This document provides information about bones and joints for secondary school students. It defines various parts of bones like cartilage, compact bone, marrow cavity, periosteum, spongy bone, epiphysis, and diaphysis. It also includes a quiz with questions about the number of bones in the human body, which bone is the smallest and longest, and whether teeth are considered bones. The document then describes each part of the bone in more detail and provides diagrams to illustrate their locations and structures.

1. Secondary Two
Topic: Bones and Joints
Sub Topic: Bones

2. • Students will know and identify the various
parts of the bone

3. • Cartilage
• Compact bone
• Marrow cavity
• Periosteum
• Spongy bone
• Epiphysis
• Diaphysis

4. • One conversation
• Respect the questions asked
• Putting of palm on whiteboard
• Class too noisy and need to quieten
down

5. Trivial Time!
CLOSE all textbooks!

6. Question 1
How many bones are there in
an adult human skeleton?
206

7. Question 2
 Who has more bones? Adult or
newborn infant?
Newborn infant
 The skeleton of a newborn baby has approximately 300
different components, which are a mixture of bones and
cartilage. The cartilage eventually solidifies into bone in a
process called ossification — for example, the kneecaps of
newborns start off as cartilage and become bone in a few
years.
 Over time, the "extra" bones in infants fuse to form larger
bones, reducing the overall number of bones to 206 by
adulthood.

8. Question 3
Where can you find most of
your bones in the body?
Hands (27 each)
and
Legs (26 each)

9. Question 4
How many bones are there in
our skull?
8 pieces
(fused together)

10. Question 5
Which is the smallest bone in
the human skeleton?
Stape
(at the ear)

11. Question 6
Which is the longest bone in
the human skeleton?
Femur
(thigh bone, ~1/4 of body
height)

12. Question 7
Are the teeth part of the 206
bones?
No
(But our teeth are stronger
than our bones!)

13. Parts of a Bone
 Epiphysis
 Diaphysis (aka
Shaft)
 Cartilage
 Compact bone
 Marrow cavity
◦ Blood vessels
◦ Bone marrow
 Periosteum
 Spongy bone

14. Parts of a Bone (Overall)
 Epiphysis
◦ The end part of the
bone

15. Parts of a Bone (Overall)
 Diaphysis (aka
Shaft)
◦ It forms the main
length of the
bone.

16. Parts of a Bone (Cartilage)
 Cartilage
◦ The protective layer
that wraps around
the epiphysis
◦ Cushions the
rubbing action
between bones at
the joints

17. Parts of a Bone (Cartilage)
 Ways that cartilage
will be damaged:
◦ Direct impact;
◦ Wear and tear;
◦ Lack of exercise.
 Signs and
symptoms
◦ Swelling
◦ Stiffness at joint
◦ Range limitation

18. Parts of a Bone (Compact
Bone)
 Compact bone
◦ Thinnest part of
bone
◦ Hard and strong
◦ Forms main part of
bone
◦ Gets thicker with
training (i.e. better
protected from
injuries)

19. Parts of a Bone (Compact
Bone)

20. Parts of a Bone (Marrow
Cavity)
 Marrow cavity
◦ Soft yellow pulp
(consist of red and
yellow marrow)
◦ Yellow marrow
made of fats
◦ Red marrow
produces (red and
white) blood cells

21. Parts of a Bone (Periosteum)
 Periosteum
◦ Tough fibrous skin
◦ Underneath side
responsible for
bone growth
(sideward)
◦ The bone growth is
also responsible for
the repair of bone
when crack or
broken

22. Parts of a Bone (Spongy
Bone)
 Spongy bone
◦ Located inside the
epiphysis
◦ It is less dense as
compared to the
compact bone
◦ Hard, light and
strong
◦ Absorbs shock
◦ Contains red
marrow which
produces blood
cells

23. Parts of a Bone (Spongy
Bone)

24. Lets Recap!
• Cartilage
• Compact bone
• Marrow cavity
• Periosteum
• Spongy bone
• Epiphysis
• Diaphysis