A synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or AC generator.
A given alternator ( or synchronous machine) can be used as a motor, when driven electrically.
Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are as follows:
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency (because NS=120f/P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous (or near synchronous) speed by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.
A synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or AC generator.
A given alternator ( or synchronous machine) can be used as a motor, when driven electrically.
Some characteristic features of a synchronous motor are as follows:
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency (because NS=120f/P).
2. It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous (or near synchronous) speed by some means, before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3. It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging and leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to supplying torque to drive loads.
This presentation describes the per-phase equivalent circuit of induction motor - Power flow diagram - Ratio of air gap power, rotor copper loss and mechanical power developed.
construction, types and working principle of single phase transformerArunkumar Tulasi
construction and working of single phase transformer and its types
material using in construction, importance of transformer for transmitting power from generating station to distribution. capacity of transformers using in generating stations, transmission systems and distribution systems
Its my PPT presentation about Single Phase Transformer.
In it only cover few point about single phase transformer like construction, working principle, emf equation and Transformer on load.
This presentation describes the per-phase equivalent circuit of induction motor - Power flow diagram - Ratio of air gap power, rotor copper loss and mechanical power developed.
construction, types and working principle of single phase transformerArunkumar Tulasi
construction and working of single phase transformer and its types
material using in construction, importance of transformer for transmitting power from generating station to distribution. capacity of transformers using in generating stations, transmission systems and distribution systems
Its my PPT presentation about Single Phase Transformer.
In it only cover few point about single phase transformer like construction, working principle, emf equation and Transformer on load.
Class 12 Investigatory project, Presentation, Class 12 Physics Project presentation, Class 12 physics Project,CBSE Class 12 physics project, Transformers
Ekeeda Provides Online Electrical and Electronics Engineering Degree Subjects Courses, Video Lectures for All Engineering Universities. Video Tutorials Covers Subjects of Mechanical Engineering Degree.
Electronics and Communication Engineering is the Branch of Engineering. Electronics and Communication Engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including Engineering Graphics, Computer Programming,Electronics Devices and Circuits-I, Network Analysis, Signals and Systems, Communication Systems, Electromagnetics Engineering, Digital Signal Processing, Embedded Systems, Microprocessor and Computer Architecture. Ekeeda offers Online Mechanical Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus. https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/Electronics-and-Communication-Engineering
Transformers devices and its efficiency of itnsp945
Transformers Electrical Engineering
Types of Transformers
The efficiency of various Transformers
In electrical engineering, a transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) across any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil.
Electrical Engineering is the Branch of Engineering. Electrical Engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including Thermal and Hydraulics Prime Movers, Analog Electronic Circuits, Network Analysis and Synthesis, DC Machines and Transformers, Digital Electronic Circuits, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Control System Engineering, Engineering Electromagnetics, Microprocessor and Microcontroller. Ekeeda offers Online Mechanical Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus. https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/Electrical-and-Electronics-Engineering
Ekeeda Provides Online Electrical and Electronics Engineering Degree Subjects Courses, Video Lectures for All Engineering Universities. Video Tutorials Covers Subjects of Mechanical Engineering Degree.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
5. SISTec-e 5
• The source side is called Primary
• The load side is called Secondary
• Ideally
1. The resistance of the coils are zero.
2. The relative permeability of the core in infinite.
3. Zero core or iron loss.
4. Zero leakage flux
The Transformer
6. SISTec-e 6
The Transformer
i) Switch ‘S1’ is closed and ‘S2’ is open at t=0
The core does not have a flux at t=0
The voltage induced across each coil is
proportional to its number of turns.
7. SISTec-e 7
The Transformer
ii) Switch ‘S2’ is now closed
A current now starts to flow in resistance R. This current
is i2(t) (flows out of the dotted terminal).
R
)t(2V
R
)t(e
)t(i 2
2 ==
Thus a MMF N2i2(t) is applied to the magnetic circuit. This will
immediately make a current i1(t) flow into the dot of the primary
side, so that N1i1(t) opposes N2i2(t) and the original flux in the core
remains constant. Otherwise, N2i2(t) would make the core flux change
drastically and the balance between V1 and e1(t) will be disturbed.
8. 8
The Transformer
Observation: It was shown that the flux in the core is
Φm Sin(ωt). Since the permeability of the core is infinite ideally
zero current can produce this flux! In actuality, a current Im, known
as magnetizing current is required to setup the flux in the
transformer. This current is within 5% of the full load current in
a well designed transformer.
ℜ
==
2
1
1
1
;
1 N
L
L
rmsV
Im
ω
L1 is the primary side self inductance.
9. SISTec-e 9
Polarity (dot) convention
Terminals of different windings are of same polarity if currents
entering (or leaving) them produce flux in the same direction
in the core.
10. SISTec-e 10
How to check polarity?
1) Measure e12 and e34
2) Connect 2 and 4 and measure e13
3) If e13= e12+e34, 1 and 4 have same polarity
4) If e13= e12-e34, 1 and 4 have different polarity
11. The transformer’s equivalent
circuit
To model a real transformer accurately, we need to account for the following
losses:
1.Copper losses – resistive heating in the windings: I2
R.
2.Eddy current losses – resistive heating in the core: proportional to the square
of voltage applied to the transformer.
3.Hysteresis losses – energy needed to rearrange magnetic domains in the
core: nonlinear function of the voltage applied to the transformer.
4.Leakage flux – flux that escapes from the core and flux that passes through
one winding only.
13. The Exact Equivalent Circuit Of A Real
Transformer
The transformer’s
equivalent circuit
However, the exact circuit is not
very practical.
Therefore, the equivalent circuit is usually
referred to the primary side or the secondary
side of the transformer.
Equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to its
primary side.
Equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to its
secondary side.
14. Approximate Equivalent Circuit Of A
Transformer
For many practical applications,
approximate models of
transformers are used.
Referred to the primary
side.
Without an excitation branch
referred to the primary side.
Referred to the secondary side.
Without an excitation branch
referred to the secondary side.
The values of components of the
transformer model can be determined
experimentally by an open-circuit
test or by a short-circuit test.
15. SISTec-e 15
Open circuit Test
•It is used to determine Lm1 (Xm1)andRc1
•Usually performed on the low voltage side
•The test is performed at rated voltage and frequency under
no load
16. Open Circuit Test
Finds Iron Losses (Fe)
Full Supply
Voltage
Secondary
Open Circuit
Wattmeter indicates Iron Losses (Fe)
16
17. SISTec-e 17
Short circuit Test
•It is used to determine Llp (Xeq)andRp(Req)
•Usually performed on the high voltage side
•This test is performed at reduced voltage and rated frequency
with the output of the low voltage winding short circuited such
that rated current flows on the high voltage side.
18. Short Circuit Test
Copper Losses (Cu)
Secondary
Short Circuited
Limited
Supply
Voltage
≈ 5-10 %
Wattmeter indicates Copper Losses (Cu)
18
19. SISTec-e 19
Transformer Regulation
•Loading changes the output voltage of a transformer.
Transformer regulation is the measure of such a deviation.
Definition of %
Regulation
100*
|V|
|V||V|
load
loadloadno −
= −
Vno-load =RMS voltage across the load terminals without load
V load = RMS voltage across the load terminals with a specified
load
20. SISTec-e 20
Maximum Transformer Regulation
1212
1
0
11
0
2
'
2
0'
21
;0
max
.0
eqeq
eqeq
or
whenimumisVClearly
ZIVV
θθθθ
θθ
−==+
∠∠+∠=
22. Transformer Losses
Copper Losses (Cu)
•Varies with load current
•Produces HEAT
•Created by resistance of windings
•Short circuit test supplies copper losses
22
23. Transformer Losses
Iron Losses (Fe)•Fixed
•Always present
•Related to transformers construction
Eddy Currents
Reduced by laminations
Produces HEAT
Hysteresis
Reduced by using special
steels in laminations
23
26. SISTec-e 26
Maximum Transformer Efficiency
The efficiency varies as with respect to 2 independent
quantities
namely, current and power factor•Thus at any particular power factor, the efficiency is maximum if
core loss = copper loss .This can be obtained by differentiating the
expression of efficiency with respect to I2 assuming power factor, and
all the voltages constant.
•At any particular I2 maximum efficiency happens at unity power
factor.
This can be obtained by differentiating the expression of efficiency
with respect to power factor, and assuming I2 and all the voltages
constant.
27. SISTec-e 27
100
0
% full load current
pf=1
pf= 0.8
pf= 0.6
At this load current
core loss = copper loss
Maximum efficiency point
η
28. All Day Efficiency
• Most Transformers are connected permanently
• The time that the transformer has to be calculated when
determining efficiency
• Able to determine the best transformer for the application by its
efficiency
28SISTec-e
29. All Day Efficiency
Transformer A
Sout = 300 kVA Fe = 1.25 kVA Cu = 3.75 kVA
Hours Load kW kWh % Load Cu Loss Cu kWh Fe kWh Losses kWh Input kWh
1.00 6.00 5 100 500.0 33.33 0.42 2.08 6.25 8.33 508.33
6.00 7.00 1 200 200.0 66.67 1.67 1.67 1.25 2.92 202.92
7.00 8.00 1 300 300.0 100.00 3.75 3.75 1.25 5.00 305.00
8.00 9.00 1 360 360.0 120.00 5.40 5.40 1.25 6.65 366.65
9.00 12.00 3 300 900.0 100.00 3.75 11.25 3.75 15.00 915.00
12.00 14.00 2 280 560.0 93.33 3.27 6.53 2.50 9.03 569.03
14.00 18.00 4 300 1200.0 100.00 3.75 15.00 5.00 20.00 1220.00
18.00 20.00 2 360 720.0 120.00 5.40 10.80 2.50 13.30 733.30
20.00 22.00 2 280 560.0 93.33 3.27 6.53 2.50 9.03 569.03
22.00 1.00 3 200 600.0 66.67 1.67 5.00 3.75 8.75 608.75
5900.0 5998.02
98.37
Time Period
P out kWh = P in kWh =
% Eff =
29SISTec-e