The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Economics of production and egg quality characteristics of Layer Chickens Fed...AI Publications
The study evaluated the effect of prosopis africana seed coat meal (PASCM) on the economics of production and egg quality characteristics of three hundred (300) Nera brown layer chickens thatwere fed for 39 weeks. The birds were randomly allotted to 5 experimental diets with 3 replications of 20 birds each. The diets were formulated with the inclusion of PASCM at 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30% levels for treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively and the data collected were subjected to analysis of Variance in a completely randomized design. Results obtained showed that in the economics of egg production, egg/hen/day, egg sales/day (₦) and profit/day (₦) decreased with increased PASCM inclusion in the diets. While most of the egg quality parameters were affected (P < 0.05) by the dietary treatments, except egg weight, egg length, shell thickness and egg shape index. The economics of production and egg quality characteristics showed that 20% PASCM inclusion level resulted in optimum production and hence this level is recommended for adoption.
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
Comparative Effect of Some Proprietary Vitamins and Trace Mineral Mixtures on...iosrjce
The research study was carried out to evaluate the comparative effect of some proprietary
vitamins/trace mineral mixtures on the performance and egg quality of laying hens. Two hundred and fifty- six
fifty weeks old Yaffa strain laying birds were used. The birds were randomly allotted to four premixes fortified
experimental diets; PPGODOMIX, PPOMIX, PPROCHE and PPWRITEX with each diet containing isocaloric
and isoproteinous. Sixty four birds were randomly assigned to each of the dietary treatments. The birds were
further sub- divided into four replicates with sixteen birds per replicate. The four dietary treatments elicited no
significant (P>0.05) influence on the overall performance of birds. Percentage hen day egg production was
equally not significantly (P>0.05) affected by any of the dietary treatments examined. The average daily feed
intake was significantly (P<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) influenced by PPOMIX. Birds fed PPOMIX obtained a significantly (P<0.05) higher
value of egg weight, albumen weight and blood spot which were statistically similar to other experimental
premixes examined. The results generated from this study revealed that premix of similar profile will give
similar result which could be used to improve ration management towards enhanced feed utilization and egg
internal/external quality.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Performance, Egg Qualities, and Blood Parameters of Layers Fed Diets Containi...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the performance, egg qualities, and hematology of layers fed diets containing sun-dried sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). A total of 140 Isa brown point of lay birds, aged 20 weeks were used for the experiment. SOPM was incorporated to replace 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% maize. The birds were randomly assigned to the diets in a Completely Randomized Design; each diet group had 28 birds and 4 replicates with each replicate having 7 birds. Observed results showed that SOPM did not significantly (NS) (p>0.05) affect final weight and egg number. However, weight change, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, cost of 1 kg feed, and cost of feed consumed were significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments. Egg weight and egg length were significantly (P < 0.05) different, which ranged from 56.18 to 58.73 g and 3.74–4.17 cm, respectively. Shell thickness and egg width were NS (P > 0.05) influenced, and ranged from 0.80 to 0.84 and 2.63–2.71 cm, respectively. Internal egg parameters, i.e., yolk width, yolk height, albumin weight, albumin length, and yolk index were significantly (P < 0.05) affected. Hematological profile (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, lymphocyte, and neutrophil) of birds showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The study revealed that SOPM did not have an adverse effect on the performance of layers even at 40% replacement of maize while in lay. Its inclusion decreased the cost of feed linearly, did not compromise external and internal qualities of eggs or the health of the birds.
Economics of production and egg quality characteristics of Layer Chickens Fed...AI Publications
The study evaluated the effect of prosopis africana seed coat meal (PASCM) on the economics of production and egg quality characteristics of three hundred (300) Nera brown layer chickens thatwere fed for 39 weeks. The birds were randomly allotted to 5 experimental diets with 3 replications of 20 birds each. The diets were formulated with the inclusion of PASCM at 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30% levels for treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively and the data collected were subjected to analysis of Variance in a completely randomized design. Results obtained showed that in the economics of egg production, egg/hen/day, egg sales/day (₦) and profit/day (₦) decreased with increased PASCM inclusion in the diets. While most of the egg quality parameters were affected (P < 0.05) by the dietary treatments, except egg weight, egg length, shell thickness and egg shape index. The economics of production and egg quality characteristics showed that 20% PASCM inclusion level resulted in optimum production and hence this level is recommended for adoption.
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
Comparative Effect of Some Proprietary Vitamins and Trace Mineral Mixtures on...iosrjce
The research study was carried out to evaluate the comparative effect of some proprietary
vitamins/trace mineral mixtures on the performance and egg quality of laying hens. Two hundred and fifty- six
fifty weeks old Yaffa strain laying birds were used. The birds were randomly allotted to four premixes fortified
experimental diets; PPGODOMIX, PPOMIX, PPROCHE and PPWRITEX with each diet containing isocaloric
and isoproteinous. Sixty four birds were randomly assigned to each of the dietary treatments. The birds were
further sub- divided into four replicates with sixteen birds per replicate. The four dietary treatments elicited no
significant (P>0.05) influence on the overall performance of birds. Percentage hen day egg production was
equally not significantly (P>0.05) affected by any of the dietary treatments examined. The average daily feed
intake was significantly (P<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) influenced by PPOMIX. Birds fed PPOMIX obtained a significantly (P<0.05) higher
value of egg weight, albumen weight and blood spot which were statistically similar to other experimental
premixes examined. The results generated from this study revealed that premix of similar profile will give
similar result which could be used to improve ration management towards enhanced feed utilization and egg
internal/external quality.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Performance, Egg Qualities, and Blood Parameters of Layers Fed Diets Containi...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the performance, egg qualities, and hematology of layers fed diets containing sun-dried sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). A total of 140 Isa brown point of lay birds, aged 20 weeks were used for the experiment. SOPM was incorporated to replace 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% maize. The birds were randomly assigned to the diets in a Completely Randomized Design; each diet group had 28 birds and 4 replicates with each replicate having 7 birds. Observed results showed that SOPM did not significantly (NS) (p>0.05) affect final weight and egg number. However, weight change, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, cost of 1 kg feed, and cost of feed consumed were significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments. Egg weight and egg length were significantly (P < 0.05) different, which ranged from 56.18 to 58.73 g and 3.74–4.17 cm, respectively. Shell thickness and egg width were NS (P > 0.05) influenced, and ranged from 0.80 to 0.84 and 2.63–2.71 cm, respectively. Internal egg parameters, i.e., yolk width, yolk height, albumin weight, albumin length, and yolk index were significantly (P < 0.05) affected. Hematological profile (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, lymphocyte, and neutrophil) of birds showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The study revealed that SOPM did not have an adverse effect on the performance of layers even at 40% replacement of maize while in lay. Its inclusion decreased the cost of feed linearly, did not compromise external and internal qualities of eggs or the health of the birds.
Assessing the partial substitution of roasted soybean seed with sweet potato ...Premier Publishers
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of roasted soybean seed (RSS) with sweet potato leaf meal (SPLM) on growth performances of broiler chickens. Two hundred unsexed Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments consisting of a control diet (T1) and those containing SPLM at the levels of 30 g/kg (T2), 60 g/kg (T3), 90 g/kg (T4) and 120 g/kg (T5) replacing the RSS of the control diet. Each treatment diet was replicated four times with ten chicks each. The average feed intake of birds was (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) higher CP retention than those of T1 diet. In conclusion, chickens fed with T1 and T3 diets had better body weight and gain compared to other treatment diets. The feed intake decreased with increasing levels of SPLM suggesting the substitution of roasted soybean with higher levels may not be beneficial for broiler chickens.
Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing some Tropical Leaves as...AI Publications
Meat quality, carcass and organ characteristic of arbo acre breed of broiler chicken fed diets containing moringa, fluted pumpkin and African spinach meals and their composites as replacement for 50% synthetic methionine in diets were examined using a completely randomized experimental design involving two hundred and forty (240) chicks. Which were randomly distributed into eight dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate. This study lasted for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, three (3) birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The carcass and the organs characteristic were measured and thigh, breast and drumstick were separated for meat quality analysis. The carcass characteristic were all significantly (P≥0.05) differ with moringa having the highest. The organ characteristic shows that there were no significant (p≤0.05) difference in all the parameters except for the belly fat. The meat quality (P≤0.05) affected. There was improvement in thaw loss, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meats with the inclusion of the leaf mills. The composite leaf meal inclusion gave the overall best result. It was concluded that the selected leaf meals and their composite could be used to replacement 50% synthetic methionine in poultry diet.
Assessment of the broilers performance, gut healthiness and carcass character...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the performance responses, guts healthiness, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed on formulated diets included dried coriander, turmeric and thyme. Unsexed commercially available chicks were enrolled into five experimental treatments each of eighty birds with four replicates per treatment. The birds were housed in deep litter clean pens. The experimental groups were as follow: Control; coriander; thyme; turmeric, and mixed. Two formulated diets (starter & finisher) to which all the dietary additives were added in a dried powdered form and at the level of 0.75% expect for the mixed group as each additive was used at level 0.25%. Performance parameters including weekly body development, body weights gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were recorded during the 35-d experimental period. Also, representative samples from each replicate were gathered for the detection of carcass traits, consumer acceptability, and the gut morphometric changes. The data revealed that coriander, and turmeric significantly (p<0.05) increased the villus heights and crypt depths as compared to control which is concomitant with the improvement of performance results when incorporated solely in broilers diet at 0.75% level , but consumer acceptability was lowered specifically for the turmeric –fed group.
Meat and milk from farmed animals including livestock (cattle, goat and buffalo) and poultry are sources of high quality protein and essential amino acids, minerals, fats and fatty acids, readily available vitamins, small quantities of carbohydrates and other bioactive components.1 The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2008 estimate shows that meat consumption has grown with increase in population. The average global per capita meat consumption is 42.1 kg/year with 82.9 kg/year in developed and 31.1 kg/year in developing countries in a recommended daily animal-sourced protein per capita of 50 kg per year2. Milk on the other hand is consumed in various forms: liquid, cheese, powder, and cream at a global per capita consumption of 108 kg per person per year which is way below the FAO recommended daily consumption of 200 kg.
Egg quality characteristics of pullet chickens fed Neem (AzdirachtaIndica) le...IJEAB
A study was carried out with 180 dominant black strain pullet birds to evaluate the effect of neem and housing types on egg quality characteristics of pullets at point of lay. The birds were randomly assigned to two housing types (deep litter with run and deep litter housing) of 6 treatment groups comprising of 30 birds and 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The experiment was arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial layout in a completely randomized design. Diets containing neem leaf meal (NLM) at 0, 0.5 and 1.0% was administered to birds. Data were collected egg external and internal characteristic at point of lay. Highest egg weight (45.53 g) was obtained in birds fed 0.5% NLM. Bright yellow yolks were obtained from birds managed on deep litter housing with run. It was concluded that up to 1.0% NLM could be included in the diets of laying pullets to trigger early egg production and improve egg yolk colour.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A Study on Effect of Anti Toxic Nutrient (ATN) in productive and reproductive...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Assessing the partial substitution of roasted soybean seed with sweet potato ...Premier Publishers
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of roasted soybean seed (RSS) with sweet potato leaf meal (SPLM) on growth performances of broiler chickens. Two hundred unsexed Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments consisting of a control diet (T1) and those containing SPLM at the levels of 30 g/kg (T2), 60 g/kg (T3), 90 g/kg (T4) and 120 g/kg (T5) replacing the RSS of the control diet. Each treatment diet was replicated four times with ten chicks each. The average feed intake of birds was (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) higher CP retention than those of T1 diet. In conclusion, chickens fed with T1 and T3 diets had better body weight and gain compared to other treatment diets. The feed intake decreased with increasing levels of SPLM suggesting the substitution of roasted soybean with higher levels may not be beneficial for broiler chickens.
Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing some Tropical Leaves as...AI Publications
Meat quality, carcass and organ characteristic of arbo acre breed of broiler chicken fed diets containing moringa, fluted pumpkin and African spinach meals and their composites as replacement for 50% synthetic methionine in diets were examined using a completely randomized experimental design involving two hundred and forty (240) chicks. Which were randomly distributed into eight dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate. This study lasted for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, three (3) birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The carcass and the organs characteristic were measured and thigh, breast and drumstick were separated for meat quality analysis. The carcass characteristic were all significantly (P≥0.05) differ with moringa having the highest. The organ characteristic shows that there were no significant (p≤0.05) difference in all the parameters except for the belly fat. The meat quality (P≤0.05) affected. There was improvement in thaw loss, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meats with the inclusion of the leaf mills. The composite leaf meal inclusion gave the overall best result. It was concluded that the selected leaf meals and their composite could be used to replacement 50% synthetic methionine in poultry diet.
Assessment of the broilers performance, gut healthiness and carcass character...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the performance responses, guts healthiness, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed on formulated diets included dried coriander, turmeric and thyme. Unsexed commercially available chicks were enrolled into five experimental treatments each of eighty birds with four replicates per treatment. The birds were housed in deep litter clean pens. The experimental groups were as follow: Control; coriander; thyme; turmeric, and mixed. Two formulated diets (starter & finisher) to which all the dietary additives were added in a dried powdered form and at the level of 0.75% expect for the mixed group as each additive was used at level 0.25%. Performance parameters including weekly body development, body weights gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were recorded during the 35-d experimental period. Also, representative samples from each replicate were gathered for the detection of carcass traits, consumer acceptability, and the gut morphometric changes. The data revealed that coriander, and turmeric significantly (p<0.05) increased the villus heights and crypt depths as compared to control which is concomitant with the improvement of performance results when incorporated solely in broilers diet at 0.75% level , but consumer acceptability was lowered specifically for the turmeric –fed group.
Meat and milk from farmed animals including livestock (cattle, goat and buffalo) and poultry are sources of high quality protein and essential amino acids, minerals, fats and fatty acids, readily available vitamins, small quantities of carbohydrates and other bioactive components.1 The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 2008 estimate shows that meat consumption has grown with increase in population. The average global per capita meat consumption is 42.1 kg/year with 82.9 kg/year in developed and 31.1 kg/year in developing countries in a recommended daily animal-sourced protein per capita of 50 kg per year2. Milk on the other hand is consumed in various forms: liquid, cheese, powder, and cream at a global per capita consumption of 108 kg per person per year which is way below the FAO recommended daily consumption of 200 kg.
Egg quality characteristics of pullet chickens fed Neem (AzdirachtaIndica) le...IJEAB
A study was carried out with 180 dominant black strain pullet birds to evaluate the effect of neem and housing types on egg quality characteristics of pullets at point of lay. The birds were randomly assigned to two housing types (deep litter with run and deep litter housing) of 6 treatment groups comprising of 30 birds and 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The experiment was arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial layout in a completely randomized design. Diets containing neem leaf meal (NLM) at 0, 0.5 and 1.0% was administered to birds. Data were collected egg external and internal characteristic at point of lay. Highest egg weight (45.53 g) was obtained in birds fed 0.5% NLM. Bright yellow yolks were obtained from birds managed on deep litter housing with run. It was concluded that up to 1.0% NLM could be included in the diets of laying pullets to trigger early egg production and improve egg yolk colour.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
A Study on Effect of Anti Toxic Nutrient (ATN) in productive and reproductive...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme
supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth
performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with
Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets
less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter
(0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1
(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets
separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed
to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of
fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model
protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary
groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along
with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the
parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water
to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the
starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at
starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k).
At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed
conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance
characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the
cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was
comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme
enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Carcass, Organ Weights and Histo-morphology of Internal Organs of Sows Fed Fe...Premier Publishers
Fresh cassava peels were subjected to submerged fermentation, sundried for 3-5 days and also subjected to proximate analysis. Fermentation reduced cyanide and improved crude protein. A group of 27 weaner gilts (Largewhite x Duroc), aged 8-9 weeks and weighed 10.61±0.27kg were fed fermented cassava-peels-based-diets. They were allotted to three treatments comprising T1 (control), T2 (fermented CPM) and T3 (fermented CPM + enzyme) in a completely randomized design and fed for 22 weeks. Data on carcass and some visceral organs weights were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Histo-morphology on the organs was conducted. The dressing percentages were 66.53, 60.25 and 64.11% for T1, T2 and T3 respectively whereas the head, heart, lungs and kidney were the weightiest for T1, the stomach/intestine for T2 and the liver and spleen for T3 while the histo-morphology of T1 sows were all normal except for mild architectural deviation in the duodenum and ileum. Histo-morphological changes were observed in the ileum and duodenum of T2 and T3. It is therefore recommended that fermented peels be supplemented with enzyme for improvement in dressing percentage and watch-out for pathological lesions in the visceral organs.
Use of Silage Acid Devil Fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) as Protein Supplement i...criollito
Animal nutrition is one of the most important limiting factors in animal production, especially in ruminants, providing
proteins being the main constraint, due to the limited availability and high cost of protein sources (oilseed meals). Currently in the dam
“El Infiernillo” in Michoacán México, has a large population of devil fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.), which is an economic and ecological
problem, because it is not consumed by humans and causes pollution to be discarded directly into the environment. For that reason the
objective of this study was to evaluate the use of silage acid devil fish (SADF) in fattening beef cattle as a protein supplement. SADF is
defined as a product semi-liquid or pasty mixed with formic acid, which leads to a decrease in pH to near 4.0. Used 18 young bulls (Bos
taurus × Bos indicus) for 60 days with a starting weight of 278.9 ± 51.2 kg, housed in individual pens with food and water ad libitum
were randomly assigned to three treatments with different levels of inclusion SADF (0%, 12% and 18%). They were weighed to the
beginning of the experiment and later every 30 days, previous fasting of 24 hours. To determine the food consumption, weigh every day
the offered food and the surplus. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments with different levels of inclusion of
SADF with respect to daily weight gain, with values of 952 ± 324, 927 ± 322 and 854 ± 307 g/day, respectively. The dry matter intake
(DMI) was 8.9, 9.3 and 7.7 kg/day to 0%, 12% and 18% of SADF, respectively. In the same values for feed conversion were 9.34, 10.03
and 9.01 kg DMI/kg of weigh live, and carcass yield of 60.6%, 60.3% and 58.5%, respectively. It is concluded that fish silage acid devil
is an excellent alternative in feeding beef cattle as a protein supplement.
Effects of Probiotics Feeding Technology on Weight Gain of Indigenous Chicken...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Zoo-technical performances of weaner rabbits fed Nutryzyme® supplemented dietsAI Publications
The study assessed the zoo-technical performances of weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets. This study aimed at determining the zoo-technical performances of the weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets while we specifically determined the zoo-technical performances, the apparent nutrient digestibility as well as the hematological and serum Biochemical of weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets. Eighteen rabbits were allotted into three dietary treatments with each having three replicates in a completely randomized design format. Each replicate (unit) housed two rabbits. The Nutrizyme powder was incorporated in the diets at 0, 125, and 250 ppm respectively. The parameters appraised include average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, average final weight and the heamatological and serum profiles. All data generated were subjected to analysis of variance using statistical packages for social sciences (SSPM) packages. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the total weight, average daily weight, average daily feed intake as well as the feed efficiency. Rabbits fed diets 3 (250mg/kg Nutrizyme inclusion) had the best result in terms of the total weight (1068g), average daily (0.25), respectively. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the digestibility of nutrients among the rabbits as indicated in the results. The crude protein digestibility improved with increased enzyme inclusion in the diets. Rabbits fed the control diet had the least nutrient digestibility. The heamoglobin concentrations, white blood cells and serum metabolites were not significantly influenced (p<0.05) by dietary treatments. The packed cell volumes (PCV) of 36.03 to 41.06% were within the normal values of 35 to 45%, also red blood cell counts and the mean cell heamoglobin concentration (MCHC), were within the range reported for rabbits. Enzyme was found to be good nutrient metabolite that could enhance the growth of weaned rabbits. The already established quantity (125g/ton of feed) should be maintain as either increase or decrease in the internationally recommended quantity did not significantly (p<0.05) affect the zoo-technical performances nutrient digestibility, heamatological and serum metabolites of weaner rabbits.
Assessment of Ginger and Black Pepper as Feed Additives on Growth Performance...Premier Publishers
This study examined the growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets with ginger (Zingiber officinale L) and black pepper (Piper guineense Schum & Thonn) additives. A total of 240 day old unsexed Anak-2000 broiler chicks were allotted to four treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatment 1 was the control with no additive, Treatment 2 had 0.5% ginger powder, Treatment 3 had 0.5% black pepper powder, while Treatment 4 had a mixture of 0.25% ginger and 0.25% black pepper. From the results obtained, the ginger, black pepper and their combination diets were significantly different (p<0.05) in weight gain from the control diet, with the ginger diet recording the highest value of 2299.09g per bird, as against 1821.77g per bird from the control. Average feed intake was highest in the ginger diet with 5130.14g as against the control diet that had the least with 4420.71g. The ginger and combination diets gave better feed conversion ratio of 2.23 and 2.28 respectively, which was also significantly different from the control. Mortality recorded in the control treatment was highest with 5.00% and significantly different from the other treatments. Plucked weight of experimental birds was highest in diet 2 with 2165.53g and least in the control diet with 1710.31g. It can be concluded that the addition of the natural plant additives improved the measured parameters in comparison to the control diet and thus suggest that they hold considerable potential as growth promoting agents in broiler production.
Performance and Blood Profiles of Finisher Broilers Fed Diets Containing Grad...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different (P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to 28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively. Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb) 9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106/μl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103/μl, mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80 to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different. Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize.
Performance and Blood Profiles of Finisher Broilers Fed Diets Containing Grad...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher
broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly
allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm
diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and
T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different
(P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality,
feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to
28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively.
Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb)
9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106
/µl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103
/µl,
mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80
to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different.
Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total
protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine
aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM
depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize
Similar to IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) (20)
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR)
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
Www.Iosrphr.Org Volume 3, Issue 8 (September 2013), Pp 01-13
1
Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Lipid Profiles
And Hematological Responses Of Broiler Finishers Fed With
Leaf Meals Derived From ‘Ntong’ (Ocimumgratissimum) And
‘Utasi’ (Gongronemalatifolium)”
1,
Essiet, Akanimo Gordon And 2,
Solomon, Isongesit P.
1,2,(
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uyo, Nigeria)
ABSTRACT :There is a need to identify new sources of poultry fodder in order to meet the growing demand
for animal protein in the developing world. To this end, experiments were conducted to determine how the
inclusion of Ocimumgratissimum (“Ntong”) and Gongronemalatifolium (“Utasi”) leaf meals in the diets of
broiler finishers affect the birds’ growth performance, carcass characteristics, hematological indices and lipid
profiles.Fresh leaves of the two plant species were dried and pulverized and then mixed with conventional feeds
in various proportions to produce seven experimental diets that were fed to groups of broiler finishers. The
chemical composition of each diet was determined by proximate analysis. Diet 1 (the control) contained no leaf
meal (0%); diets 2, 3 and 4 contained 1%, 6% and 11% Ocimum Leaf Meal (OLM), respectively; and diets 5, 6
and 7 contained 1%, 6%, and 11% Gongronema leaf Meal (GLM), respectively The feed intakes of the control
and treatment groups (120.3g, 120.8g, 120.43g, 114.2g, 120.1g, 119.0g and 117.2g/day) did not differ
significantly (p>0.05). However, the body weights of the birds in different treatment groups did (p<0.05).
Notably, birds consuming the 1% OLM (1683.0g) and 11% GLM (1716.6g) diets had lower final weights than
did birds in the control group. In addition, there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the treatment
groups with respect to carcass characteristics.The blood indices and lipid profiles of the studied birds were
significantly (p<0.05) affected by the inclusion of the leaf meals, although the values of the hematological
indices were generally low. These results suggest that Ocimumgratissimum and Gongronemalatifolium leaf
meals have considerable potential as supplementary components of broiler finisher diets in developing countries
but further investigations will be required to determine the optimal level of inclusion for these meals, to identify
the bioactive compounds they contain, and to develop appropriate detoxification procedures to mitigate their
potential adverse effects on growth performance.
KEY WORDS:Arteriosclerosis, Cholesterolaemia, Ocimumgratissimum, Gongronemalatifolium, Lipidaemia
I. INTRODUCTION
There are strong correlations between indices of national or regional development and the contribution of
poultry to the supply of animal protein within a country or region. It is therefore desirable to increase the
production and consumption of poultry in developing countries. In recent years, the cost of poultry feed
resources in Nigeria has risen to the point that feed now accounts for 75-80% of the entire cost of poultry
production (Ugochukwu and Babady, 2002). Feed ingredients are very expensive and so in order to sustain rapid
increases in poultry production, corresponding increases in the production of poultry feed will be required.
However, there is a growing demand for feed resources and the cost of conventional feed ingredients (soybean
and groundnut cake) is rising due to competition between the production of livestock meal and food for human
consumption. As a consequence, there is growing interest in the production of leaf meals for livestock
consumption from currently under-utilized vegetables and leguminous plants (Okaforet al., 1996). The demand
for animal protein in Nigeria will have to be met by the cultivation of many different livestock species. Despite
the country‟s large populations of chickens and other livestock animals, it will be challenging to provide an
adequate supply of protein for its rapidly growing human population, as is the case in many developing
countries (Ayodele and Agboola, 1983; Okafor et al., 1996; Umohet al., 2003). Improvements in the quantity
and quality of the feeds available to the country‟s poultry industry will therefore be important.
2. Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics…
2
As discussed by Adebayo et al., (2004), Nigeria is endowed with many indigenous species of leafy
vegetables, which are cultivated on an estimated 71.2 million hectares of agricultural land. The potential of the
Nigerian flora as a valuable source of pharmaceuticals and therapeutic materials has been emphasized (Gbile
and Adesina, 1998).Tropical shrubs and leguminous vegetables can be used to produce leaf meals that contain
appreciable quantities of biologically active compounds such as tannins, saponins, and phytins. These
compounds affect the palatability, intake and digestibility of the meal. Oji and Isilebo (2000) studied the
chemical properties of some of these meals and found them to be rich in crude fibre and minerals, both of which
can reduce the utility of potential feeds.
However, they are attractive because of their high protein contents.The search for cheaper sources of
protein that will be available all year round has led to the consideration of leaf meals derived from
Ocimumgratissimum and Gongronemalatifoliumas poultry feeds.In order to improve the productivity of an
animal by changing its feedstuff, one must understand its physiological responses, and especially its
hematological responses, to the diets under consideration. Hematological changes reflect the animal‟s
physiological responses to changes in its external and internal environments (Okeudoet al., 2003). Anderson nd
Warnick, (1989) have demonstrated the effectiveness of vegetables and indigenous leaf meals at reducing serum
cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans. Although some of these leaf meals are high in protein and rich in
minerals (Adeboyeet al., 2003a), some of them contain anti-nutritional or toxic compounds. However, if these
compounds can be removed, the resulting meals may be very good sources of plant protein that could serve as
excellent animal feeds.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. To evaluate the effects of feeding with leaf meals derived from Ocimumgratissimum and
Gongronemalatifoliumon the body weight dynamics of broiler finishers.
2. To evaluate the toxicological consequences of consuming these leaf meals (Ocimumgratissimum and
Gongronemalatifolium) in terms of the birds‟ hematological indices and lipid profiles.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental site
The experiment was carried out in the poultry unit of the Teaching / Research farm and the Animal
Science laboratory of the University of Uyo, Uyo, AkwaIbom state, Nigeria.
Care of experimental animals
Two hundred and sixty broiler chicks were purchased from a local dealer who maintains a facility on
IkotEkpene Road in Uyo. The birds were raised in a deep litter system for 4 weeks prior to the commencement
of the feeding trial.Before the birds‟ arrival, the brooding house was thoroughly cleaned with diesel mixed with
kerosene and detergent. It was then fumigated with crystalline potassium permanganate and 50% formaldehyde.
This was done to curb the incidence of coccidiosis, which had become endemic within the farm. The tray
feeders and drinkers in the brooding house were then washed and disinfected, and wood shavings were spread
adequately on the floor of the pen. Electric heaters and lights were the primary sources of heat and light; stoves
were used for supplementary heating during colder periods. Black polythene sheets were used to cover the sides
of the brooding house to conserve heat.On arrival, the birds were transferred from their boxes to the floor, where
paper with feed spread on it had already been set up. Water containing anti-stress agents was also provided.
Other management procedures were strictly followed.
Procurement and processing of leaf meals
The test materials - Ntong (Ocimum) and Utasi (Gongronema) leaves - were harvested fresh from the
region surrounding Abak or purchased from market stalls in Abak, AkwaIbom state, Nigeria. The leaves were
chopped to expedite their drying and sun-dried for 4 days. The sun-dried leaves were then oven-dried at 102 °C
until they became crispy while retaining their greenish-brown color. The dried leaves were then pulverized
using a laboratory blender. Samples of each leaf meal were subjected to proximate analysis using the protocols
described by the AOAC (1999).
The experimental diets
Seven experimental broiler finisher diets were formulated. The first was a conventional diet that
consisted of soybean meal, groundnut cake, and wheat offal; this was used as a control. Three of the formulated
diets used the conventional diet as a base but replaced 1%, 6%, or 11% of the material (by mass) with Ntong
(Ocimumgratissimum) leaf meal (OLM).
3. Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics…
3
The other three diets replaced 1%, 6%, or 11% of the material from the conventional diet (by mass)
with Utasi (Gongronemalatifolium) leaf meal (GLM). Table 1 shows the proximate composition data for the leaf
meals, while Table 2 shows the compositions of the diets.
Experimental birds and the design of the experiment
Two hundred and fifty-two four-week-old broiler finisher birds were divided into 7 groups and
randomly assigned to the 7 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each dietary group
was further divided into three replicates of 12 birds. Food and water were provided on a free choice basis on the
first two days to facilitate acclimatization and were replaced daily thereafter. The birds were weighed at the
beginning of the 5th
week to determine their „initial‟ weights and weekly thereafter. Their feed intake was
recorded on a daily basis by subtracting the weight of the leftover feed from the weight of feed offered.
Data collection
The initial body weight measurements were used to compute the birds‟ total weight gain over the
experimental period. The following variables were monitored: initial body weight, final body weight, feed
intake and feed conversion ratio. Feed intake was calculated on a daily basis by subtracting the weight of the
leftover feed from the weight of the feed offered on the previous day. At the end of the 9th
week, three birds
were randomly selected from each of the treatment groups, deprived of feed (but not water for 12 hours),
slaughtered by brachial bone dislocation, and eviscerated for carcass weight determination.
Collection of blood samples
On the 35th
day of the experiment, blood samples were collected from three birds in each treatment
group by brachial vein puncture. The sub-clavicle vein was punctured with a 5ml vein needle and blood was
extracted into a set of sterilized glass tubes containing EDTA (ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid) for use in the
determination of the following hematological parameters: hemoglobin content (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV),
white blood cell (WBC) count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), neutrophil content,
lymphocyte content, eosinophil content, basophil content, and monocyte content. The hemoglobin (Hb)
concentration was estimated by centrifuging the blood samples to separate the cells. The volume of the red
region was measured and recorded as the packed cell volume (PCV); the hemoglobin content was assumed to be
equal to 33% of the PCV (Cheesbrough, 1987).
White blood cell counts were determined by acidic lysis and staining. A light microscope was used to count the
stained cells, and the WBC was calculated using the following expression:
N X DF X 106
per litre
A X D
Where N = the number of cells
DF = dilution factor
106
= converts to cell/litre
A = the area of chamber counted
D = the depth of chamber
A second set of serum samples was stored in glass tubes without added anticoagulant and used for serum lipid
profiling, which involved measuring their total cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein, low density
lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, and triglyceride contents. Samples were prepared for lipid analysis by
centrifugation at 200 g and then stored in a deep freezer prior to analysis.
Carcass evaluation
Prior to brachial bone dislocation, 2 sets of water baths were prepared. As soon as the birds were
certified dead, they were immersed in steaming water for less than two minutes to facilitate defeathering. The
carcasses were then eviscerated, starting from the neck via the head. The different parts of the carcass (thigh and
drum sticks, wing, shank, and breast region) were carefully removed, followed by the organs (spleen, gizzard,
heart, liver and gall bladder). The individual parts and organs were then weighed.
Evaluation of performance characteristics: feed utilization
At the beginning of each new day, a fixed quantity of feed was weighed out into a labeled container for
each replicate group. The leftover feed was weighed on the morning of the following day to determine each
group‟s feed consumption for that day. Feed conversion ratios were then calculated using the following
expression:
Feed conversion ratio = Feed intake
4. Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics…
4
Weight gain
Evaluation of performance characteristics: body weight
The average weight gain of birds in each week was measured by calculating the difference between the
mean weights for successive weeks.
Evaluation of performance characteristics: feed efficiency (FE)
Feed efficiency was calculated using the feed intake and weight gain measurements:
FE = Body weight gain (g) x 100
Feed intake (g)
1
Analytical procedure
The packed cell volume (PCV) was determined using the Wintrobemicrohematocrit method (Agale and
Uko, 1989). Red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts were obtained using an improved
Neubaerhemocytometer and the cyanomethemoglobin method, respectively, after dilution as described by
Okeudoet al. (2003). The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was computed using the
method of Jain (1986), which involves dividing the Hb value by the PCV value (Onyeyili et al., 1992).
Data analysis
The data obtained from this study were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Steel and
Torrie, 1980). Duncan‟s multiple range test was used to identify significant difference between mean values, as
described by Snedecor and Cochran (1978)
IV. RESULTS
Proximate analysis data are used extensively in industrial research in order to obtain a quick overview
of the nutrient potentials of feedstuffs. While such analyses may not give a completely accurate indication of a
feed‟s nutritional merits, they provide information that is useful when determining whether a prospective
feedstuff has enough potential to justify further studiesin vitro or in vivo.Table 3 shows the calculated chemical
compositions of the experimental diets examined in this work. The crude protein contents for all of the diets are
within the ranges identified as being optimal by Reynolds and Attakrah. (1987). Their crude fiber contents range
from 4.68 (0%) to 4.94 (11% OLM). Indigenous plants have been shown to have higher crude fiber contents
than exotic species when grown in the acidic soils of tropical regions (Ndon and Essien, 1987). The caloric
values estimated for each diet based on their chemical compositions are similar to those reported by D‟Mello
(1992) and Igile et al. (1986). However, the crude protein contents of the diets are somewhat higher than might
be expected based on previous results; this may be due to differences between the plant species involved or to
the properties of the environments in which they were cultivated.
Feed intake and body weight gain
Table 4 shows the growth performance of the experimental birds in terms of their mean daily weight
gain, daily intake, feed efficiency and feed conversion ratios for the various studied diets. The data cover the
birds‟ 5th
to 9th
weeks of life.The average feed intakes for the control, 1% OLM, 6% OLM, 11% OLM, 1%
GLM, 6% GLM and 11% GLM diets were 120.3, 120.8, 120.4, 114.2, 120.10, 119.8 and 117.02 g/day,
respectively. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences between the treatments with respect to this variable,
so the inclusion of the leaf meals (Ocimumand Gongronema) did not affect the birds‟ feed intakes.These results
contradict the findings of Esonuet al. (2002), Ekenyem (2006), Herbert (1998), Onwudike, (1995), Udedibie and
Opara (1998) and Mishra et al. (1977), all of whom reported that the inclusion of materials derived from
Ocimumor Gongronemain the diet significantly reduced feed intake. The difference between our findings and
the previous results may be due to the lack of fibre in the Ocimumand Gongronemaleaf meals used in this work,
since fibre can potentially inhibit feed intake. This would be consistent with the argument of Omekam (1994),
who suggested that the low feed intakes seen in previous studies may have been due to the non-palatable nature
of the feeds used.There were significant (p<0.05) differences between the diets with respect to the increase in
body weight; the largest weight gain occurred for the 11% OLM diet, while the smallest gains were associated
with the 1% GLM (1130 g) and 11% GLM (1170 g) diets. The increase in body weight correlated strongly with
feed intake. These results indicate that the inclusion of Gongronemalatifolium leaf meal in the feed is
deleterious to the growth performance of the finisher broilers. However, the inclusion of 11% (by mass) of
Ocimumleaf meal had a positive effect on growth. This suggests that GLM may contain chemical compounds
that disfavor growth.These results are consistent with those presented by Esonuet al. (2002). Udedibie and
Opara (1998) and D‟Mello and Acamovic (1989), who noted that growth starts to decline in birds consuming
diets that contain large quantities of leaf meal
5. Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics…
5
. They are also consistent with the observation of a dose-dependent reduction in growth as the quantity
of leaf meal in the diet is increased, which was attributed to the low metabolisable energy content of leaf meals
(D‟Mello and Acamovic, 1989). In cases where the experimental diet is low in methionine or completely
methionine deficient, this would be sufficient to explain poor growth performance. However, since all of the
experimental diets considered in this work provided ample methionine, it is more likely that the poor
performance observed for the 11% GLM diet was due to the presence of toxic compounds in the plant meal.
Alternatively, it may be that the digestibility of the protein in the GLM meal is low. This hypothesis is
consistent with the findings of Igileet al. (1994),whoobserved that mice fed on diets containing dry
Vernoniaamygdalina leaves (25% of the total diet by mass) gained less weight than did animals on a control
diet, and that a near-identical reduction occurred in mice that were fed the control diet together with any one of
(i) an alcohol extract of the V. amygdalina leaves, (ii) crude saponins from the V. amygdalinaleaves, or (iii)
purified saponins from the V. amygdalina leaves. It should be noted that the GLM used in this trial is also rich in
saponins.
Feed conversion ratio (FCR)
The feed conversion ratio did not differ significantly between groups (P>0.05), as shown in Table 4,
which suggests that increasing the proportion of Ocimumor Gongronemaleaf meal in the diet does not reduce
the feed conversion ratios of finisher broilers. This finding is inconsistent with the report by Odunsiet al. (2002)
that the feed conversion ratio decreases as the proportion of leaf meal in the feed increases. Similarly, Yu et al.
(2007) reported decreased feed conversion ratios in animals offered leaf meal-based diets. However, other
reports such as those produced by Oluyemi and Roberts (1979), Babatunde and Fetuga (1976), and Olomu and
Offiong (1980) suggest that the Feed Conversion Ratio can be increased by incorporating leaf meals if the
quality of the dietary protein is increased by doing so.
Hematological indices
Table 5 shows the hematological indices of birds consuming the 1%, 6%, and 11% OLM and GLM
diets. normal physiological function of Hb erythrocytes (RBCs) is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. The
results presented in Table 5 are similar to those observed for animals consuming a saponin-containing diet
(Takada et al., 1980). While the leaf meals used in this work were not analyzed for anti-feedants, the results
suggest that anti-feedants in the OLM and GLM meals were released into the blood streams of the experimental
birds and caused some level of systematic toxicity that reduced the birds‟ PCV, RBC and WBC values. This
phenomenon was especially pronounced for the 6% and 11% OLM and GLM diets.
Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration
The hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations for the control group, the 1%, 6%, and 11% OLM groups, and the
1%, 6%, and 11% GLM groups were 6.46, 5.35, 5.00, 501, 5.63, 6.61, and 5.33 g/dL, respectively. There were
no significant (P>0.05) differences between the treatments groups, and none of the measured values were within
the range identified as optimal by Lindsay (1977). Mitruka and Rawnsley (1977) identified Hb contents of 7-
18g/dL as being normal in chickens.
Packed cell volume (PCV)
The packed cell volumes for the control group, the 1%, 6%, and 11% OLM groups, and the 1%, 6%,
and 11% GLM groups were 17.16%, 17.20%, 14.83%, 15.16%, 18.16%, 20.16% and 17.60%, respectively.
There was a strongly negative correlation (r = -0.84) between the PCV and the feed intake. Interestingly, the 6%
GLM group had a comparatively high packed cell volume compared to the other leaf meal diet groups. In
addition, there were significant (P>0.05) differences between the treatment groups with respect to the PCV.
White blood cell (WBC) count
The white blood cell counts for the control group, the 1%, 6%, and 11% OLM groups, and the 1%, 6%,
and 11% GLM groups were 3.60, 4.60, 4.50, 4.00, 5.30, 4.30 and 4.50 x 105
, respectively. Although the WBC
values obtained for the different treatment groups examined in this work differed significantly (P<0.05), they
were all lower than those reported by Taiwoet al. (2002) and Ukoet al., (2000). The values obtained in this work
were also below the range of normal values reported by Mitruka and Rawnsley (1977). These results may
indicate that the leaf meal-containing diets mildly suppressed the birds‟ hematopoietic tissues and thereby
reduced WBC production. Table 5 shows that the highest PCV value occurred in the 6% GLM group while the
lowest occurred in the 6% OLM group. In addition, the highest MCHC value was observed for the 6% OLM
group (3.36) while the lowest occurred in the 0% control group (3.01).
6. Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics…
6
There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to PCV (p>0.05). In general, the
hematological values for the various treatment groups were somewhat lower than those for the control group. A
low hematocrit value reflects a low number of circulating RBC and therefore indicates a reduced oxygen-
carrying capacity or dehydration. The effects of the latter condition can be induced by the consumption of
astringent compounds.The 6% GLM diet produced the lowest feed efficiency (25.16) and the highest PCV value
(20.16) of all the tested diets. This suggests that a high hematocrit is indicative of an excessively high intake of
exogenous erythropoietin, which may stimulate an overproduction of RBC. On the other hand, high hematocrit
values can also reflect an absolute increase in the number of erythrocytes (Hb) or a decrease in plasma volume,
as occurs in conditions such as severe dehydration, excessive RBC production, abnormal increases in blood cell
abundance (polycthemia), or inherited disorders of iron metabolism (hemachromatosis). The latter of these
conditions is extremely unlikely to have been a factor in the studied case, however.Lindsay (1977) reported that
the values of hematological indices can fall gradually in animals on low protein diets (although this may be
masked by the other biological effects of the diet) and in cases of parasitological infestations or liver damage.
None of these factors could be ruled out in this case, since the quantities of bioactive compounds present in the
different diets were not determined. Abnormal PCV and WBC values can be indicative of hemorrhaging and
purulent inflammation, respectively. WBC values can also be increased by acute bacterial infections, neoplastic
leukaemia, tissue necrosis, trauma, and chemical or metabolic intoxication. It is possible that the observed
differences in WBC counts between the treatments may have been caused by pyrogenic bacterial infections,
which are known to affect the abundance of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes). The reduced
neutrophil levels (relative to the control group) seen in birds consuming OLM- and GLM-containing diets could
potentially be due to an elevated production of lymphocytes induced by immunological factors. Coles (1977)
studied the immunological activity of lymphocytes in birds that had been exposed to foreign compounds and
found that increases in the activity of transaminases in the liver and serum were indicative of liver damage.
Elevated levels of monocytes and lymphocytes are associated with immune responses to antigens in chronic or
healing inflammatory processes.
Eosinophil, basophil and neutrophil counts all rise during allergic responses and are frequently
associated with helminth infections. The counts of all these cell types were very low in birds consuming the 6%
OLM, 6% GLM, 11% OLM and 11% GLM diets, suggesting that the leaf extracts may have anti-helminthic
properties. The relatively low RBC counts may reflect severe parasitism or malnutrition, both of which reduce
the number of circulating RBCs and their hemoglobin content.
Carcass evaluations
The effect of including Ocimumgratissimumand Gongronemalatifoliumleaf meals in the diets of broiler
chickens on the birds‟ carcass and organ weights are presented in Tables 6 and 8.
Live weight
The live weights of the slaughtered birds were 1.83, 1.96, 2.04, 1.85, 1.80 and 1.72 kg for the control
group, the 1%, 6%, and 11% OLM groups, and the 1%, 6%, and 11% GLM groups, respectively, as shown in
Table 6. There was a very weak positive correlation (r = 0.05) between feed intake and the live weights of the
slaughtered birds. In addition, there were significant (p<0.05) differences between the treatments with respect to
the final live weight.
Dressed weight
The dressed weights of the different treatment groups differed significantly (p<0.05), as shown in
Table 7. The inclusion of the leaf meals (OLM and GLM) in the birds‟ diets thus had significant (p<0.05)
effects on the birds‟ dressed weights.
Other carcass weight (% of dressed weight)
The weights of the body parts for each group were calculated as percentages of the corresponding
dressed weights, and are shown in Table 7. There were significant (p<0.05) differences between the treatment
groups with respect to the relative weights of the different body parts, and the data suggest that the leaf meals
had positive effects on the carcass weights of the finisher broiler birds.
Eviscerated organs (% of dressed weight)
The weights of the organs were also measured and expressed as percentages of the total dressed weight
for each treatment, as shown in Table 8.
7. Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics…
7
There were no significant (P>0.05) differences between the treatment groups in terms of the relative
masses of the organs with the exception of the livers, whose relative mass increased with the proportion of leaf
meal in the diet. It is assumed that the significant differences in the masses of the livers of birds from different
treatment groups were due to the toxicity of compounds in the different leaf meals. Atuaheneet al. (1986) and
Bangbose and Niba (1998) found that birds consuming diets that contained high levels of raw cotton seeds had
significantly heavier livers than did control birds, and attributed this to the presence of toxic compounds in the
seeds. Overall, the data presented herein suggest that the scope for incorporating OLM and GLM into the diets
of broiler finishers will depend on the development of processing techniques for removing toxic compounds
from the leaf material, since these seem to be detrimental to the health of the birds. It should however be noted
that none of the experimental birds died as a result of consuming any of the diets tested in this work. The diet
that yielded the highest overall live weight was the 1% GLM diet, while the lowest live weight occurred for the
1% OLM diet. The overall live weight gained in each case reflects the birds‟ abilities to convert their intakes
into meaningful weight gain.
Lipid profiles :Lipids have very high energy densities. Consequently, they are valuable components of poultry
diets. In addition, because of their high energy contents, diets that are rich in lipids can accommodate other less
nutritionally valuable components without harming overall growth. This is of particular importance in economic
terms because it may be desirable to include other dietary components in order to reduce feed costs or to
increase the nutritional quality of the diet. Some lipids are essential fatty acids such as linoleic and arachidonic
acid, both of which are important for the biosynthesis of phospholipids. Phospholipids in turn are important
constituents of cell membranes and are essential for the formation of prostaglandins, which are involved in the
regulation of various metabolic processes (Hurwitz et al., 1980). A variety of lipids are important in animal
nutrition, including the triacylglycerols, which are produced by the triple esterification of glycerol with three
fatty acid molecules. Jensen et al. (1997) showed that most lipids in poultry diets are digested by enzymes
secreted by the pancreas. However, in younger animals, gastric lipase is capable of hydrolyzing lipids. Fats are
insoluble in water and must therefore be emulsified prior to cleavage. This is achieved by the secretion of bile
salts and phospholipids into the duodenum.
Many researchers have demonstrated that increases in dietary fat correlate closely with the secretion of
lipases and levels of high density lipoprotein. (Coring et al., 1989). However, there is relatively little
information regarding the effects of the quality of the dietary fat on the secretory activity of the pancreas, liver
and other vital organs in monogastrics. It is known that hydroperoxides, which are the primary products
resulting from the oxidation of unsaturated fats during storage and processing, are involved in the production of
rancidity, odors, bad flavors and even toxic compounds (Ozimeket al., 1995a, b). In the 11% GLM and OLM
diets, almost 25% of the protein sources in the control diet were replaced with leaf meals. This caused a 2.5-fold
increase in the total lipid activity within the birds, with a particularly pronounced decrease in the levels of bad
cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein). Table 9 shows the lipid profiles of broiler finisher birds fed on diets with
different contents of the OLM (Ntong) and GLM (Utasi) leaf meals. In the absence of methionine deficiency,
the reduced growth of birds on the OLM and GLM diets is probably caused by the presence of toxic
compounds, protein sources of low digestibility, and above all compounds with hypocholesterolaemic activity.
The leaf meals examined in this work contain a range of bioactive components, including stigmastene-
type steroidal saponins, tannins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Compounds from these classes
are known to have anti-feedant properties (Miller and Rains, 1963 and Igileet al., 1994).Our observations are
consistent with the findings of Mishra et al. (1977), who reported a significant reduction in body weight gain for
mice consuming standard diets containing similar anti-feedants. In this work, the birds consuming the leaf meal
diets exhibited reduced values for various haematological parameters (particularly PCV and WBC counts) and
significantly lower serum lipid levels compared to birds consuming the control diet. This could be taken to
indicate that the leaf meal diets (and particularly the 6% and 11% GLM diets) contain both toxic compounds
that are responsible for the haematological effects as well as species that are able to form complexes with
cholesterol. Similar conclusions have been reported by Topping et al. (1980).The data presented in Table 9
show that some of the birds on the experimental diets had relatively high levels of abdominal fat. This may
indicate that the leaf meal diets affect lipid synthesis and fat retention. It has been reported that saponins arrest
growth by precipitating lipids or sterols in cell membranes.Table 9 further shows that the levels of high density
lipoprotein (HDL), which is regarded as “good cholesterol”, were highest in birds consuming the control diet
and decreased as the amount of OLM in the diet increased; the lowest levels of HDL (1.5mg/dl) occurred in
birds consuming the 11 % OLM diet. The lowest overall HDL levels (1.33gm/dl) occurred in birds consuming
the 1% GLM diet. There were significant (p<0.05) differences between the diets with respect to HDL levels.
8. Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics…
8
V. SUMMARY
The growing demand for and subsequent high cost of conventional animal feed ingredients in the
tropics has created a need for sustainable alternatives. Alternatives deriving from natural resources that are
indigenous to the region are particularly attractive for this purpose. In recent decades, the search for
alternative feed resources has prompted renewed interest in the use of tropical plants as sources of nutrients
for both ruminants and non-ruminants. However, any assessment of the potential of leaf meals in non
ruminant nutrition requires a comparative review of their nutrient contents.Various groups have studied the
potential of leaf meals from various plants, including Leuceanaleucocephala (Mecha and Adegbola, 1985;
Vohra et al., 1972; D‟Mello and Acamovic, 1989), Cajanuscajan (Udedibie and Opara 1998) and
Manihotesculenta (Ravindran et al., 1993). While these trials yielded some promising results, the high fibre
contents of the meals were consistently problematic. The most attractive property of leguminous leaf meals
as feed components is their high crude protein content. While this property is often discussed at length, the
associated drawback of a high fibre content (which is often equal to or greater than the protein content of the
meal) is less widely emphasized. Fibre imposes severe limitations on the utility of leaf meals as animal feeds
because it limits feed intake.The intakes for the leaf meal diets observed in this work were comparable to
those for the control diet, although statistically significant differences (p<0.05) remained. In previous studies
on leaf meals, the intake declined linearly as the level of leaf meal in the feed increased (Udedibie and
Opara, 1998; Okorie, 2006a,b). The hematological indices for the studied birds were generally quite low and
were consistent with those reported by Gowda and Sastry, (2000), who observed reduced hemoglobin
contents, erythrocyte counts and packed cell volumes in chickens that were fed diets containing 10% neem
kernel meal by mass.
I. TABLES
Table 1: Proximate composition of the OLM and GLM meals (%)
CP EE CF Ash NFE DM%
OLM 22.24 4.97 5.82 16.74 30.43
GLM 26.65 5.88 4.85 10.94 20.68
Source: Essiet (1999)
OLM = Ocimum leaf meal, GLM – Gongronema leaf meal, CP-crude protein, EE=Ether extract, CF = crude
Fibre, NFE = Nitrogen free extract DM = dry matter.
Table 2: Composition of the experimental diets
Ingredient 0% 1%OLM 6%OLM 11%OLM 1%GLM 6%GLM 11%GLM
Maize 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00
Leaf meal - 1.0 6.0 11.0 1.0 6.0 11.0
SBM 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.00 14.00 12.00 10.00
GNC 10.00 10.00 9.00 8.00 10.00 9.00 8.00
Wheat
offal
14.00 12.00 14.00 12.00 12.00 14.00 12.00
Fish meal 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 4.0
Bone meal 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Oyster 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Lysine 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Methionine 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Trace
vit/min
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
9. Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics…
9
Table 3: Calculated chemical compositions of the experimental diets
Component 0% 1%
OLM
6%
OLM
11% OLM 1%
GLM
6%
GLM
11%
GLM
Crude protein 18.66 19.06 18.90 18.71 18.60 18.90 19.08
Crude fibre 4.68 4.74 4.86 4.93 4.72 4.85 4.90
Ether extract 3.93 3.85 4.11 4.13 3.88 4.07 4.01
Ash 5.33 5.14 5.12 5.21 5.23 5.11 5.15
Calcium 1.73 1.72 1.74 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.73
Phosphorous 0.57 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.57 0.58
l-Methionine 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.30 0.33 0.31
l-Lysine 0.77 0.76 0.77 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.77
ME(kcal/kg) 2817.
13
2873.65 2845.76 2811.44 2874.13 2798.14 2809.74
Table 4: Growth performance of the experimental diets
Means on the same row with different superscripted letters (abcd) are significantly different (p<0.05)
Table 5: Hematological index data for the experimental birds
Means on the same row with different superscripted letters (abcd) are significantly different (p<0.05).
PCV=packed cell volume, HB= Haemoglobin, WBC=white blood cell, ABS= absent.
Index 0% 1%
OLM
6%
OLM
11%
OLM
1%
GLM
6% GLM 11% GLM SEM
Initial body
weight (kg)
0.54 0.56 0.54 0.54 0.57 0.58 0.54 *** 8.62
Final body
weight (kg)
1.84ab
1.88 1.97 2.04 1.86ab
1.80ab
1.72c
0.032
Body weight
gain (kg)
1.30 1.31 1.43 a
1.50 a
1.28 1.22 c
1.17d
0.025
Daily weight
gain (g)
35.1ab
34.85ab
38.96 a
39.76 a
33.77ab
29.9 c
35.39ab
1.21
Feed intake
(g)
120.3 a
120.8 a
120.4 a
114.2 120.10 119.8ab
117.02ab
2.34
Feed
conversion
Ratio (%)
3.41ab
3.44ab
3.08 a
2.98c
3.55ab
3.97 a
3.30ab
0.08
Feed
efficiency
(%)
29.25ab
29.04ab
32.36 a
34.57 a
28.14 25.16 30.24ab
2.01
Mortality
(%)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Blood
parameter
0% 1%
OLM
6%
OLM
11%
OLM
1%
GLM
6%
GLM
11%
GLM
SEM
PCV (%) 17.16ab
17.20ab
14.83 c
15.16 c
18.16b
20.16b
17.60 a
0.52
HB (g/100ml) 6.46 5.35 5.00 5.01 5.63 6.61 5.33 0.71
MCHC 3.01 3.08 3.36 3.26 3.16 3.23 3.20 0.64
TWBC (X105
) 3.60b
4.60 4.50 4.00ab
5.30 a
4.30 4.50 1.34
Neutrophils 49.60 a
43.30 50.60 a
49.80 a
44.60 49.60 47.10 1.04
Eosinophils 2.40 2.30 2.50 a
ABS 2.30 2.00 2.50 0.11
Monocytes 1.66 1.34 1.65 2.00 2.00 1.65 2.66 a
0.13
Basophil 1.00ab
ABS ABS ABS ABS 2.00 1.00ab
0.18
10. Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics…
10
Table 6: Live and dressed weights of the experimental birds and their individual body parts (grams)
Means on the same row with different superscripted letters (abcd) are significantly different (p<0.05).
Table 7: Dressed weights of the experimental birds as a percentage of their live weight, and weights of
individual body parts as percentages of their total dressed weight.
Body part 0% 1%
OLM
6% OLM 11%
OLM
1%
GLM
6% GLM 11%
GLM
Dressed
weight
64.34 64.34 61.34 66.89 65.02 63.33 66.41
Thigh 17.22 18.52 19.28 17.39 17.42 17.77 17.19
Shank 3.88 4.15 4.19 3.60 3.74 3.97 3.71
Wing 6.49 7.22 6.74 6.30 6.73 6.31 6.84
Neck 6.61 6.42 5.43 4.92 5.45 5.43 5.96
Breast 52.39 25.44 30.05 29.45 26.62 28.09 26.51
All values reported in this table are percentages.
Table 8: Organ weights for the experimental birds (% of dressed weight)
Organ 0% 1%OLM 6%OLM 11%OLM 1%GLM 6%GLM 11%GLM SEM
Liver/gall
bladder
3.19 1.90 2.59 2.06 2.75 2.55 2.27 2.70
Heart 0.54 0.47 0.59 0.49 0.51 0.57 0.46 0.45
Spleen 0.12 0.09 0.11 0.09 0.001 0.08 0.09 0.21
Gizzard 2.54a
2.43 2.20 2.14 2.43 2.38 2.38 1.38
Means on the same row with different superscripted letters (abcd) are significantly different (p<0.05).
VI. CONCLUSION
The results presented herein and in the related literature show that the leaf meals examined in this
study are rich in nutrients, and particularly in protein. In addition, they have low contents of toxic substances
such as tannins, phytins, and hydrocyanic acid. To properly evaluate the utility of the studied meals in
poultry feeds, it will be necessary to expand the study to cover other nutrients and to determine the meals‟
contents of anti-nutritional factors such as oxalate, nitrite, saponins and alkaloids. This will facilitate the
creation of optimized and safe leaf meal diets and will make it possible to accurately determine the
nutritional value of the leaf meals. It is well known that the nutritional requirements of broiler chickens in
the finisher phase of development are quite different from those of birds in the starter phase. This is because
birds in the starter phase require nutrients both to grow and to develop from chicks to adults.
Part 0% 1%
OLM
6% OLM 11%
OLM
1%
GLM
6% GLM 11%
GLM
SEM
Live weight 1834 b
1683 c
1966 a
2033 a
1850 b
1800ab
1716.6c
39.88
Plucked
weight
1700ab
1600bc
1666 c
1900 c
1716 b
1650c
1616ab
42.43
Dressed
weight
1180 c
1083 c
1206 b
1360 a
1203ab
1140 c
1140 c
2.75
Breast
weight
618.3 275.6 362.5 400.6 320.3 320.3 302.3 4.03
Shank 45.3 45.0 50.6 49.0 45.0 45.3 42.3 1.31
Wing 76.6 78.3 81.3 84.3 81.0 72.0 78.0 1.89
Neck 78.0 69.6 65.6 67.0 65.6 62.0 68.6 2.11
Thigh &
drumstick
202.3 200.6 232.6 236.6 209.6 202.6 196.0 4.70
11. Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics…
11
There is a lack of data on the use of Ocimum and Gongronema leaf meals in poultry diets,
particularly with respect to the appropriate amount of leaf meal in the diet and its content of anti-nutritional
factors. It is therefore necessary to conduct further investigations into these meals, and particularly to
characterize the anti-nutritional compounds they contain in order to identify the amount of meal that can
safely be added to broiler diets.
Broilers in the finishing phase will ultimately be slaughtered and consumed by humans. It is
therefore essential that their meat be of high quality, and so it will be necessary to study the properties of
meat derived from broilers that have consumed diets containing leaf meals and demonstrate its fitness for
human consumption. There is a global deficit of protein sources for monogastrics, and so it is likely
that there will be an ongoing drive to exploit currently under-utilized crops in order to address this problem.
The results presented herein suggest that OLM and GLM meals may have important but limited roles to play
as sources of nutrients and xanthophylls. The major constraints on their use stem from their relatively high
fiber contents, which were reflected in the greater gizzard weights of birds consuming OLM and GLM diets
relative to controls. However, this may also have been partly due to the presence of anti-nutritional
compounds in the meals, especially in the GLM. It should also be noted that the cholesterol-reducing
effects of the leaf meal diets were probably due in part to the formation of insoluble complexes between
cholesterol and the saponins present in the meals. The formation of such complexes in the digestive tracts of
the chickens would prevent the absorption of saponins.
VII. RECOMMENDATIONS
This work has demonstrated that the inclusion of Ocimumand Gongronemaleaf meals in the diets of
broiler finisher birds did not affect their feed intake. However, the leaf meals did depress various
hematological indices; this effect was especially pronounced for the 11 % GLM diet. In addition, the scope
for including these leaf meals (OLM and GLM) will be heavily dependent on the nature of the other protein
sources used during the formulation of the diet. Further efforts should be made to identify vegetables,
leguminous plants, and shrubs that could be used to prepare leaf meals for poultry nutrition; consideration
should also be given to desert plants such as Yucca Schidigera and Quillajasaponaria, which are rich
storehouses of phytochemicals with many useful and important functions in human and animal nutrition. To
date, we have barely scratched the surface of the diverse biological effects of steroidal and
triterpenoidsaponins and their potential for improving poultry nutrition. Based on the results presented
herein, it is recommended that OLM and GLM should account for no more than 6 % (by mass) of the diets
of broiler finisher birds. Higher quantities could possibly be included if more sophisticated meal processing
techniques are developed that can reduce the fibre and anti-nutrient contents of the meals. Therefore, further
studies on the use and processing of Ocimumand Gongronema extracts and meals seem to be warranted.
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