The skeletal system protects and supports the body through its 206 bones and over 200 joints. It also produces blood cells and stores minerals. Muscles are the actuators of the musculoskeletal system and account for 36-45% of body weight. Tendons connect muscles to bones. Synovial joints contain synovial fluid that lubricates and protects bones. Common types include ball-and-socket, hinge, saddle, sliding, and pivot joints. Problems with bones and joints include fractures, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis. Artificial joints and implants are made from biocompatible materials like cobalt-chrome, titanium, and stainless steel alloys.

1. The Skeletal System

2. The Skeletal SystemRole of the skeletal systemProtectsSupportsMovementProduces blood cellsStores minerals

3. The Skeletal SystemThe human skeletal system normallyhas 206 boneshas over 200 articulations

5. The Muscular SystemMuscles – maintain posture, generate heat, provide driving force for movementMuscles are the actuators of the musculoskeletal system.

6. The Muscular SystemThe human muscular system normallyhas approximately 640 skeletal musclesaccounts for 36 to 45% of total body weight.

7. Muscles and TendonsTendons connect muscles to boneTendons are strong elastic bands, like very stiff rubber bands.

9. Finger Flexor Pulleys

10. Biomechanics

11. Levers

12. Levers

13. Levers

14. Levers

15. What type of levers are these? Draw diagrams showing the pivot (fulcrum), the load and the effortSeesaw, nut cracker, scissors, stapler, wrench pliers, crowbar, tweezers.

16. Overview of the skeletal system

17. Synovial Joints

18. Synovial JointsSynovial joints contain synovial fluid which is secreted by the synovial membrane. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones.

19. CartilageCartilage is a tough and fibrous substance that is between bone ends in some joints. The cartilage allows the bones to move freely over each other, reducing friction and protecting the bone ends. Cartilage is thicker in the leg joints where the load is greater.

21. Types of Synovial JointsGive a brief description of the different types of synovial joints and identify their locationball and socket hingesaddleslidingpivot

22. https://sites.google.com/site/annesleymedical/

23. How is the robotic hand different from a human hand?

24. Ligaments

25. Ligamentsconnect bone to bone.ligaments are composed of strands of collagen fibres. are slightly stretchy, but are arranged in crossing patterns which prevents the joint itself to become loose.

26. BoneA bone is generally made up of two types of tissue: spongy bone and compact bone.

27. Compact boneprovides protection and support, and forms a hard, thin layer over the inner spongy bone. much denser than spongy bone

28. Spongy Bonevery porous and contains the bone marrow. soft and spongyit distributes and dissipates the energy transferred to it by compact bone.

29. HomeworkCheck the website, cut and paste

30. Problems with bones/joints

31. Fractures and breaks

32. Osteoarthritis A degradation of joints including cartilage and bone

33. OsteoporosisA decrease in bone mineral density – increases the risk of fractures.

34. Prevent OsteoporosisGet regular exerciseEat calcium rich foodGet enough vitamin DDon’t eat too much meat

35. Pins, screws and plates

36. Pins, screws and plates

37. Pins, screws and plates

38. Materialsvery strong - they must not break or even bend permanently under heavy loadnot too stiff – must have some givebiocompatible

39. MaterialsCobalt-Chrome alloys Titanium alloys Stainless Steel alloys

40. Materials

41. Joint replacementTotal knee prostheses have polyethylene joint surfaces.

42. Polyethylenesimilar density to living tissueit is relatively elasticit has a low coefficient of frictionwill not deform under stress.

43. Artificial Hip components 1. titanium femoral component, 2. polyethylene cup3. ceramic head 3. acrylic bone cement, and/or screws.

44. Treatment of finger arthritis.Joint replacement surgery is called joint arthroplasty.Silicone joints would be suitable substitutes for small joints in the fingers and toes because they can be made as strong and as flexible as natural joints. They are biocompatible, as they allow the flow of oxygen and do not react with living tissue.

46. When good hips go bad...within the first two years following implantation, 14 out of 165 patients of his who received the Durom hip replacement system had to undergo revision surgery to correct a failed device.