelsen staining uses an acid-fast dye to identify acid-fast organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
This document provides information on skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). It discusses the difference between uncomplicated and complicated SSTIs, giving examples of each. It also provides short notes on specific SSTIs including impetigo, bullous impetigo, erysipelas, and cellulitis. The document further discusses the typical bacterial causes of various SSTIs and treatment approaches.
This document provides information on Neisseria meningitidis, the bacteria that causes meningococcal meningitis. It describes the morphology and virulence factors of N. meningitidis, including its capsular polysaccharide and outer membrane proteins. The epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of meningococcal meningitis are discussed in detail. Serious complications like meningococcemia and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome are also summarized.
Gram positive bacteria include cocci like Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, as well as rods like Bacillus. Major pathogens in the genus Staphylococcus include Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci like S. epidermidis. S. aureus is a major human pathogen capable of causing skin infections like boils and abscesses, as well as toxin-mediated diseases like food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome due to virulence factors like coagulase and various toxins. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are generally opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised individuals.
This document summarizes key information about various Streptococcus bacteria. It describes their morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical properties, pathogenic species and diseases caused. Streptococcus pyogenes, pneumoniae, viridans and faecalis are discussed in detail, outlining their laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Classification systems for streptococci include Lancefield grouping and hemolytic reactions on blood agar. Streptococcus pyogenes produces various virulence factors and causes impetigo, pharyngitis, and rheumatic fever. Pneumoniae commonly colonizes the nasopharynx and can lead to pneumonia or otitis media.
This document discusses several common zoonotic diseases including their causative agents, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms, and methods of diagnosis and treatment. Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis and transmitted via flea bites, presenting as bubonic, pneumonic, or septicemic plague. Tularemia caused by Francisella tularensis is transmitted by ticks or infected animals and presents as ulceroglandular or typhoidal disease. Lyme disease, caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, causes an erythema migrans rash and can lead to joint, heart, or neurological involvement.
M. tuberculosis and M. leprae are acid-fast bacilli that cause tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively. M. tuberculosis was discovered in 1882 and is transmitted through droplets. It has a cell wall containing mycolic acids and is a slow growing obligate aerobe. Laboratory diagnosis involves acid-fast staining of samples from sputum or tissues, as well as culturing on media like LJ. Treatment uses multi-drug therapy including isoniazid and rifampin. M. leprae causes a chronic granulomatous disease affecting skin and nerves. It is not cultivable but can be propagated in animals. Classification systems include tuberculoid, lepromatous, and
openings allow microbial colonization of the central nervous systemRotRot8
Therefore, the CNS is an arsenic environment-it has no normal microbiota.
Pathogens may access the CNS
through breaks in the bones and meninges,
Through medical procedures such as spinal taps, or by traveling via axonal transport in peripheral neurons in the CNS.
This document discusses histoplasmosis, an infection caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. The fungus lives in soil containing bird or bat droppings. There are two main types - pulmonary histoplasmosis, which occurs when the fungus is inhaled, and disseminated histoplasmosis, which spreads from the lungs. Symptoms can include fever, cough, fatigue and chest pain. Diagnosis involves examining samples under a microscope for the yeast cells or culturing samples. Treatment uses antifungal medications such as itraconazole or amphotericin B, depending on severity.
This document discusses histoplasmosis, an infection caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. The fungus lives in soil containing bird or bat droppings. There are two main types - pulmonary histoplasmosis, which occurs when the fungus is inhaled, and disseminated histoplasmosis, which spreads from the lungs. Symptoms can include fever, cough, fatigue and chest pain. Diagnosis involves examining samples under a microscope for the yeast cells or culturing samples. Treatment uses antifungal medications such as itraconazole or amphotericin B, depending on severity.
Staphylococcus is a common cause of skin infections and abscesses. S. aureus produces several virulence factors like coagulase, lipases, and toxins that allow it to infect humans and cause diseases ranging from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions like toxic shock syndrome. S. aureus infections are of particular concern in hospitals due to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains. Proper hand hygiene and isolation of infected patients are important for controlling the spread of Staphylococcus in healthcare settings.
This document provides information on smallpox, chickenpox, and their prevention. It discusses the organisms that cause smallpox and chickenpox, their transmission and symptoms. Key factors that led to the successful eradication of smallpox through the WHO vaccination campaign are outlined. Differences between smallpox and chickenpox are highlighted.
Bacterial pathogens and associated diseases- I.pdfHhGk
This document summarizes bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. It discusses their structure, pathogenicity, diseases caused, and treatment. For Staphylococcus, it describes species S. aureus and S. epidermidis, how they evade the immune system through proteins and capsules, and diseases like food poisoning, skin infections, pneumonia. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is a major problem. For Streptococcus, it focuses on Group A Streptococcus including S. pyogenes, how they adhere and evade phagocytosis through M protein and hyaluronic acid capsule. Diseases include strep throat, scarlet fever, and skin infections. Proper hygiene and vaccination
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia pseudomallei are opportunistic pathogens found in soil and water. P. aeruginosa commonly causes hospital-acquired infections while B. pseudomallei causes melioidosis. P. aeruginosa produces virulence factors like exotoxins and enzymes that damage host cells. B. pseudomallei commonly presents as pneumonia or sepsis with metastatic abscesses. Diagnosis involves culture and serology, and treatment requires prolonged courses of antibiotics like meropenem, ceftazidime, or co-trimoxazole.
Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes trachoma, a leading cause of preventable blindness, as well as sexually transmitted diseases like pelvic inflammatory disease; it has a unique developmental cycle alternating between infectious elementary bodies and metabolically active reticulate bodies; symptoms can range from eye infections to urethritis and proctitis depending on the Chlamydia species.
This document provides an overview of various pediatric diseases and conditions organized into sections on neonatology, infectious diseases, and specific infections. Key points include:
- Vernix caseosa and lanugo hair are normal newborn skin features providing lubrication and protection. Necrotizing enterocolitis is a serious intestinal infection of preterm infants treated with bowel rest and antibiotics or surgery.
- Common bacterial infections like GABHS can cause pharyngitis, scarlet fever, or rheumatic fever. Diphtheria causes membrane formation and potential cardiac/neurologic complications.
- Viral infections like measles cause a rash and can lead to pneumonia or encephalitis. Congen
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
18. Biology, Virulence, and Disease
Virulence factors include
• structural components that facilitate adherence to host tissues
and avoid phagocytosis
• a variety of toxins and hydrolytic enzymes
Diseases include
• toxin-mediated diseases (food poisoning, TSS, scalded skin
syndrome),
• pyogenic diseases (impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles,
wound infections)
• other systemic diseases
Hospital- and community-acquired infections with MRSA
are a significant worldwide problem.
19. Morphology
• Gram-positive cocci
• Nonmotile, nonsporing
• Noncapsulated
• Contain a microcapsule, which can be visualized by
electron microscope only, but not by a light microscope.
• The cocci are typically arranged in irregular grape-like
clusters.
• In smears taken from pus, the cocci are present either
singly or in pairs, in clusters, or in short chains of three or
four cells.
20. Virulence factors & Biological functions
Cell wall associated polymers and proteins
• Peptidoglycan- Inhibits chemotaxis of inflammatory cells
• Capsular polysaccharide- Inhibits phagocytosis and chemotaxis
• Teichoic acid- Mediates attachment of staphylococci to mucosal cell
• Protein A- Chemotactic, anticomplementary, and antiphagocytic; causes
platelet injury; and elicits hypersensitivity reactions
Enzymes
• Coagulase -The enzyme coats the bacterial cells with fibrin, rendering
them resistant to opsonization and phagocytosis
• Catalase -Produces nascent oxygen which causes oxidative damage to
host tissue
• Hyaluronidase- Hydrolyzes hyaluronic acids present in the matrix of the
connective tissues, thereby facilitating the spread of bacteria in the
tissues
• Penicillinase - Inactivates penicillins
• Nuclease - Hydrolyzes DNA
• Lipases- Hydrolyzes lipids
21. Virulence factors & Biological functions
Toxins
• Toxic shock syndrome toxin- Superantigen, stimulates
the release of large amount of interleukins (IL-1 and IL-2)
• Enterotoxin- Superantigen, acts by producing large
amounts of interleukins (IL-1 and IL-2)
• Exfoliative toxin- Splits intercellular bridges in the
stratum granulosum of epidermis of the skin
• Leukocidin toxin -Leukolysin is thermostable and causes
lysis of leukocytes
• Hemolysin- Causes lysis of erythrocytes
22. Epidemiology
• Normal flora on human skin and mucosal surfaces
• Organisms can survive on dry surfaces for long periods
• Person-to-person spread through direct contact or exposure to
contaminated fomites (e.g., bed linens, clothing)
• Risk factors include
• presence of a foreign body (e.g., splinter, suture, prosthesis, catheter),
• previous surgical procedure,
• use of antibiotics that suppress the normal microbial flora
• Patients at risk for specific diseases include
• infants (scalded skin syndrome),
• young children with poor personal hygiene (impetigo and other cutaneous
infections),
• menstruating women (TSS),
• patients with intravascular catheters (bacteremia and endocarditis) or shunts
(meningitis)
• patients with compromised pulmonary function or an antecedent viral respiratory
infection
• MRSA now the most common cause of communityacquired skin and soft-
tissue infections
23. • S. aureus causes disease through the production of toxins
or through the direct invasion and destruction of tissue.
• The clinical manifestations of some staphylococcal
diseases are almost exclusively the result of toxin activity
• SSSS
• staphylococcal food poisoning
• TSS
• other diseases result from the proliferation of the
organisms, leading to abscess formation and tissue
destruction
24. Staphylococcal Scalded Skin
Syndrome
• is characterized by the abrupt onset of a localized perioral
erythema (redness and inflammation around the mouth)
that spreads over the entire body within 2 days
• Slight pressure displaces the skin (a positive Nikolsky
sign), and large bullae or cutaneous blisters form soon
thereafter, followed by desquamation of the epithelium.
• The blisters contain clear fluid but no organisms or
leukocytes, a finding consistent with the fact that the
disease is caused by the bacterial toxin.
• The epithelium becomes intact again within 7 to 10 days,
when antibodies against
• the toxin appear
25.
26. Treatment, Prevention, and Control
• Localized infections managed by incision and drainage;
antibiotic therapy indicated for systemic infections
• Empiric therapy should include antibiotics active against
MRSA strains
• Oral therapy
• Treatment is symptomatic for patients with food poisoning
(although the source of infection should be identified so
that appropriate preventive procedures can be enacted)
• Proper cleansing of wounds and use of disinfectant help
prevent infections
• Thorough hand washing and covering of exposed skin
helps medical personnel prevent infection or spread to
other patients
27. Bullous impetigo
• Is a localized form of SSSS.
• In this syndrome, specific strains of toxin-producing S.
aureus are associated with the formation of superficial
skin blisters.
• The disease occurs primarily in infants and young children
and is highly communicable.
33. Clinical manifestation
• After incubation period, onset of high fever (usually not
infectious)
• Malaise, prostration with headache and backache
• Rash develops 1-2 days later (infectious)
• First appears on tongue, mouth, oropharynx
• Spreads to face, forearms 2-3 days later
• Finally appears on trunk and legs
• Rash becomes vesicular then pustular
• Most infectious from rash onset to first 7-10 days of rash
• Death from smallpox occurs in 2nd week of illness due to
toxemia
34. Smallpox Rash
• Stages of rash: maculopapular → vesicular → pustular
• Smallpox rash has centrifugal distribution (i.e., most
dense on face, then extremities)
• Synchronous lesions (appear during a 1-2 day period
and evolve at the same rate)
42. • Virus contact w/ mucosa of RT ,conjuctiva
• Enters blood stream and lymphatic system to RES
• After 11-13 DAYS,secondary viremia occurs
• Spreads through the body and skin
PATHOGENESIS
varicella zoster virus infection
43. • Migrates along the sensory nerve fibers to cranial nerve
ganglia (latent)
• Reactivation- virus replicates and spreads along nerve
fiber to skin -> shingles
46. Pseudomonas
• family pseudomonadaceae
• obligatory aerobic
• non-fermentative
• oxidase-positive
• motile by presence of one or two flagella
• ubiquitous bacteria, primarily saprophytic
48. Unfortunately, they are also found…
• throughout the hospital environment
• in moist reservoirs
• food
• cut flowers
• sinks
• toilets
• floor mops
• respiratory therapy and dialysis equipment
• even in disinfectant solutions
49. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• P. aeruginosa is the most important species associated
with human infection. It is a most common human
saprophyte, but it rarely causes disease in healthy
individuals. P. aeruginosa causes most of human
infections in immunocompromised human host.
50. Structure
• straight or slightly curved
• gram-negative bacillus
• 0.5–1.0 1.5–5.0 μm in size
• arranged singly, in pairs, or in short chains
• is motile by the presence of a polar flagellum
• strains may possess two or three polar flagella
51. Physiology
• aerobic respiration-utilizes CH
• the presence of cytochrome oxidase in is used to
differentiate them from the Enterobacteriaceae and
Stenotrophomonas
• Some species produce diffusible pigments that give
them a characteristic appearance in culture and simplify
the preliminary identification.
52. Virulence Factors
• Toxins
• exotoxin A, and exotoxins S and T
• Enzymes
• elastase, alkaline protease, phospholipase C, and rhamnolipid
• Cell wall components
• pili, loose slime layer, LPS, and pyocyanin
53. Cell Wall Components and Antigenic
Structure
• Pili - Adhesion of the bacteria to the epithelial cells
• Slime layer-protects the bacteria from phagocytosis and
against activity of many antibiotics, such as
aminoglycosides
• Capsule - inhibits antibiotics killing of the bacteria
• Lipopolysaccharide - endotoxic activity, sepsis
• Pyocyanin - Causes tissue damage, inflammation
54. Toxins
• Exotoxin A
• one of the most important virulence factor produced by P.
aeruginosa.
• like the diphtheria toxin
• acts by preventing synthesis of proteins in eukaryotic cells.
• is less potent than diphtheria toxin.
• is responsible for causing tissue damage in chronic pulmonary
infection, dermatonecrosis in burns wound, and destruction of
cornea in ocular infection
• also causes suppression of immunity in the infected host
55. Toxins
• Exotoxins S and T
• show adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase activity
• these toxins are believed to facilitate spread of bacteria and
invasion of tissues followed by necrosis by causing damage in the
epithelial cells.
56. Enzymes
• Elastase
• serine protease (LasA)
• zinc metalloprotease (LasB)
• destroy elastin present in elastin-containing tissues
• cause damage in parenchymal tissues of the lung and
produce hemorrhagic lesions
• facilitate spread of infection and damage of tissues in
acute infections (by degrading complement, chemotaxis)
57. Enzymes
• Alkaline protease
• responsible for destruction of tissue
• interferes with immune response of the host.
• Phospholipase C
• is a heat-labile hemolysin
• contributes to tissue destruction by breaking down lipids and
lecithin.
• Rhamnolipid
• is a heat-stable hemolysin
• contributes to breaking down of lecithin-containing tissues
58. • The most recognized are infections of burn wounds
• Colonization of a burn wound, followed by
• localized vascular damage
• tissue necrosis
• and ultimately
• The moist surface of the burn and inability of neutrophils
to penetrate into the wounds predispose patients to such
infections.
• Wound management with topical antibiotic creams
59.
60. • Folliculitis is another common infection which result from
immersion in contaminated water.
• Secondary infections with Pseudomonas also occur in
people who have acne or who depilate their legs.
• P. aeruginosa can cause fingernail infections in people
whose hands are frequently exposed to water or frequent
“nail salons.”
65. Transmission
• Initially colonizes skin
and pharynx
• Person-to-person
spread
-Strains that cause skin
infections are spread via
skin contact
-Strains that cause
respiratory infections are
spread via respiratory
droplets
• The
immunucompromised
are especially
susceptible
http://www.cellsalive.ne
66. History of serotyping
• In 1928, Rebecca Lancefield published a method for
serotyping S. pyogenes based on its M protein, a
virulence factor displayed on its surface.
• In 1946, Lancefield described the serologic classification
of S. pyogenes isolates based on their surface T antigen.
• Four of the 20 T antigens have been revealed to be pili,
which are used by bacteria to attach to host cells.
• Over 220 M serotypes and about 20 T serotypes are
known
67.
68.
69. Capsule: antiphagocytosis. The capsule of group A
streptococci is composed of hyaluronic acid.
Group-specific cell wall antigen (Lancefield group
A)
Carbohydrate
A dimer of N-acetylglucosamine and rhamnose.
M protein: interfere with phagocytosis.
Lipoteichoic acid: binds to epithelial cells.
Protein F: a major adhesin of S. pyogenes, binding
with fibronectin.
70. Streptokinase (fibrinolysin)
Can lyse blood clots and may be responsible for the
rapid spread of the organism.
Used (IV injection) for treatment of pulmonary emboli,
coronary artery thrombosis and venous thrombosis.
Streptodornase (DNases A to D)
Decreases viscosity of DNA suspension. A mixture
of this and streptokinase is used in enzymatic debridement-
liquifies exudates and facilitates removal of pus and necrotic
tissue.
Hyaluronidase (spreading factor):
Destroys connective tissue and aids in spreading
infecting bacteria.
C5a peptidase
Prevents streptococci from C5a-mediated
recruitment and activation of phagocytes, and is important for
survival of S. pyogenes in tissue and blood.
71. Hemolysins
Streptolysin O: O2-labile; causes hemolysis
deep in blood agar plates. ASO
(antistreptolysin O) titer >160-200 units
suggests recent infection or exaggerated
immune response to an earlier respiratory
infection. However, skin infection does not
induce ASO.
Streptolysin S: O2-stable. Causes b-
hemolysis on the surface of blood agar
plates. Cell-bound, not antigenic. Produced
in the presence of serum. Kills phagocytes
by releasing the lysosomal contents after
engulfment.
73. Adherence to the epithelial cells
Invasion into the epithelial cells
mediated by M protein and protein F
important for persistent infections and invasion into
deep tissues
Avoiding opsonization and phagocytosis
M protein, M-like proteins, and C5a peptidase
Producing enzymes and toxins
74. Laboratory
DiagnosisSmears: useful for soft tissue infections or
pyoderma, but not for respiratory infections.
Antigen detection tests: commercial kits for rapid
detection of group A streptococcal antigen from
throat swabs.
Detection of group A streptococci by molecular
methods: PCR assay for pharyngeal specimens.
Culture: Specimens are cultured on blood agar
plates in air. Antibiotics may be added to inhibit
growth of contaminating bacteria.
Identification: serological and biochemical tests.
Antibody detection
ASO titration for respiratory infections.
Anti-DNase B and antihyaluronidase titration
for skin infections.
75. Treatment
• Penicillin
• Interferes with the
synthesis of a
peptide in the
bacterial cell wall
• Clindamycin
• Inhibits RNA-
dependent protein
synthesis
• Vancomycin
• For people allergic to
penicillin
• Vaccines
http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AE
“Staphylococcus aureus growth
is inhibited in the area
surrounding the invading
penicillin-secreting Penicillium
mold colony.”
78. Streptococcus agalactiae
• Physiology and
Structure
Gram (+)
streptococci
Facultative anaerobe
β –hemolytic (1-2%
are nonhemolytic)
Classified by B
antigen
79. S. agalactiae
• contains type-specific capsular polysaccharides
which is the most important virulence factor
• can induce protective antibodies
• may colonize at lower gastrointestinal tract and
genitourinary tract
80. Epidemiology
• Site of colonization:
Lower gastrointestinal tract
Genitourinary tract
• 10% to 30% of pregnant women are carriers.
• 60% of infants born to colonized mothers
become infected with mothers’ organisms.
81. Clinical Diseases
• Pregnant women – UTI’s
• Infections in Men and Non-pregnant women:
• Generally older and/or compromised immunity
• Common infections:
Bacteremia
Pneumonia
Bone and joint infections
Skin and soft-tissue infections
82.
83. Streptococcus agalactiae
• Diagnosis
• Culturing
• Antigen Detection
• DNA (PCR) test
• Treatment
• Penicillin G
• Pregnant women are
give IV 4 hours before
delivery
85. •Clostridium perfringens, a gram-
positive endospore-forming
bacterium. The spores of these
species can be found in soil, on
human skin, and in the human
intestine and vagina.
86. Pathogenesis
• Because clostridia are not highly invasive,
infection requires damaged or dead tissue,
which supplies growth factors, and an anaerobic
environment. The low-oxygen environment
results from an interrupted blood supply and the
presence of aerobic bacteria, which deplete
oxygen. Such conditions stimulate spore
germination, rapid vegetative growth in the dead
tissue, and release of exotoxins. C. perfringens
produces several active exotoxins; the most
potent one, alpha toxin, causes red blood cell
rupture, edema, and tissue destruction.
94. Unique Features of Herpesviruses
• Large, enveloped capsids containing double-stranded
DNA genomes
• Herpesviruses encode many proteins that manipulate the
host cell and immune response.
• Virus is released by exocytosis, cell lysis, and through
cell-to-cell bridges.
• Herpesviruses can cause lytic, persistent, latent, and (for
Epstein-Barr virus) immortalizing infections.
• Herpesviruses are ubiquitous.
• Cell-mediated immunity is required for control.
95. HUMAN HERPESVIRUSES 6
• Members of the genus Roseolovirus of the subfamily
Betaherpesvirinae
• HHV-6 is lymphotropic and ubiquitous.
• At least 45% of the population is seropositive for HHV-6
by age 2 years, and almost 100% by adulthood.
• In 1988, HHV-6 was serologically associated with a
common disease of children, exanthem subitum,
commonly known as roseola.
96. Pathogenesis and Immunity
• HHV-6 infection occurs very early in life.
• The virus replicates in the salivary gland, is shed, and
transmitted in saliva.
• HHV-6 primarily infects lymphocytes, especially CD4 T
cells.
• HHV-6 establishes a latent infection in T cells and
monocytes but may replicate on activation of the cells.
• Similar to CMV, the virus is likely to become activated in
patients with AIDS or other lymphoproliferative and
immunosuppressive disorders and cause opportunistic
disease.
97. Clinical Syndromes
• Exanthem subitum, or roseola, is caused by either HHV-
6B or HHV-7
• rapid onset of high fever of a few days’ duration
• rash on the trunk and face
• spreads and lasts only 24 to 48 hours
• HHV-6 may also cause a mononucleosis syndrome and
lymphadenopathy in adults and may be a cofactor in the
pathogenesis of AIDS.
• Similar to CMV, HHV-6 may reactivate in transplant
patients and contribute to the failure of the graft.
• multiple sclerosis and chronic fatigue syndrome.
103. Life cycle
• Replication is slow with a latency period 8-12 hours
• 12-16 hours : structural proteins appears
• Peak viral 36-48 hours
• Rash appears: 16-20 days
104.
105. Host defenses
• Neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies
• Cell-mediated immunity develop
• Reinfection can occur
114. Overview
• Measles, an acute infection caused by rubeola virus
• Measles (also called Rubeola-(from rubeolus, Latin for
reddish) ) is usually a disease of childhood (aged 3-10
years) and is followed by life-long immunity.
• Important cause of childhood mortality in developing
countries.
• Human is the natural host
116. Structure
• Pleomorphic spheres
• 100-250nm in diameter
• Single stranded RNA – 4.5 kDa
• Enveloped
• Hemagglutinin protein- binding virus to cell
• Fusion protein - viral penetration
117.
118. Replication cycle
• Adsoprtion to the cell surface: via Hemagglutinin ---
CD46 molecule.
• Penetrates the cell surface and uncoats
• Virion RNA polymerase transcribes the negative-strand
genome to mRNA
• Specific viral proteins are formed
• Assembly to helical nucleocapsid
• Release of virus by budding
119. Pathogenesis
• Measles virus invades the cells lining the upper
respiratory tracts
• After 2-3 days of replication in these sites, a primary
viraemia widens the infection to the reticuloendothelial
system where further replication takes place.
• Secondary viraemia occurs and the virus enters skin,
conjunctivae, respiratory tract and other organs, including
the spleen, thymus, lung, liver, and kidney and further
replication occurs.
• Appearances of rash: (because of cytotoxic T cells attacks
measles virus infected vascular endothelial cells in the
skin).
• Formation of Multinucleated giant cells
122. Clinical Manifestation
• Coryza
• Conjunctivitis
• Fever
• Rash
• The typical maculopapular rash appears 1 to 3 days later.
• Complications include otitis, pneumonia, and encephalitis.
• Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a rare late
sequela.