This document summarizes a study that evaluated the feed intake and carcass characteristics of Bunaji bulls fed diets containing varying levels of raw or parboiled rice offal. Twenty bulls were assigned to one of five dietary treatments containing either 0%, 20%, or 30% raw or parboiled rice offal and fed for 90 days. Carcass evaluation of 15 bulls showed some carcass characteristics like legs, spleen, empty stomach, empty intestine, fat deposits varied significantly depending on the type of rice offal, with parboiled generally higher. Inclusion level of rice offal also significantly affected some carcass traits like dressing percentage and fat levels. The study concluded diets with 30% raw or par
Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing some Tropical Leaves as...AI Publications
Meat quality, carcass and organ characteristic of arbo acre breed of broiler chicken fed diets containing moringa, fluted pumpkin and African spinach meals and their composites as replacement for 50% synthetic methionine in diets were examined using a completely randomized experimental design involving two hundred and forty (240) chicks. Which were randomly distributed into eight dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate. This study lasted for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, three (3) birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The carcass and the organs characteristic were measured and thigh, breast and drumstick were separated for meat quality analysis. The carcass characteristic were all significantly (P≥0.05) differ with moringa having the highest. The organ characteristic shows that there were no significant (p≤0.05) difference in all the parameters except for the belly fat. The meat quality (P≤0.05) affected. There was improvement in thaw loss, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meats with the inclusion of the leaf mills. The composite leaf meal inclusion gave the overall best result. It was concluded that the selected leaf meals and their composite could be used to replacement 50% synthetic methionine in poultry diet.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing some Tropical Leaves as...AI Publications
Meat quality, carcass and organ characteristic of arbo acre breed of broiler chicken fed diets containing moringa, fluted pumpkin and African spinach meals and their composites as replacement for 50% synthetic methionine in diets were examined using a completely randomized experimental design involving two hundred and forty (240) chicks. Which were randomly distributed into eight dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate. This study lasted for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, three (3) birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The carcass and the organs characteristic were measured and thigh, breast and drumstick were separated for meat quality analysis. The carcass characteristic were all significantly (P≥0.05) differ with moringa having the highest. The organ characteristic shows that there were no significant (p≤0.05) difference in all the parameters except for the belly fat. The meat quality (P≤0.05) affected. There was improvement in thaw loss, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meats with the inclusion of the leaf mills. The composite leaf meal inclusion gave the overall best result. It was concluded that the selected leaf meals and their composite could be used to replacement 50% synthetic methionine in poultry diet.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
A Study on Effect of Anti Toxic Nutrient (ATN) in productive and reproductive...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Physiochemical Properties and Meat Quality Parameters of Wild Boar Meat: A Re...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Wild boar meat has well balanced with nutrients
and comprised with unique sensory attributes and meat
quality parameters, however, limited information and
studies have been performed on nutritional quality and meat
quality parameters. The proximate composition of wild boar
meat, mainly protein and fat contents were ranged at 21.6-
24.11% and 2.27-2.62% respectively. The composition of
fatty acids in wild boar has obtained higher values for
unsaturated fatty acids particularly mono unsaturated fatty
acids; nonetheless, investigation on availability of essential
amino acids was scarce. Wild boar meat was darker colour,
less tender and pH ranged at 5.44-5.71. Further,
sophisticated studies will promote the consumption rate of
wild boar meat among consumers that ultimately provide an
opportunity to industries to enhance their production.
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
Evaluation of Different Herbaceous Legume Hays As Protein Supplements for Gro...paperpublications3
Abstract: A study to evaluate the dry matter feed intake (DMI) and growth rate of local growing lambs supplemented different herbaceous forage legumes hay with teff straw (TS) ad libitum and sorghum crushed grain (SCG) based-diet was conducted at Sirinka Agricultural Research Center (SARC). The treatments were NCTR (TS + SCG 100 to 150 g/day head-1) and NCTR with supplementary (SUPP) protein sources VET (Vetch, Vicia dasycarpa), STY (Stylosanthes, Stylosanthes hamata), LAB (Lablab, Lablab purpureus), SIR (Siratro, Macroptilium atropurpureum), DES (Desmodium, Desmodium unicinatum), SES (Sesbania, Sesbania sesban), LUC (Leucaena, Leucaena pallida) hay and PCTR (Noug cake, Guizotia abyssinica). Average initial body weight (IBW) (23.11± 0.3 kg) and feed conversion rate (FCR) 4.81 were same for all treatment groups. Final body weight (FBW) and average daily body weight gain (ADG) were different (p<0.001) among treatment groups. Animals fed on NCTR plus LUC and LAB supplement had better FBW, ADG and dry matter supplement (SDMI) and total feed intakes (TDMI) than other treatment groups. Moreover, animals in supplemented treatment groups’ achieved a maximum ADG of 109.1 gm head-1 at 10th week of feeding period. The results indicated the possibility of increasing sheep production through supplementation of these forge legumes in areas while the production of these forage species are possible. Therefore, supplementation of growing lambs with LUC and LAB hay plus NCTR until 10 weeks (70 days) would give optimum body weight gain.
Animal nutrition approaches for profitable livestock operations and sustainab...ILRI
Presented by Blümmel, M.1, Garg, M.R.,2 Jones, C.1, Baltenweck, I.1 and Staal, S. at the Indian Animal Nutrition Association XI Biennial Conference, Patna, India, 19-21 November 2018
Egg quality characteristics of pullet chickens fed Neem (AzdirachtaIndica) le...IJEAB
A study was carried out with 180 dominant black strain pullet birds to evaluate the effect of neem and housing types on egg quality characteristics of pullets at point of lay. The birds were randomly assigned to two housing types (deep litter with run and deep litter housing) of 6 treatment groups comprising of 30 birds and 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The experiment was arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial layout in a completely randomized design. Diets containing neem leaf meal (NLM) at 0, 0.5 and 1.0% was administered to birds. Data were collected egg external and internal characteristic at point of lay. Highest egg weight (45.53 g) was obtained in birds fed 0.5% NLM. Bright yellow yolks were obtained from birds managed on deep litter housing with run. It was concluded that up to 1.0% NLM could be included in the diets of laying pullets to trigger early egg production and improve egg yolk colour.
Site Effects on Energy, Phytonutrients and Anti-Nutrient Contents of Ruminant...Premier Publishers
Feed constitutes about 80% of the total livestock production cost in Nigeria. The problem is more critical during the dry season more especially for ruminants. This study was conducted to determine the effect of location on chemical composition of sugarcane peels as animal feed in Kano State, Nigeria. The three sugarcane peel samples used for the study were from three different locations namely; Kano, Kaduna and mixed sugarcane peel (Kano and Kaduna). Known weights of the peels were sun dried and determined in the laboratory for proximate, energy, pH and phytonutrients. Results showed that ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, and dry matter were influenced by the location. Energy values (3891. 34 – 4037.53kcal/kg) were also affected (P< 0.05) by location of the sugarcane peels meal. Crude protein (6.02 – 8.20%), crude fiber (29.99 – 30.22%) and ash were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by location. The cellulose, hemicelluloses, NDF, ADF, and ADL of sugarcane peels meal were all significantly (P <0.05) affected by the location. The pH values (6.38 – 6.67) were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by location. The phytonutrients of all the components were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the location. Based on these findings, sugarcane peels meal from all the locations can serve as an alternative feed ingredient for ruminants, since the peels contained substantial amount of energy and protein. However, the peels meal can also be safe for ruminants’ feedings because it contained small amounts of anti-nutritional factors.
Digestibility level of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous m...AI Publications
Ruminant sheep from forage and legumes, which has linited avabiility due to the shift inproductive land for grass and legumes, which have been widely used for housing and business. Research purposes; To see the digestibility level of the fiber fraction from cacao waste fermented with indigenic microorganisms in sheep. Research hypothesis: Increased digestibility of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous microorganisms. Benefits of Research: The results of this study can reduce the waste problem cacao can be used as the building blocks for livestock rations ruminant by breeders.Material and Methods: This study used sheep as much as 16 tails whose age 6-12 months, the sheep will be sorted by weight, ration treatment consisted of four, namely; A = Concentrate (40%) + forage (60%), B = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + Lives fermentation (LF) (30%), C = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + rind cocoa Fermentation(RCF)( 30%), D = Concentrate( 40%) + Grass (30%) + (15%) LF+ RCF (15%). Variable research is weight gain, consumption of fiber fraction and the fiber fraction Digest. The results of the study are incressing weight of sheep ranged from 56.052 to 71.315 g / head / day with MD consumtion ranged from 289.78 to 359.00, from 129.02 to 160.22 NDF, ADF -115.42 84.29 grams / head / day and digestibility of MD ranged from 59.16 to 60.62%, 34.187 to 55.67 NDF, ADF 26.00 to 48.46. Conclusion: The waste cacao fruit can promote the growth of sheep are seen in terms of the fiber fraction. Suggestion; Giving the Waste cacao fruit in the diet in order to be improved.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme
supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth
performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with
Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets
less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter
(0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1
(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets
separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed
to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of
fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model
protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary
groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along
with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the
parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water
to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the
starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at
starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k).
At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed
conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance
characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the
cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was
comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme
enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
A Study on Effect of Anti Toxic Nutrient (ATN) in productive and reproductive...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Physiochemical Properties and Meat Quality Parameters of Wild Boar Meat: A Re...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Wild boar meat has well balanced with nutrients
and comprised with unique sensory attributes and meat
quality parameters, however, limited information and
studies have been performed on nutritional quality and meat
quality parameters. The proximate composition of wild boar
meat, mainly protein and fat contents were ranged at 21.6-
24.11% and 2.27-2.62% respectively. The composition of
fatty acids in wild boar has obtained higher values for
unsaturated fatty acids particularly mono unsaturated fatty
acids; nonetheless, investigation on availability of essential
amino acids was scarce. Wild boar meat was darker colour,
less tender and pH ranged at 5.44-5.71. Further,
sophisticated studies will promote the consumption rate of
wild boar meat among consumers that ultimately provide an
opportunity to industries to enhance their production.
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
Evaluation of Different Herbaceous Legume Hays As Protein Supplements for Gro...paperpublications3
Abstract: A study to evaluate the dry matter feed intake (DMI) and growth rate of local growing lambs supplemented different herbaceous forage legumes hay with teff straw (TS) ad libitum and sorghum crushed grain (SCG) based-diet was conducted at Sirinka Agricultural Research Center (SARC). The treatments were NCTR (TS + SCG 100 to 150 g/day head-1) and NCTR with supplementary (SUPP) protein sources VET (Vetch, Vicia dasycarpa), STY (Stylosanthes, Stylosanthes hamata), LAB (Lablab, Lablab purpureus), SIR (Siratro, Macroptilium atropurpureum), DES (Desmodium, Desmodium unicinatum), SES (Sesbania, Sesbania sesban), LUC (Leucaena, Leucaena pallida) hay and PCTR (Noug cake, Guizotia abyssinica). Average initial body weight (IBW) (23.11± 0.3 kg) and feed conversion rate (FCR) 4.81 were same for all treatment groups. Final body weight (FBW) and average daily body weight gain (ADG) were different (p<0.001) among treatment groups. Animals fed on NCTR plus LUC and LAB supplement had better FBW, ADG and dry matter supplement (SDMI) and total feed intakes (TDMI) than other treatment groups. Moreover, animals in supplemented treatment groups’ achieved a maximum ADG of 109.1 gm head-1 at 10th week of feeding period. The results indicated the possibility of increasing sheep production through supplementation of these forge legumes in areas while the production of these forage species are possible. Therefore, supplementation of growing lambs with LUC and LAB hay plus NCTR until 10 weeks (70 days) would give optimum body weight gain.
Animal nutrition approaches for profitable livestock operations and sustainab...ILRI
Presented by Blümmel, M.1, Garg, M.R.,2 Jones, C.1, Baltenweck, I.1 and Staal, S. at the Indian Animal Nutrition Association XI Biennial Conference, Patna, India, 19-21 November 2018
Egg quality characteristics of pullet chickens fed Neem (AzdirachtaIndica) le...IJEAB
A study was carried out with 180 dominant black strain pullet birds to evaluate the effect of neem and housing types on egg quality characteristics of pullets at point of lay. The birds were randomly assigned to two housing types (deep litter with run and deep litter housing) of 6 treatment groups comprising of 30 birds and 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The experiment was arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial layout in a completely randomized design. Diets containing neem leaf meal (NLM) at 0, 0.5 and 1.0% was administered to birds. Data were collected egg external and internal characteristic at point of lay. Highest egg weight (45.53 g) was obtained in birds fed 0.5% NLM. Bright yellow yolks were obtained from birds managed on deep litter housing with run. It was concluded that up to 1.0% NLM could be included in the diets of laying pullets to trigger early egg production and improve egg yolk colour.
Site Effects on Energy, Phytonutrients and Anti-Nutrient Contents of Ruminant...Premier Publishers
Feed constitutes about 80% of the total livestock production cost in Nigeria. The problem is more critical during the dry season more especially for ruminants. This study was conducted to determine the effect of location on chemical composition of sugarcane peels as animal feed in Kano State, Nigeria. The three sugarcane peel samples used for the study were from three different locations namely; Kano, Kaduna and mixed sugarcane peel (Kano and Kaduna). Known weights of the peels were sun dried and determined in the laboratory for proximate, energy, pH and phytonutrients. Results showed that ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, and dry matter were influenced by the location. Energy values (3891. 34 – 4037.53kcal/kg) were also affected (P< 0.05) by location of the sugarcane peels meal. Crude protein (6.02 – 8.20%), crude fiber (29.99 – 30.22%) and ash were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by location. The cellulose, hemicelluloses, NDF, ADF, and ADL of sugarcane peels meal were all significantly (P <0.05) affected by the location. The pH values (6.38 – 6.67) were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by location. The phytonutrients of all the components were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the location. Based on these findings, sugarcane peels meal from all the locations can serve as an alternative feed ingredient for ruminants, since the peels contained substantial amount of energy and protein. However, the peels meal can also be safe for ruminants’ feedings because it contained small amounts of anti-nutritional factors.
Digestibility level of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous m...AI Publications
Ruminant sheep from forage and legumes, which has linited avabiility due to the shift inproductive land for grass and legumes, which have been widely used for housing and business. Research purposes; To see the digestibility level of the fiber fraction from cacao waste fermented with indigenic microorganisms in sheep. Research hypothesis: Increased digestibility of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous microorganisms. Benefits of Research: The results of this study can reduce the waste problem cacao can be used as the building blocks for livestock rations ruminant by breeders.Material and Methods: This study used sheep as much as 16 tails whose age 6-12 months, the sheep will be sorted by weight, ration treatment consisted of four, namely; A = Concentrate (40%) + forage (60%), B = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + Lives fermentation (LF) (30%), C = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + rind cocoa Fermentation(RCF)( 30%), D = Concentrate( 40%) + Grass (30%) + (15%) LF+ RCF (15%). Variable research is weight gain, consumption of fiber fraction and the fiber fraction Digest. The results of the study are incressing weight of sheep ranged from 56.052 to 71.315 g / head / day with MD consumtion ranged from 289.78 to 359.00, from 129.02 to 160.22 NDF, ADF -115.42 84.29 grams / head / day and digestibility of MD ranged from 59.16 to 60.62%, 34.187 to 55.67 NDF, ADF 26.00 to 48.46. Conclusion: The waste cacao fruit can promote the growth of sheep are seen in terms of the fiber fraction. Suggestion; Giving the Waste cacao fruit in the diet in order to be improved.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme
supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth
performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with
Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets
less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter
(0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1
(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets
separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed
to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of
fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model
protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary
groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along
with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the
parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water
to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the
starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at
starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k).
At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed
conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance
characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the
cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was
comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme
enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Performance and Blood Profiles of Finisher Broilers Fed Diets Containing Grad...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different (P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to 28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively. Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb) 9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106/μl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103/μl, mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80 to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different. Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize.
Performance and Blood Profiles of Finisher Broilers Fed Diets Containing Grad...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher
broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly
allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm
diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and
T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different
(P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality,
feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to
28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively.
Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb)
9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106
/µl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103
/µl,
mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80
to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different.
Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total
protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine
aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM
depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize
Effects of Cinnamon Powder on Egg Quality: A New Approach using Layer BirdsAI Publications
Attention towards natural growth promoters in poultry has been on the increase in different parts of the world. However, most studies focus on broiler birds and quail. This study analyzed how cinnamon powder supplemented in the diet of Lohmann Brown layer birds can improve egg quality. This study consisted of 5 treatments of 30 birds per treatment, comprising fifteen replicates of 2 birds per replicates. The treatments included: T1: Control without Cinnamon; T2: 4 litres of water + 0.1g of cinnamon; T3: 4 litres of water + 0.2g of cinnamon; T4: 4 litres of water + 0.3g of cinnamon; T5: 4 litres of water + 0.4g of cinnamon. Parameters measured were egg weight, egg mass, egg breadth, egg length, albumen height, albumen weight, yolk height, yolk length, yolk colour, yolk weight, shell weight, and shell thickness. The results revealed an increase in the albumen weight, yolk weight, albumen height, and yolk height as the inclusion levels of cinnamon powder increase. In addition, the egg weight was highest in treatment 5. Taken together, cinnamon powder addition in the diet of Lohmann Brown layer birds has a positive outcome on egg quality.
Feeding rate requirements for Schilbe intermedius (Rüppel, 1832) fingerlings ...Innspub Net
The control of the breeding of Schilbe intermedius in captivity, passes by the determination of its nutritional requirements. The present study aims therefore to determine the optimal feed ration of the fingerlings of S. intermedius. The experiment was carried out in circular basins during 28 days. After their capture in natural environment, their transfer in controlled area and their acclimatization to the artificial food used (coppens: protein 45%.), the fingerlings used (average weight: 3.12±0.83g) were subjected to four feed rations (2, 5, 8 and
11% of the biomass) tested in triplicate each one. Thus, the lowest rate of survival (64.00±1.15%) was recorded for
the fingerlings’lot subjected to the ration of 8% where the pH is more acid (5.29).The final average weight (4.63±0.00g), the specific growth rate (1.19±0.08%/day) and the food effectiveness (0.53±0.00) obtained with the ration of 11% were the highest. These values are significantly different (P< 0.05) than those obtained with the ration of 2%.The best consumption index was registered with the ration of 2%. According to the model of Brett, the maximum and optimal daily rations of S. intermedius fingerlings were estimated to 4.6 % and 8.5 % respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
Performance, Egg Qualities, and Blood Parameters of Layers Fed Diets Containi...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the performance, egg qualities, and hematology of layers fed diets containing sun-dried sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). A total of 140 Isa brown point of lay birds, aged 20 weeks were used for the experiment. SOPM was incorporated to replace 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% maize. The birds were randomly assigned to the diets in a Completely Randomized Design; each diet group had 28 birds and 4 replicates with each replicate having 7 birds. Observed results showed that SOPM did not significantly (NS) (p>0.05) affect final weight and egg number. However, weight change, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, cost of 1 kg feed, and cost of feed consumed were significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments. Egg weight and egg length were significantly (P < 0.05) different, which ranged from 56.18 to 58.73 g and 3.74–4.17 cm, respectively. Shell thickness and egg width were NS (P > 0.05) influenced, and ranged from 0.80 to 0.84 and 2.63–2.71 cm, respectively. Internal egg parameters, i.e., yolk width, yolk height, albumin weight, albumin length, and yolk index were significantly (P < 0.05) affected. Hematological profile (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, lymphocyte, and neutrophil) of birds showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The study revealed that SOPM did not have an adverse effect on the performance of layers even at 40% replacement of maize while in lay. Its inclusion decreased the cost of feed linearly, did not compromise external and internal qualities of eggs or the health of the birds.
Growth Response of Heterotis Niloticus (Cuvier 1829) Fingerlings to Artificia...AI Publications
The study amied at determining the growth response and survival rate of Heterotis niloticus on artificial diet and chicken manure reared in earthen pond system. The experiment was designed as 2 treatment x 12 weeks factorial replicated twice. The fingerlings of H. niloticus were collected from the wild, acclimatised and stocked in an earthen ponds of (200m2) at 50 fish/m2/pond and fed with compounded diet of 30% crude protein and chicken manure for twelve weeks. The body weights were determined bi-weekly using electronic weighing balance. Final mean weight of 32.89±9.10g fish fed with chicken manure and 22.19±2.8g were obtained. Fish fed with chicken manure had a better growth rate. The water quality variables were similar except Dissolved oxygen and Turbididty that shows a sharp difference in culture ponds. The results of the present experiment showed that Heterotis niloticus fingerlings have a different growth performance, under earthen pond system with fish fed with chicken manure having better performance. Therefore, the culture of H. niloticus with chicken manure is recommended for better growth.
Growth Response of Heterotis Niloticus (Cuvier 1829) Fingerlings to Artificia...
18245-21172-1-PB
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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53
Feed Intake and Carcass Characteristics of Bunaji Bulls Fed Raw
or Parboiled Rice Offal as Energy Source
Sani, R.T1*
Lamidi, O.S1
Jokhtan, G.E2
1.National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika - Zaria
2.National Open University of Nigeria, Kaduna State
*Email of the corresponding author: geowife4life@gmail.com
Abstract
A feeding trial was conducted for 90 days using 20 Bunaji bulls aged 2-3 years with a live weight 210-249kg.
Four bulls per treatment were allotted to five dietary treatments in a 2x2 factorial design with a common control.
The concentrate and basal diets of Digitaria smutsii were offered at 2% body weight. At the end of the feeding
trial, Carcass evaluation was also carried out with 15 Bulls to determine the carcass yield of the bulls fattened on
the different experimental diet. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in concentrate, hay, total dry matter
intakes and daily weight gain of bulls fed the control diet (NRO) and diets containing RRO and PRO. Inclusion
level of rice offal had no significant effect (P>0.05) on intake of concentrate, hay and total feed intake. However,
live weight gain of the bulls on the control diet was significantly (P<0.05) higher than bulls on 20 and 30% rice
offal inclusion The intake of concentrate, hay, total feed and daily live weight gain of the bulls were similar
(P>0.05) irrespective of type and inclusion levels of the rice offal. All the bulls experimented attained an
average weight gain of between 1.11Kg to 1.29Kg which was above 1Kg.The carcass evaluation showed
significant (P<0.05) difference with rice type for legs, spleen, Empty stomach, Empty intestine, inguinal fat,
abdominal fat with PRO being higher except for the spleen which is higher for RRO. At varying levels of
inclusion of rice offal, there was significant (P<0.05) difference in dressing percentage, Beef percent of carcass,
meat to bone ratio, legs, hide, tail, empty stomach, stomach with content, empty intestine, Inguinal fat, kidney fat,
abdominal fat, depth of chest fat, testis and blood. Carcass evaluation for bulls on diets with varying levels of
inclusion of raw or parboiled rice offal were significant (P< 0.05) for legs, hide, empty stomach, empty intestine,
inguinal fat and abdominal fat. It was concluded from this trial that the meat from bulls fed either 30% raw or
parboiled were of better quality due to low inguinal fat, kidney fat, abdominal fat and depth of chest fat hence it
use can be adopted by farmers to improve the carcass characteristics of fattened bulls.
Keywords: Bunaji Bulls, Carcass evaluation, Feed intake, parboiled rice offal, raw rice offal.
1. Introduction
Cattle fattening is not new in Nigeria and it has gain prominence as an important business in the livestock
industry. The breed mostly (60%) fattened by small holder cattle fattening operation in Nigeria is the white
Fulani (Alawa, 2007), it is reported to have a higher dressing percentage when compared with other indigenous
breeds of cattle (Adamu and Alawa, 2005). Cattle fattening, provides a fast source of meat to meet the high
demand for high quality protein needed in the diet. This is against the backdrop of inadequate animal protein
intake by most Nigerians (Atsu, 2002; Ajayi et al., 2007)
There is a need to evaluate alternate source of cereal by product that is cheaper in price and abundant
compared to maize offal for use as energy source for beef cattle fattening. One of such by product is rice offal. It
is a by-product of one step milling process of paddy rice which produces only two products; the rice seeds ready
for human use and the waste product which is made up of rice husk, rice bran, rice polishing and small quantities
of broken grains. Rice offal constitutes 40% of paddy rice (Duru and Dafwang, 2010).
The amount of meat from bulls depends upon the dressing percentage and the carcass yields. Hot
carcass weight represents about 63 ± 2 percent of live weight (dressing percent) and is affected by the length of
time an animal is away from feed and water, amount of muscling, distance transported, and amount of finish
(Lemenager, 2002). Dressing percentage reflects the proportion of a live animal’s weight, which will result in
carcass weight. Some major factors that affect dressing percentage are stage of maturity of animal, degree of
muscling, hide weight (thickness and amount of mud), fill (amount of stomach content), amount of fatness, and
weighing conditions (Radunz, 2010).
The study was carried out to determine the feed intake and carcass yield of Bunaji bulls fed diet
containing raw or parboiled rice offal.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Experimental Site
The experiment was conducted in the Experimental pens of the Beef Research Programme of National Animal
Production Research Institute, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria. The study area falls within latitudes 11o
to 12o
N and
longitudes 7o
to 8ol
E, with an altitude of 640m above sea level (Garmin Receiver, 2012). Shika is located within
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the Northern Guinea Savannah ecological zone with an average annual rainfall of 1,100 mm which starts from
late April/early May and ends mid-October, the temperature range from 27-35°
C depending on the season, while
the mean relative humidity during the harmattan and wet seasons are 21%-72%, respectively (ovimap,2012).
2.2 Fattening Trial
A fattening trial was conducted using 20 Bunaji bulls with a live weight range of 210-249kg and average weight
of 220kg with an age range of 2-3 years. The bulls were allotted to five dietary treatments in a 2x2 factorial
arrangement with a common control to compare the effect of 2 levels of inclusion (20 and30%) of raw and
parboiled rice offal on the fattening performance of Bunaji bulls. In the control diet (NRO), maize offal served as
the main energy source and therefore had no rice offal. It contains 60% maize offal, 19.5% cotton seed cake,
19.5% poultry litter, 1% salt. The four test diets designated RRO contain 20 and 30 percent raw rice offal and
PRO contain 20 and 30 percent parboiled rice offal. The TDN(%), ME(Kcal/Kg DM) and feed cost per Kg were
calculated. There were four animals per treatment; the experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous
and isocaloric (Table 1). The trial lasted for 90 days.
Table 1: Percent feed composition of concentrate diets.
Inclusion level
Ingredient % 0 20RRO 30RRO 20PRO 30PRO
Maize offal 60 45 39 45.0 39.0
Rice offal 0 12 18 12 18
Cotton seed cake 19.5 24.9 29.7 24.0 29.0
Poultry litter 19.5 17.6 12.8 18.5 13.4
Salt 1 1 1 1 1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Calculated analysis
Crude protein(%) 15.16 15.15 15.11 15.17 15.15
TDN(%)
ME(Kcal/Kg DM)
71.73
2238
66.85
2090
64.56
2045
62.84
2145
58.52
2129
Feed cost (N/Kg) 34.66 32.09 32.09 31.34 31.22
TDN = Total digestible nutrient, ME = Metabolizable energy, RRO = Raw rice offal, PRO = Parboiled rice offal.
2.3 Animal Management
The bulls were housed in individual pens and weighed every forth night. They were fed concentrate and hay
(Digitaria smutsii) at 2% of their body weight respectively. The ration was adjusted at regular intervals of 2
weeks along with changes in live weight.
2.4 Carcass Evaluation
Three bulls from each treatment were slaughtered to determine the carcass composition. The bulls were
slaughtered after 24 and 12hrs of feed and water withdrawal, respectively to get shrunk body weight. After
slaughter, the hot carcass was weighed using a calibrated hanging scale of 500kg (50Kg graduation). The
external offal (head, limb, tail and hide) were removed and weighed separately using calibrated scale of 100kg
(200g graduation). After evisceration the internal offal (liver, spleen, kidney, heart and lungs) were removed and
weighed individually using a calibrated weighing scale of 10Kg (50g graduation). The GIT was weighed with
content using calibrated scale of 100kg (200g graduation) and reweighed after washing. Total lean meat
(boneless) was separated and weighed. The bones were also weighed. Dressing percentage was calculated by
dividing hot carcass by the fasted body weight expressed in percentage.
2.5 Chemical analysis
Analysis of concentrate diet was carried out by AOAC (2000) procedure. Also, Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) and
Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) was determined according to Van Soest (1991) at the Central laboratory of
National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), Shika, Zaria. Metabolizable energy (ME) was
determined by equation of Alderman and Cottrill, 1985. ME (MJ/Kg DM) = 11.78 + 0.0064 CP + (0.000665EE)2
- CF (0.00414EE) - 0.0118A. Where ME = Metabolizable energy, DM = Dry matter, CP = Crude protein, EE =
Ether Extract, CF = Crude fiber and A = Ash.
2.6 Data analysis
The data from the feeding trial and carcass evaluation were analysed using General Linear Model procedure of
SAS (2002) to see the response of the animals to measured parameters. Significant levels of difference among
treatment means was separated using DMRT in the SAS package.
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3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Proximate composition of experimental diet
Chemical Composition of concentrate Diets is presented in Table 2. The ME of the diets ranged between 10.85 -
11.16MJ/Kg DM. It falls within the range 10 - 11.6MJ/Kg DM recommended for Bulls (Rutherglen, 1995). The
Crude Protein (CP) of the diets range from 22.44% to 19.69%. These fall within the range of (19.00 to 22.91%)
reported by Lamidi et al. (2007). It is also similar to 19.63% reported by Madziga et al. (2013) but higher than
13% and 13 - 15% reported by Rutherglen (1995) and Aduku (1993) respectively. The CF range between 14.59%
to 17.84%. The CF the control diet (NRO) and 30% RRO inclusion were lower than the minimum level of 17%
required for beef cattle (NRC, 2000).
Table 2: Chemical compositions of concentrate diets containing varying levels of raw or parboiled rice
offal fed to fattening Bunaji bulls.
Level of inclusion
Parameters 0 20RRO 30RRO 20PRO 30PRO
Dry matter 90.05 89.77 88.77 89.85 89.17
Crude protein 19.94 19.69 22.44 21.38 20.56
Crude fibre 14.59 17.84 14.91 16.77 17.40
Ether extract 16.28 16.21 14.22 17.05 16.22
Ash 10.19 13.02 9.81 10.74 9.12
Acid detergent fibre (ADF) 20.56 21.89 21.32 24.13 21.09
Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) 36.44 40.81 39.87 43.96 42.41
Hemicellulose 15.88 18.92 18.50 19.83 19.32
Metabolizable energy(MJ/KgDM) 11.05 10.87 11.16 10.86 10.85
RRO = Raw rice offal, PRO = Parboiled rice offal, ME for the feed ingredients was determined by equation of
Alderman and Cottrill, 1985. ME (MJ/Kg DM) = 11.78 + 0.0064 CP + (0.000665EE)2
- CF (0.00414EE) -
0.0118A. Where ME = DM = Dry matter, CP = Crude protein, EE = Ether Extract, CF = Crude fiber and A =
Ash.
3.1 Effect of diet containing raw or parboiled rice offal on carcass yield of Bunaji Bulls.
There was no significant differences (P>0.05) on carcass yield irrespective of the type of rice offal fed to the
animal except for the legs, spleen, empty stomach, empty intestine, inguinal fat and abdominal fat which were
significant (P<0.05) Table 3.
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Table 3: Effect of feeding diet containing raw or parboiled rice offal on carcass yield of fattened Bunaji
bulls.
Type of rice offal
Parameters NRO RRO PRO SEM LOS
Fasted weight 317.00 314.83 329.00 8.952 NS
Slaughter weight 306.00 300.87 309.32 9.134 NS
Hot carcass weight 193.26 183.34 188.32 7.057 NS
Dressing % 60.88 58.07 57.21 0.726 NS
Weight of dissectible beef 123.00 112.67 111.00 4.851 NS
Beef (% of carcass) 63.50 61.27 58.87 0.946 NS
Bone yield 44.35 44.45 46.79 1.095 NS
Meat: bone ratio 2.78 2.53 2.39 0.091 NS
Legs 7.30c
7.54b
8.19a
0.129 *
Hide 19.50 b
20.20 20.32 0.310 NS
Head 16.75 16.62 16.66 0.382 NS
Tail 3.40a
3.27 3.27 0.045 NS
Liver 4.00 3.78 3.85 0.125 NS
Spleen 0.78b
0.80a
0.73b
0.022 *
Heart 120 1.16 1.14 0.035 NS
Lungs 2.01 2.07 2.14 0.065 NS
Kidney 0.55 0.58 0.55 0.011 NS
Stomach with content 34.40 35.50 37.09 0.863 NS
Empty stomach 7.55 b
7.78b
8.32a
0.112 *
Intestine with content 12.10 b
13.97 13.74 0.437 NS
Empty intestine 6.10 b
6.12b
7.01a
0.165 *
Inguinal fat 2.85a
2.39c
2.77b
0.117 *
Kidney fat 3.76a
3.08c
3.60b
0.225 *
Abdominal fat 4.39a
3.54b
3.75b
0.185 *
Intestinal fat 1.86 1.65 1.80 0.098 NS
Depth of chest fat 9.85 8.73 8.93 0.098 NS
Testis 0.50 0.58 0.57 0.029 NS
Longissimus muscle 1.25 1.34 1.35 0.078 NS
Rib muscle 2.17 2.19 2.14 0.080 NS
Blood 9.86 10.47 10.55 0.185 NS
NRO = No rice offal, RRO = Raw rice offal, PRO = Parboiled rice offal, SEM = Standard error of mean, Means
with different superscript along rows are significantly different at (P<0.05).
LOS = Level of significance*=P<0.05; NS = Not significant (P>0.05)
There was significant (P<0.05) differences on most of the carcass traits with varying levels of the rice
offal fed to the animal. 0% as the highest value, closely followed by 20% level of inclusion and lastly 30%level
of inclusion. Even though 20% and 30% level of inclusion of rice offal was statistically similar (Table 4).
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Table 4: Effect of feeding diet containing varying levels of rice offal on carcass yield of fattened Bunaji
bulls.
Level of inclusion
Parameters 0 20 30 SEM LOS
Fasted weight 317.00 329.00 319.75 10.964 NS
Slaughter weight 306.00 310.56 298.73 11.187 NS
Hot carcass weight 193.26 187.38 176.86 8.643 NS
Dressing % 60.88a
59.92b
55.12b
0.889 *
Weight of dissectible beef 123.00 108.50 104.00 5.942 NS
Beef (% of carcass) 63.50a
57.91b
58.80b
1.159 *
Bone yield 44.35 44.63 47.88 1.342 NS
Meat: bone ratio 2.78a
2.44ab
2.17b
0.111 *
Legs 7.30c
7.79b
8.50a
0.158 *
Hide 19.50b
20.18ab
21.10a
0.380 *
Head 16.75 16.43 16.73 0.468 NS
Tail 3.40a
3.04b
3.37a
0.055 *
Liver 4.00 3.85 3.58 0.150 NS
Spleen 0.78 0.74 0.78 0.026 NS
Heart 120 1.12 1.13 0.043 NS
Lungs 2.01 2.12 2.18 0.077 NS
Kidney 0.55 0.56 0.58 0.013 NS
Stomach with content 34.40 37.80 36.68 1.057 NS
Empty stomach 7.55b
7.78b
8.83a
0.138 *
Intestine with content 12.10b
14.65a
14.81a
0.535 *
Empty intestine 6.10b
6.63 ab
6.98a
0.203 *
Inguinal fat 2.85a
2.24b
2.65ab
0.143 *
Kidney fat 3.86a
3.60ab
2.79b
0.275 *
Abdominal fat 4.62a
3.75b
3.52b
0.226 *
Intestinal fat 1.86 1.80 1.53 0.120 NS
Depth of chest fat 9.85a
8.50b
8.15b
0.205 *
Testis 0.50b
0.69a
0.54b
0.036 *
Longissimus muscle 1.25 1.46 1.32 0.095 NS
Rib muscle 2.17 2.33 2.00 0.098 NS
Blood 9.86b
10.81a
10.87a
0.227 *
RRO = Raw rice offal, PRO = Parboiled rice offal, SEM = Standard error of mean.
Means with different superscript along rows are significantly different at (P<0.05).
LOS = Level of significance*=P<0.05; NS = Not significant (P>0.05).
There was no significant effect of rice offal type and level of inclusion (P<0.05) on most carcass parts
except for the legs, hide, empty stomach, empty intestine, Kidney fat and abdominal fat which were significant
(P<0.05).The 0% level of inclusion had the highest dressing percent, followed by20% parboiled rice offal, 20%
raw rice offal then 30% raw rice offal with 30% parboiled rice offal having the least value. Though these
differences were not statistically significant (P<0.05) Table 5.
The dressing percentage obtained in this study based on rice offal type (57.21-60.88), inclusion level
(55.12-60.88) and interaction between rice offal type and inclusion level (53.69-60.88) were higher than the
values of 52.50 to 53.98% reported by (Olayiwole et al., 1979) and 50.2 to 53.6% (Olayiwole and Fulani, 1980)
using intact Bunaji bulls. However, slightly higher dressing percentages (60.00%-61.00%) were reported by
Cullision et al. (1976) for steers fattened on poultry litter, maize grain and soybean cake diets. The differences in
dressing percentage between what is reported in the present study and those cited above could be due to high
quality of the concentrate (maize grain and soybean cake) fed in those studies.
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Table 5: Effect of type and level of inclusion of raw or parboiled rice offal on carcass yield of fattened
Bunaji bulls
Level of inclusion and Type of rice offal
Parameters 0 20RRO 30RRO 20PRO 30PRO SEM LOS
Fasted weight 317.00 308.00 319.50 350.00 320.00 15.505 NS
Slaughter weight 306.00 294.87 301.75 326.25 295.71 15.821 NS
Hot carcass weight 193.26 175.00 181.75 199.73 171.96 12.223 NS
Dressing % 60.88 56.79 56.77 57.05 53.69 1.257 NS
Weight of dissectible beef 123 101 114 116 94.00 8.403 NS
Beef (% of carcass) 63.50 57.79 62.53 58.03 55.07 1.639 NS
Bone yield 44.35 41.25 47.75 48.00 48.02 1.897 NS
Meat: bone ratio 2.78 2.45 2.37 2.42 1.97 0.157 NS
Legs 7.30 6.91 8.40 8.68 8.60 0.224 *
Hide 19.50 19.10 22.00 21.25 20.21 0.538 *
Head 16.75 16.25 16.85 16.60 16.62 0.662 NS
Tail 3.40 3.00 3.41 3.08 3.33 0.078 NS
Liver 4.00 3.85 3.48 3.85 3.69 0.213 NS
Spleen 0.78 0.83 0.80 0.66 0.76 0.037 NS
Heart 1.20 1.08 1.20 1.16 1.05 0.061 NS
Lungs 2.01 2.09 2.10 2.14 2.27 0.109 NS
Kidney 0.55 0.60 0.58 0.53 0.59 0.019 NS
Stomach with content 34.40 36.60 35.50 39.00 37.86 1.495 NS
Empty stomach 7.55 7.05 8.75 8.50 8.92 0.194 *
Intestine with content 12.10 15.05 14.75 14.25 14.88 0.757 NS
Empty intestine 6.10 5.75 6.50 7.50 7.42 0.287 *
Inguinal fat 2.85 1.87 2.45 2.60 2.85 0.202 NS
Kidney fat 4.95a
2.78c
2.85c
3.60b
2.73c
0.389 *
Abdominal fat 6.00a
3.24b
3.63b
3.75b
3.42b
0.320 *
Intestinal fat 1.87 1.60 1.50 2.00 1.56 0.170 NS
Depth of chest fat 9.85 8.00 8.35 9.00 7.95 0.290 NS
Testis 0.50 0.70 0.56 0.66 0.54 0.051 NS
Longissimus muscle 1.25 1.38 1.39 1.55 1.24 0.135 NS
Rib muscle 2.17 2.45 1.95 2.20 2.05 0.138 NS
Blood 9.86 10.33 11.23 11.28 10.50 0.321 NS
RRO = Raw rice offal, PRO = Parboiled rice offal, SEM = Standard error of mean
LOS = Level of significance*
=P<0.05; NS = Not significant (P>0.05)
The weight of legs obtained in this study based on rice offal type (7.54 - 8.19), inclusion level (7.30 -
8.19) and interaction between rice offal type and inclusion level (6.91 – 8.68) obtained in this study is higher
than the value reported by 6.3 - 7.0Kg (Olayiwole and Fulani, 1980) and 6.35 - 7.25Kg (Lamidi, 2005). The
weight of hide based on rice offal type (20.20 - 20.32), inclusion level (19.50-21.10) and interaction between rice
offal type and inclusion level (19.10 - 22.00) reported in this study is lower than values of 21.8 – 24.60Kg
(Olayiwole and Fulani, 1980) and 21.30 – 22.15Kg (Lamidi, 2005). The value reported for head based on rice
offal type (16.62-16.66), inclusion level (16.43-16.75) and interaction between rice offal type and inclusion level
(16.25-16.85) in this study is higher than 13.8-15.50Kg (Olayiwole and Fulani, 1980) but fall within the range of
16.53-18.87Kg as reported by Lamidi (2005). However, the meat to bone ratio obtained in this study is similar to
2.4-2.6% reported by Madziga (2013) except for the value of 1.97 gotten for animals on 30% parboiled rice offal
diet.
5. Conclusion
At the end of the feeding trial, it was concluded from the evaluation of the carcass composition of the bulls that
the inclusion of raw or parboiled rice offal in the diet of bunaji bulls yielded high quality carcass (lean meat)
because of low inguinal fat, kidney fat, abdominal fat and depth of chest fat compared with the control diets
therefore it can be adopted by farmer.
6. Acknowledgement
The Authors wishes to appreciate the Management of National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI)
for given the permission to make use of the institute facilities to carry out this study. Also, the efforts of Prof. I.A
Adeyinka (Head Data Processing Unit of NAPRI) is appreciated for putting us through the statistical analysis.
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