This study evaluated the effects of supplementing gamba grass hay with acacia pods on the performance of Yankasa rams. Rams were fed one of four diets: a control diet of gamba grass hay alone (T1), or gamba grass hay supplemented with 10% (T2), 20% (T3), or 30% (T4) acacia pods. Rams receiving supplemented diets had higher feed intake and live weight gain compared to the control diet. Rams fed diet T3, with 20% acacia pod supplementation, had the highest live weight gain, though gains were not significantly different between supplemented diets. Water intake was not affected by supplementation.
Digestibility level of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous m...AI Publications
Ruminant sheep from forage and legumes, which has linited avabiility due to the shift inproductive land for grass and legumes, which have been widely used for housing and business. Research purposes; To see the digestibility level of the fiber fraction from cacao waste fermented with indigenic microorganisms in sheep. Research hypothesis: Increased digestibility of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous microorganisms. Benefits of Research: The results of this study can reduce the waste problem cacao can be used as the building blocks for livestock rations ruminant by breeders.Material and Methods: This study used sheep as much as 16 tails whose age 6-12 months, the sheep will be sorted by weight, ration treatment consisted of four, namely; A = Concentrate (40%) + forage (60%), B = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + Lives fermentation (LF) (30%), C = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + rind cocoa Fermentation(RCF)( 30%), D = Concentrate( 40%) + Grass (30%) + (15%) LF+ RCF (15%). Variable research is weight gain, consumption of fiber fraction and the fiber fraction Digest. The results of the study are incressing weight of sheep ranged from 56.052 to 71.315 g / head / day with MD consumtion ranged from 289.78 to 359.00, from 129.02 to 160.22 NDF, ADF -115.42 84.29 grams / head / day and digestibility of MD ranged from 59.16 to 60.62%, 34.187 to 55.67 NDF, ADF 26.00 to 48.46. Conclusion: The waste cacao fruit can promote the growth of sheep are seen in terms of the fiber fraction. Suggestion; Giving the Waste cacao fruit in the diet in order to be improved.
Metabolic and Exercise Performance Responses to Two Different Oral Doses of C...science journals
This opinion article aims to highlight the use of the Word Association technique (WA) as a food safety tool, as evidenced in the article by J.M. Latorres and coauthors. .
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
Digestibility level of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous m...AI Publications
Ruminant sheep from forage and legumes, which has linited avabiility due to the shift inproductive land for grass and legumes, which have been widely used for housing and business. Research purposes; To see the digestibility level of the fiber fraction from cacao waste fermented with indigenic microorganisms in sheep. Research hypothesis: Increased digestibility of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous microorganisms. Benefits of Research: The results of this study can reduce the waste problem cacao can be used as the building blocks for livestock rations ruminant by breeders.Material and Methods: This study used sheep as much as 16 tails whose age 6-12 months, the sheep will be sorted by weight, ration treatment consisted of four, namely; A = Concentrate (40%) + forage (60%), B = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + Lives fermentation (LF) (30%), C = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + rind cocoa Fermentation(RCF)( 30%), D = Concentrate( 40%) + Grass (30%) + (15%) LF+ RCF (15%). Variable research is weight gain, consumption of fiber fraction and the fiber fraction Digest. The results of the study are incressing weight of sheep ranged from 56.052 to 71.315 g / head / day with MD consumtion ranged from 289.78 to 359.00, from 129.02 to 160.22 NDF, ADF -115.42 84.29 grams / head / day and digestibility of MD ranged from 59.16 to 60.62%, 34.187 to 55.67 NDF, ADF 26.00 to 48.46. Conclusion: The waste cacao fruit can promote the growth of sheep are seen in terms of the fiber fraction. Suggestion; Giving the Waste cacao fruit in the diet in order to be improved.
Metabolic and Exercise Performance Responses to Two Different Oral Doses of C...science journals
This opinion article aims to highlight the use of the Word Association technique (WA) as a food safety tool, as evidenced in the article by J.M. Latorres and coauthors. .
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
Animal nutrition approaches for profitable livestock operations and sustainab...ILRI
Presented by Blümmel, M.1, Garg, M.R.,2 Jones, C.1, Baltenweck, I.1 and Staal, S. at the Indian Animal Nutrition Association XI Biennial Conference, Patna, India, 19-21 November 2018
Optimization and Modeling of Energy Bars Based Formulations by Simplex Lattic...AI Publications
Simplex lattice mixture design was utilized to optimize high caloric and acceptable energy bars. Fourteen formulations of injera were produced from flour blends of high quality cassava flour (0–100%), toasted bambara groundnut (0–100%) and roasted cashew kernel(0–100%).The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of varying the proportions of the independent variables on these dependent variables (proteins, fats, carbohydrate) and general acceptability qualities of the energy bars. Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates were indicators of the calorie values of these energy bars. Mixture response surface methodology was used to model the proteins, fats, carbohydrates and general acceptability with single, binary and ternary combinations of high quality cassava flour, toasted bambara groundnut and roasted cashew kernel flours. The effect of variation in levels of cassava, bambara groundnut and cashew kernel flours on the fats, proteins, carbohydrates and general acceptability of the formulated energy bars were adequately predicted with regression equation. The statistical adequacy of the generated polynomial equation of the responses was checked using the following indices: F-value at p0.05, coefficient of determination R2, Adj. R2, lack of fit, and coefficient of variation (CV). Optimization suggested energy bars containing 61.40 % high quality cassava flour, 0.00 % bambara groundnut flour and 38.6 % cashew kernel flour as the best proportion of these components with a desirability of 0.775. Numerical optimization indicated that better sensory and high calorific qualities are directly related with the proportion of cassava flour, bambara groundnut flour and cashew kernel flour respectively. The optimum blends as validated showed a close relationship between the predicted and experimental values.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Economics of production and egg quality characteristics of Layer Chickens Fed...AI Publications
The study evaluated the effect of prosopis africana seed coat meal (PASCM) on the economics of production and egg quality characteristics of three hundred (300) Nera brown layer chickens thatwere fed for 39 weeks. The birds were randomly allotted to 5 experimental diets with 3 replications of 20 birds each. The diets were formulated with the inclusion of PASCM at 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30% levels for treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively and the data collected were subjected to analysis of Variance in a completely randomized design. Results obtained showed that in the economics of egg production, egg/hen/day, egg sales/day (₦) and profit/day (₦) decreased with increased PASCM inclusion in the diets. While most of the egg quality parameters were affected (P < 0.05) by the dietary treatments, except egg weight, egg length, shell thickness and egg shape index. The economics of production and egg quality characteristics showed that 20% PASCM inclusion level resulted in optimum production and hence this level is recommended for adoption.
Presentation by Michael Blummel at the 2012 Agriculture and Rural Development Day (ARDD) in Rio de Janiero, Learning Event No. 3, Session 2: Key Findings from Research Aimed at Enhancing the Feed Value of Crop Residues through Multi-Dimensional Crop Improvement. http://www.agricultureday.org
Software CrashLocator: Locating the Faulty Functions by Analyzing the Crash S...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In recent years, studies have been dedicated mainly in the analysis, of crashes in real-world related to large-scale software systems. A crash in terms of computing can be termed as a computer program such as a software application that stops functioning properly. Software crash is a serious problem in production environment. When crash happens, the crash report with the stack trace of software at time of crash is sent to the developer team. Software development team may receive hundreds of stack traces from all deployment sites and many stack traces may be due to same problem. If the developer starts analyzing each trace, it may take a longer duration of time and redundancy many happen in terms of two developers fixing the same problem. This motivates us to present the solution to analyze the stack traces and find the important functions responsible for crash and rank them, so that development resources can be optimized. In this paper we have proposed the solution to solve the problem by developing Software CrashLocator.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme
supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth
performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with
Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets
less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter
(0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1
(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets
separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed
to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of
fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model
protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary
groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along
with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the
parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water
to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the
starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at
starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k).
At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed
conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance
characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the
cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was
comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme
enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Animal nutrition approaches for profitable livestock operations and sustainab...ILRI
Presented by Blümmel, M.1, Garg, M.R.,2 Jones, C.1, Baltenweck, I.1 and Staal, S. at the Indian Animal Nutrition Association XI Biennial Conference, Patna, India, 19-21 November 2018
Optimization and Modeling of Energy Bars Based Formulations by Simplex Lattic...AI Publications
Simplex lattice mixture design was utilized to optimize high caloric and acceptable energy bars. Fourteen formulations of injera were produced from flour blends of high quality cassava flour (0–100%), toasted bambara groundnut (0–100%) and roasted cashew kernel(0–100%).The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of varying the proportions of the independent variables on these dependent variables (proteins, fats, carbohydrate) and general acceptability qualities of the energy bars. Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates were indicators of the calorie values of these energy bars. Mixture response surface methodology was used to model the proteins, fats, carbohydrates and general acceptability with single, binary and ternary combinations of high quality cassava flour, toasted bambara groundnut and roasted cashew kernel flours. The effect of variation in levels of cassava, bambara groundnut and cashew kernel flours on the fats, proteins, carbohydrates and general acceptability of the formulated energy bars were adequately predicted with regression equation. The statistical adequacy of the generated polynomial equation of the responses was checked using the following indices: F-value at p0.05, coefficient of determination R2, Adj. R2, lack of fit, and coefficient of variation (CV). Optimization suggested energy bars containing 61.40 % high quality cassava flour, 0.00 % bambara groundnut flour and 38.6 % cashew kernel flour as the best proportion of these components with a desirability of 0.775. Numerical optimization indicated that better sensory and high calorific qualities are directly related with the proportion of cassava flour, bambara groundnut flour and cashew kernel flour respectively. The optimum blends as validated showed a close relationship between the predicted and experimental values.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Economics of production and egg quality characteristics of Layer Chickens Fed...AI Publications
The study evaluated the effect of prosopis africana seed coat meal (PASCM) on the economics of production and egg quality characteristics of three hundred (300) Nera brown layer chickens thatwere fed for 39 weeks. The birds were randomly allotted to 5 experimental diets with 3 replications of 20 birds each. The diets were formulated with the inclusion of PASCM at 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30% levels for treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively and the data collected were subjected to analysis of Variance in a completely randomized design. Results obtained showed that in the economics of egg production, egg/hen/day, egg sales/day (₦) and profit/day (₦) decreased with increased PASCM inclusion in the diets. While most of the egg quality parameters were affected (P < 0.05) by the dietary treatments, except egg weight, egg length, shell thickness and egg shape index. The economics of production and egg quality characteristics showed that 20% PASCM inclusion level resulted in optimum production and hence this level is recommended for adoption.
Presentation by Michael Blummel at the 2012 Agriculture and Rural Development Day (ARDD) in Rio de Janiero, Learning Event No. 3, Session 2: Key Findings from Research Aimed at Enhancing the Feed Value of Crop Residues through Multi-Dimensional Crop Improvement. http://www.agricultureday.org
Software CrashLocator: Locating the Faulty Functions by Analyzing the Crash S...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In recent years, studies have been dedicated mainly in the analysis, of crashes in real-world related to large-scale software systems. A crash in terms of computing can be termed as a computer program such as a software application that stops functioning properly. Software crash is a serious problem in production environment. When crash happens, the crash report with the stack trace of software at time of crash is sent to the developer team. Software development team may receive hundreds of stack traces from all deployment sites and many stack traces may be due to same problem. If the developer starts analyzing each trace, it may take a longer duration of time and redundancy many happen in terms of two developers fixing the same problem. This motivates us to present the solution to analyze the stack traces and find the important functions responsible for crash and rank them, so that development resources can be optimized. In this paper we have proposed the solution to solve the problem by developing Software CrashLocator.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme
supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth
performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with
Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets
less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter
(0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1
(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets
separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed
to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of
fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model
protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary
groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along
with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the
parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water
to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the
starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at
starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k).
At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed
conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance
characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the
cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was
comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme
enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Effects of Seasonal Changes on Nutrients Composition and in Vitro Gas Assessm...ijtsrd
Animal performance mainly depends on the quantity and quality of forage available as feed and animal feed represents one of the major cost in animal production. Consequently, a research was conducted to investigate the effect of seasonal changes on nutrients composition, and in vitro gas assessment of Cajanus cajan as a fodder crop. Cajanus cajan foliage was harvested from the pasture unit of the University farm after cut back was done and samples were collected every 28 days of every month from July to March of the following year and each month serve as a treatment and T1 July…March T9. The samples were oven dried to determine chemical composition, minerals, secondary metabolites and in vitro gas evaluation using standard techniques. The results of chemical composition showed that crude protein CP and crude fibre varied from 17.12 to 19.44 and 21.57 to 24.83 respectfully. Similarly, all the minerals composition calcium Ca , phosphorus P , magnesium Mg , potassium K , sodium Na , manganese Mn , copper Cu zinc Zn , iron Fe and secondary metabolites phenols, phytates, oxalates, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and lectins were significantly P 0.05 different across the treatments. All other parameters such as dry matter DM , ash, ether extract EE , nitrogen free extract NFE , non fibre carbohydrates NFC and carbohydrates CHO were varied significantly P 0.05 except the organic matter OM that was similar across the treatments. Fibre fractions Neutral Detergent Fibre NDF , Acid Detergent Fibre ADF , Acid Detergent Lignin ADL , Hemicellulose and Cellulose showed significant P 0.05 differences except ADL that was similar throughout the season. In vitro fermentation study revealed that methane CH4 , total gas volume TGV , dry matter degradability DMD , organic matter digestibility OMD , metabolisable energy ME , short chain fatty acids SCFA , and fermentation efficiency FE ranged between 3.00 and 7.50ml, 7.00 and 14.00ml, 44.37 and 56.79 , 37.56 and 43.48 , 4.25 and 5.12MJ KgDM, 0.11 and 0.28µmol, 4.00 and 6.78 respectively. Significant differences P 0.05 occurred among the months regarding the in vitro gas parameters. evaluated. The CP levels, CF and ADF indicated that Cajanus cajan would be digestible. In vitro fermentation results showed that CH4 ranged value was very low, an indication of low loss of energy feed if fed to ruminants. Dry matter degradability DMD and organic matter digestibility OMD of Cajanus cajan as affected by season change were relative low owing to relative high level of ADF, NDF and some secondary metabolites. However seasonal variation had significant P 0.05 effects on the chemical composition except for Ash, OM and ADL composition that were similar across the seasons. Similarly, the results of in vitro gas assessment showed that seasonal change had significant influence on the parameters measured. Amuda, A. J. | Okunlola, D. O "Effects of Seasonal Changes on Nutrients Composition and in Vitro Gas Assessment of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus C
Carcass, Organ Weights and Histo-morphology of Internal Organs of Sows Fed Fe...Premier Publishers
Fresh cassava peels were subjected to submerged fermentation, sundried for 3-5 days and also subjected to proximate analysis. Fermentation reduced cyanide and improved crude protein. A group of 27 weaner gilts (Largewhite x Duroc), aged 8-9 weeks and weighed 10.61±0.27kg were fed fermented cassava-peels-based-diets. They were allotted to three treatments comprising T1 (control), T2 (fermented CPM) and T3 (fermented CPM + enzyme) in a completely randomized design and fed for 22 weeks. Data on carcass and some visceral organs weights were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Histo-morphology on the organs was conducted. The dressing percentages were 66.53, 60.25 and 64.11% for T1, T2 and T3 respectively whereas the head, heart, lungs and kidney were the weightiest for T1, the stomach/intestine for T2 and the liver and spleen for T3 while the histo-morphology of T1 sows were all normal except for mild architectural deviation in the duodenum and ileum. Histo-morphological changes were observed in the ileum and duodenum of T2 and T3. It is therefore recommended that fermented peels be supplemented with enzyme for improvement in dressing percentage and watch-out for pathological lesions in the visceral organs.
PROXIMATE AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF Pentadiplandra brazzeana STEM BARKSubmissionResearchpa
Plants are the cheapest and indispensable constituents of human diets supplying the body nutrients (carbohydrates, protein, fats, amino acids, vitamins) necessary for growth and body development. Therefore, this work was designed to examine the proximate and mineral composition of Pentadiplandra brazzeana stem bark (PBSB). Proximate composition of PBSB revealed the presence of 8.75 % moisture, 91.25 % dry matter, 6.43 % crude protein, 41.03 % crude fibre, 5.70 % ether extract, 12.11 % ash, 17.82 (g/100 g) carbohydrates, 0.47 % total reducing sugar and 632.2 Kj/100g energy respectively. Results on mineral analysis shows that PSSB is abundant in calcium (73.84 mg/100g) followed by phosphorus (41.55 mg/100g), magnesium (32.56 mg/100g), sodium (28.11 mg/100g), zinc (17.56 mg/100g), manganese (10.88 mg/100g), potassium (9.47 mg/100g) and copper (2.33 mg/100g). In order of mineral abundance in PBSB Ca ˃ phosphorus ˃ magnesium ˃ sodium ˃ zinc ˃ manganese ˃ potassium ˃ copper. It was concluded that PBSB is low in protein, energy and some minerals (copper and potassium). by Alagbe, J.O, Shittu, M. D, Bamigboye Samson. O and Oluwatobi, A.O 2020. PROXIMATE AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF Pentadiplandra brazzeana STEM BARK. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 114-118. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.844. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/844/805 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/844
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken feed during laying.
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken’s feed during laying.
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Feed constitutes about 80% of the total livestock production cost in Nigeria. The problem is more critical during the dry season more especially for ruminants. This study was conducted to determine the effect of location on chemical composition of sugarcane peels as animal feed in Kano State, Nigeria. The three sugarcane peel samples used for the study were from three different locations namely; Kano, Kaduna and mixed sugarcane peel (Kano and Kaduna). Known weights of the peels were sun dried and determined in the laboratory for proximate, energy, pH and phytonutrients. Results showed that ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, and dry matter were influenced by the location. Energy values (3891. 34 – 4037.53kcal/kg) were also affected (P< 0.05) by location of the sugarcane peels meal. Crude protein (6.02 – 8.20%), crude fiber (29.99 – 30.22%) and ash were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by location. The cellulose, hemicelluloses, NDF, ADF, and ADL of sugarcane peels meal were all significantly (P <0.05) affected by the location. The pH values (6.38 – 6.67) were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by location. The phytonutrients of all the components were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the location. Based on these findings, sugarcane peels meal from all the locations can serve as an alternative feed ingredient for ruminants, since the peels contained substantial amount of energy and protein. However, the peels meal can also be safe for ruminants’ feedings because it contained small amounts of anti-nutritional factors.
Proximate analysis and in-vitro gas production of predominant forages in Afe ...IJEAB
In Nigeria, the major feed resource for ruminant production is the natural grazeland. However, most forage found on such lands cannot absolutely support ruminant production. Therefore, there is need to ascertain the nutritive values of predominant forages in Afe Babalola University before setting up a ruminant farm. Wet season forages: grasses, legumes, forbes and tresses were sampled and analysed for proximate composition and in-vitro gas production using standard techniques. It was found that crude protein ranged between 12.2 and 27.3% in Terminalia catappa and Leucaena leucocephala respectively. The ash content varied from 6.0-22.0% in Andropogon gayanus and Asclepias syriaca respectively. Crude fibre of the forages was between 12.5 and 28.0% in L. leucocephala and Centrosema pubescens respectively. Gas production was measured for 24hrs at 3hr intervals. At mid-fermentation, gas production ranged between 4.0 and 13.3ml/200mgDM (T. catappa and A. syriaca respectively). While at termination, it was from 9.0 - 22.67ml/200mgDM in T. catappa and A. syriaca respectively. Significant differences (P<0.05) existed among tested forages. Organic matter digestibility was from 37.7-58.54% in Tridax procumbens and A. syriaca respectively. Short chain fatty acid ranged from 0.27 - 0.6µmol in T. catappa and A. syriaca respectively. The methane gas ranged from 3.33-5.67mmol in Terminalia catappa and Calopogonium mucunoides respectively. In conclusion, most of the forages were found to be adequate for ruminant production in crude protein component. They were all noted to be very low in methane gas production which connotes energy loss in ruminant production. A good mixture of examined forages therefore, might serve as adequate feed resources for ruminant production in the area.
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food WastesPremier Publishers
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Annual Biomass Production, Chemical Composition and In- sacco Degradability o...IJEAB
Types of plant cultivars and seasons often affect production and productivity of fodder biomass and nutritional quality to animals. Selection of suitable cultivars and better understanding of year round biomass production are indispensable for improving quality feed supply to animals. Black Seed Moringa (BSM-L) and White Seed Moringa (WSM), the two local cultivars and Black Seed Moringa (BSM-T) cultivar of Thailand origin of Moringa oleifera were cultivated in the fodder research field of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) during the period of 19 August 2014 to 23 December 2015. An agronomical trial was conducted to determine the biomass yield of the three cultivars in different seasons of a year under common agronomical practices. The effect of the cultivars on the daily relative growth rate (RGR), chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability were also evaluated. The cultivar response to biomass production performances, chemical composition and nutritional values were analyzed in an ANOVA of a Randomized Block Design (RBD), while the differences in the rate and extent of the DM degradability in-sacco determined using three rumen cannulated bulls were analyzed in an ANOVA of 3x3 Latin Square Design. The annual biomass yield of BSM-L tops (114.5 t/ha fresh; 22.7 t/ha DM) was significantly higher than that of WSM (29.0 t/ha fresh; 5.80 t/ha DM) or BSM-T (83.5 t/ha fresh; 16.0 t/ha DM). No significant difference in chemical composition (224.9, 222.4 & 223.8 g.kg-1 DM of crude protein (CP), respectively, and 450.9, 455.3 & 435.4 g.kg-1 DM of neutral detergent fiber, respectively) or nutritional value (47.4, 46.7 & 45.3% of potential, and 62.8, 64.2 and 63.6% of effective degradability of dry matter) was found for the cultivars. BSM-L had a significantly higher survivability (97.2%), prune number per plant (3.50) and RGR (15.6 mg DM/day) than WSM (25.0%, 2.30 & 4.20 mg DM/day) or BSM-T (55.6%, 3.10 & 10.8 mg DM/day) respectively. The hot and dry, and hot and humid climate having a Heat Index (HI) range of 25o to 35o F and monthly total rainfall of 130 mm to 332 mm were suitable for cultivation of all the Moringa cultivars. It was concluded that considering biomass production and its quality in terms of chemical composition and nutritional values, Black Seed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) may be cultivated as a plant fodder crop for the production of feed for ruminant animals.
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Performance of yankasa rams fed andropogon gayanus (gamba grass) hay supplemented with faidherbia albida (acacia) pods
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
Performance of Yankasa Rams Fed Andropogon gayanus (Gamba
Grass) Hay Supplemented with Faidherbia albida (Acacia) Pods
I. Ajiji1, H.D. Nyako2 and S.A. Ashom1
Department of Animal Health and Production, Plateau State College of Agriculture, Garkawa, Nigeria.
2
Department of Animal Production and Range Management, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola,
Adamawa State, Nigeria. iajiji@yahoo.com
1
Abstract
A 91-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing gamba grass
(Andropogon gayanus) hay with acacia (Faidherbia albida) pods on the performance of Yankasa rams. Twelve
yankasa rams, aged between 6 – 8 months with average live weight of 17kg were subjected to four dietary
treatments, each consisting of three replicates in a randomized complete block design. The four dietary
treatments were T1 (Gamba grass hay + 0% acacia pods), T2 (Gambas grass hay + 10% acacia pods), T3 (Gamba
grass hay + 20% acacia pods) and T4 (Gamba grass hay + 30% acacia pods). The result showed that rams fed T1
recorded the least feed intake and weight again than T2, T3 and T4 which were supplemented with acacia pods.
The live weight gain of Yankasa rams in the supplemented diets were not significantly (P<0.05) different. The
water intake of the rams was not significantly (P<0.05) affected by the acacia pods supplementation. The
nutrient digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) affected by the acacia pods supplementation. Rams fed
supplemented diets had significantly (P<0.05) improved nutrient digestibility than those fed the unsupplemented
diet. The study revealed that gamba grass hay when supplemented with acacia pods at 20% DM intake would
significantly (P < 0.05) lead to increased live weight gain of Yankasa rams.
Keywords: Performance, Yankasa rams, Gamba grass hay, Acacia pods
Introduction
One of the major factors limiting the productivity of small ruminants in developing countries is over
dependence on low digestibility feeds which during the dry season cannot meet even the maintenance
requirements of these animals (Schoenian, 2011). Jayasuriya (2002) categorized these feeds resources as high
fibre low protein feeds having organic matter digestibility between 30-45% and they include native grasses, crop
residues and fibrous agro-industrial waste products. They form the bulk of feeds consumed by small ruminants in
tropical countries because they are produce in large quantities and are relatively cheap since they are not
competed for by man or monogastric animals
According to Leng (1997), the poor condition of livestock in the tropics si more likely as a result of
inefficient digestion in the rumen and inefficient utilization of the nutrients absorbed from low quality feeds.
Several attempts which have been made to improve the nutritive quality of this class of livestock feeds include
physical, chemical and biological treatments, use of feeds additives as well as supplementation with non-protein
nitrogen sources such as urea and molasses (Adegbola, 2002). The possibility of using urea as a cheap readily
available source of nitrogen in ruminant diets led to the expectation of rapid improvement in ruminant
productivity in developing countries. However, for various reasons these technologies have not been widely
adopted as expected (Owen and Jayasuriya, 1989).
In recent years there has been a growing interest in many tropical countries to identify potentially
important feeds sources among shrubs and trees for inclusion in the ruminant diet to provide browse (shoots,
fruits and pods) that is high in protein to supplement the available low protein forage. This has been recognized
as one of the most effective means of improving animal performance in small holder livestock production
(Gworgwor et al., 2006). Acacia (Faidherbia albida) is one of the browse plants that provide valuable forage
resources especially in the arid and semi –arid savannah of Nigeria with a long dry season between 6- 7 months.
The crude protein content of Faidherbia albida and other species of acacia is in the range of 13-24.94% and
crude fibre is in the range of 11.84-38.90% (Mohammed and Kibon, 2004; Mohammed, 2006; Alexander, 2002).
The use of appropriate supplements and basal diets is a fundamental component of the feeding strategy
in order to balance nutrients for improved performance (Ndlovu, 1991).
Thus, this research investigates the effects of graded levels of Faidherbia albida pods supplementation on the
performance of yankasa rams fed basal diet of Andropogon gayanus hay.
137
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
Materials and Methods
The study was conducted at the Research and Teaching Farm of the Department of Animal Science and
Range Management, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State. Twelve (12) Yankasa
Rams which were within the age range of 6 -8 months with an average live weight of 17.5kg were used for the
study, which lasted for 91 days. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used comprising of four
(4) dietary treatment groups to which the animals were assigned to give three rams per treatment.
The experimental diets consisted of gamba grass hay supplemented with graded levels of acacia pods as
follows T1( Gamba grass hay +0% acacia pods),T2 ( Gamba grass hay + 10% acacia pods), T3( Gamba grass hay
+20% acacia pods and T4 (Gamba grass hay +30% acacia pods).The rations were given at 8:00am and 4:00pm
daily. Water was provided ad libitum. Feed intake was determined by the difference between the amount of feed
offered and that which was left over the next day. Rams were weighed weekly. Digestibility study was
conducted after the feeding trial in improvised metabolic crates which allow for separate collection of faeces and
urine. The data was analysed using Analysis of Variance ( ANOVA) of a Randomised Complete Block Design (
RCBD) experiment ( Steel and Torries, 1980), using a computer package-Genstat Release 10.3DE
(PC/Windows7).
Results and Discussions
The proximate composition of the basal diet (Andropogon gayanus hay) and the supplement
(Faidherbia albida pods) is presented in table 1.
Table 1: Chemical Composition of the Basal Diet and Supplement Diet
Constituent (%)
Basal Diet (Gamba grass hay)
Supplement
(Acacia pods)
Moisture
8.95
9.00
Dry matter (DM)
91.05
91.00
Crude protein (CP)
9.48
16.65
Crude Fibre (CF)
47.80
20.00
Ether Extract (EE)
0.71
0.55
Ash
16.91
5.71
Nitrogen free extract (NFE)
25.10
57.09
Calcium
0.27
0.38
Phosphorus
0.07
0.05
ME (Kcal/kg)*
1299.32
2669.17
*Metabolizable Enegy (ME) = 37 x %CP+81x%EE+35.5x%NFE (Panzenga, 1985 )
The result showed that the basal diet (gamba grass hay) contain 8.95% moisture, 91.05% DM, 9.48% CP,
47.80% CF, 0.71% EE, 16.91% ash, 25.10% NFE, 0.27% Ca, 0.07% P and ME of 1299.32Kcal/kg while the
supplement (acacia pods) contain 9.0% moisture, 91.0% DM, 16.65%CP, 20.0% CF, 0.55% EE, 5.71% ash,
57.09%NFE, 0.38% Ca,0.05% P and ME of 2669.17Kcal/kg. The DM of 91.05% of the basal diet was closed to
the value (92.40%) obtained by Ibrahim (2007).The author obtained a higher CP (11.06%) than the value of
9.48% obtained in the present study. This may be due to the lower CF (33%) value of the gamba grass compared
to the higher CF (47.8%) obtained in the present investigation. The NFE (25.10%) value was lower than the
value (50.20%) reported by Nyako (2010). The values for DM, CP and CF (91.05%,9.48% and 47.8%) obtained
for the chemical composition of the gamba grass hay were generally higher than the values (88.5% DM, 6.1%CP
and 35.1% CF) earlier reported by Toledo et al. (1990). The ME value (1299.32Kcal/kg) of the gamba grass hay
was close to the value (1261Kcal/kg) reported by Wilson (2001).
The values for DM, CP, CF and NFE (91%, 16.65%, 20% and 57.09% respectively) obtained for the
chemical composition of the acacia pods were lower than the values ( 97.93%DM,18.0%CP and 64.40% NFE)
reported by Gworgwor et al (2006). The DM value of 91% for the supplement was the same with the value
(91%) reported by Nyako (2010). However, the CP (15%) and NFE (50.0%) were lower than the values for CP
(16.65%) and NFE (57.09%) obtained in the present study. The CP (16.65) of the acacia pods was similar to the
value (16%) reported by Gohl (2002) and falls within the range (13-24.94%) earlier reported by Mohammed
(2006). Similarly, the CF value (20%) was within the range (11.84-38.9%) reported by Mohammed and Kibon
(2004). The higher crude fibre in the basal diet and its low content in the supplement are in consonance with the
findings of Mohammed (2006). The author reported that the crude fibre content of grasses is generally higher
than those of browse plants even when harvested at the same time. The ME value (2669.1Kcal/kg) of the acacia
138
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
pods was lower than the value (2956Kcal/kg) reported by Wilson (2001). The high energy and protein values of
the acacia pods clearly shows that it is a good supplement to a basal feed of gamba grass hay.
Table 2 shows the feed intake, water consumption and average live weight gain of yankasa rams fed
Andropogon gayanus ( Gamba grass) hay supplemented with Faidherbia albida ( Acacia pods).
Table 2: Feed Intake, Water Consumption and Average Live Weight Gain of Yankasa Rams Fed
Andropogon gayanus (Gamba Grass) Hay Supplemented with Faidherbia albida (Acacia) Pods
Parameter
Treatment
T1
T2
T3
T4
LSD
0%
10%
20%
30%
Total feed intake (g/d/h)
303.58
384.00
429.80
428.90
69.8*
Daily water intake (ltr)
2.37
2.40
2.44
2.46
NS
Initial live weight (kg)
17.67
17.67
17.50
17.50
NS
Final live weight (kg)
Average daily live weight gain (kg)
18.68
0.011
T1
T2
T3
T4
LSD
NS
*
**
21.63
0.044
21.88
0.048
21.75
0.046
0.098**
0.009**
=
Gamba grass hay only
=
Gamba grass hay + 50 grammes acacia pods.
=
Gamba grass hay + 100 grammes acacia pods.
=
Gamba grass hay + 150 grammes acacia pods.
=
Least significant difference
=
Not significant.
=
Significant (P < 0.05)
=
significant (P < 0.01)
The result shows that the daily feed intake of rams was significantly (P<0.05) different among the
treatments. Rams fed T3 and T4 diets had significantly (P<0.05) higher dry matter intake than those on the
control (T1) .The feed intake increases as the supplementation level increase from 0-150grammes. This finding is
in agreement with Ibrahim and Tibin (2003) that feeds supplemented with acacia pods generally improves dry
matter (DM) intake than un-supplemented diet. The result of feed intake clearly demonstrated that
supplementation of acacia pods to gamba grass hay significantly (P<0.05) increase feed intake.
The live weight gain of rams in the supplemented diets (T2, T3 &T4) were significantly (P<0.05) higher
than the un-supplemented diet (T1). The study clearly demonstrated that supplementation of acacia pods to
gamba grass hay has an advantage in weight gain of yankasa rams over feeding gamba grass hay alone. This
finding is also in agreement with Ibrahim (2007) in an investigation on the effect of level of cowpea vines
supplementation to yankasa sheep fed a basal diet of gamba grass and observed that rams fed supplemented diets
had significantly (P<0.05) higher daily weight gain of between 80-93 grammes than rams fed only gamba grass
which recorded the least daily weight gain of 51.4grammes.The performance of the rams on the supplemented
diets agrees with the assertion of Vazquez et al(2000) that energy-protein balance of a ration enhances live
weight gain.
The daily water intake of the rams showed no significant (P<0.05) difference across the treatments. The
result agrees with the water intake range of 1.75-2.65 litres reported by Osuhor et al (2004) for rams fed a basal
diet of maize stover-lablab mixture supplemented with different levels of concentrates. The average daily water
intake of 2.37-2.46 litres per day of the rams was also within the range of 2-3l/d reported by Miller et al (2006).
Table 3i shows the nutrient digestibility of yankasa rams fed Andropogon gayanus (Gamba grass) hay
supplemented with Faidherbia albida (Acacia) pods.
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4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 3: Nutrient Digestibility of Yankasa Rams Fed
Supplemented with Faidherbia albida (Acacia) Pods
Parameter
Treatment
T1
0%
Dry Matter digestibility (%)
49.78
Crude protein digestibility (%)
39.07
Crude fibre digestibility (%)
52.70
Nitrogen free extract digestibility (%)
48.52
Andropogon gayanus (Gamba Grass) Hay
T2
10%
50.82
40.17
56.89
51.05
T3
20%
50.86
47.86
57.79
51.86
T4
30%
50.75
45.56
56.98
51.89
LSD
0.537*
0.307*
0.574*
0.287**
The result showed that the dry matter digestibility (DMD),crude protein digestibility( CPD), crude fibre
digestibility (CFD) and nitrogen free extract digestibility (NFED) were significantly ( P<0.05) different across
the treatments. The digestibility values shows that ram fed supplemented diets (T2, T3 &T4) had better
digestibility than rams on the un-supplemented diet (T1). Digestibility increases as the level of supplementation
increases from 0-150grammes with the acacia pods. Quala et al. (2011) reported that the activity of ruminal
microbes is improve by nitrogen in supplemented diets leading to high digestibility. Also Tolera and Sundstol
(2000) reported that digestibility increases as the supplementation level increase for sheep fed a basal diet of
maize stover supplemented with different levels of Desmodium intortu hay. The improved digestibility in this
study may be attributable to the incorporation of acacia pods with a high NFE (57.09%) and CP (16.65%).
In conclusion, supplementation of gamba grass hay with acacia pods generally gave a significantly
(P<0.05) higher dry matter intake and live weight gain than the un-supplemented diet. Therefore, it is
recommended to feed gamba grass hay with 20% supplementation of dry matter intake to yankasa rams. This
will improve the nutritive value of gamba grass hay in the dry season when roughages are of poor quality and in
short supply.
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