Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure > 25 mmHg. It is classified into 5 groups, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), PH due to left heart disease, PH due to lung diseases/hypoxia, chronic thromboembolic PH, and PH with unclear mechanisms. Clinical symptoms include dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, syncope, edema, and cough. Diagnostic tests involve echocardiogram, chest X-ray, ECG, and right heart catheterization. Management includes supportive therapies, calcium channel blockers, endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, prostacyclins, and transplantation.
The document discusses the circulation in the lungs and pulmonary hypertension. It describes the double blood supply and drainage of the lungs from the pulmonary and bronchial arteries and veins. It discusses the types of pulmonary arteries and how they change in size and composition from the main pulmonary artery towards the capillaries. It also summarizes pulmonary hypertension, its genetics, pathobiology involving endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle proliferation, remodeling, inflammation and thrombosis.
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure > 25 mmHg. It is classified into 5 groups, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), PH due to left heart disease, PH due to lung diseases/hypoxia, chronic thromboembolic PH, and PH with unclear mechanisms. Clinical symptoms include dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, syncope, edema, and cough. Diagnostic tests involve echocardiogram, chest X-ray, ECG, and right heart catheterization. Management includes supportive therapies, calcium channel blockers, endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, prostacyclins, and transplantation.
The document discusses the circulation in the lungs and pulmonary hypertension. It describes the double blood supply and drainage of the lungs from the pulmonary and bronchial arteries and veins. It discusses the types of pulmonary arteries and how they change in size and composition from the main pulmonary artery towards the capillaries. It also summarizes pulmonary hypertension, its genetics, pathobiology involving endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle proliferation, remodeling, inflammation and thrombosis.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in ccongenital heart diseasesMalleswara rao Dangeti
1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure >25 mm Hg at rest or >30 mm Hg with exercise due to abnormalities in the pulmonary vasculature.
2. PAH can develop in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) such as ventricular septal defects due to persistent high pulmonary blood flow leading to vascular changes over time.
3. In advanced PAH associated with CHD, known as Eisenmenger syndrome, pulmonary vascular resistance rises to high levels, equalizing pressures in the pulmonary and systemic circulations and resulting in a reversed or bidirectional shunt.
This study found that only 7.5% of acute heart failure patients had a normal ECG, higher than previous reports of 2%. Abnormal ECG findings like widened QRS duration and paced rhythm were associated with decreased survival, while a normal ECG and sinus rhythm were protective. Additionally, atrial fibrillation increased risk of rehospitalization but not mortality. When considered with other clinical data, ECG characteristics can help risk stratify heart failure patients and guide their management.
This document provides an overview of the approach to a patient presenting with dyspnea. It begins with definitions of dyspnea and classifications including the modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale and NYHA classification. It then discusses the receptors involved in the mechanism of dyspnea, common causes of acute, subacute and chronic dyspnea, important parts of the physical examination, red flags, and recommended initial testing.
This document discusses the basic anatomy and electrophysiology of the heart. It describes the four chambers of the heart - the right and left atria which are the receiving chambers, and the right and left ventricles which are the pumping chambers. It also discusses the sinus node which acts as the pacemaker, generating electrical impulses, and the intraventricular conduction system which allows orderly propagation of impulses from the atria to the ventricles. This includes the bundle of His, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers. Understanding the heart's anatomy and electrical conduction system is fundamental to electrocardiography.
Edemul pulmonar acut reprezintă o urgență medicală des întâlnită și este caracterizat de
dispnee severă cu ortopnee și stază pulmonară, cauzate de insuficiența ventriculară stângă.
Terapiile farmacologice și nonfarmacologice specifice trebuie inițiate rapid și au ca obiectiv
corecția hipoxemiei și scăderea postsarcinii ventriculului stâng. Acestea includ oxigenoterapie,
ventilație mecanică noninvazivă și medicație de tipul diureticelor de ansă și vasodilatatoarelor.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in ccongenital heart diseasesMalleswara rao Dangeti
1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure >25 mm Hg at rest or >30 mm Hg with exercise due to abnormalities in the pulmonary vasculature.
2. PAH can develop in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) such as ventricular septal defects due to persistent high pulmonary blood flow leading to vascular changes over time.
3. In advanced PAH associated with CHD, known as Eisenmenger syndrome, pulmonary vascular resistance rises to high levels, equalizing pressures in the pulmonary and systemic circulations and resulting in a reversed or bidirectional shunt.
This study found that only 7.5% of acute heart failure patients had a normal ECG, higher than previous reports of 2%. Abnormal ECG findings like widened QRS duration and paced rhythm were associated with decreased survival, while a normal ECG and sinus rhythm were protective. Additionally, atrial fibrillation increased risk of rehospitalization but not mortality. When considered with other clinical data, ECG characteristics can help risk stratify heart failure patients and guide their management.
This document provides an overview of the approach to a patient presenting with dyspnea. It begins with definitions of dyspnea and classifications including the modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale and NYHA classification. It then discusses the receptors involved in the mechanism of dyspnea, common causes of acute, subacute and chronic dyspnea, important parts of the physical examination, red flags, and recommended initial testing.
This document discusses the basic anatomy and electrophysiology of the heart. It describes the four chambers of the heart - the right and left atria which are the receiving chambers, and the right and left ventricles which are the pumping chambers. It also discusses the sinus node which acts as the pacemaker, generating electrical impulses, and the intraventricular conduction system which allows orderly propagation of impulses from the atria to the ventricles. This includes the bundle of His, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers. Understanding the heart's anatomy and electrical conduction system is fundamental to electrocardiography.
Edemul pulmonar acut reprezintă o urgență medicală des întâlnită și este caracterizat de
dispnee severă cu ortopnee și stază pulmonară, cauzate de insuficiența ventriculară stângă.
Terapiile farmacologice și nonfarmacologice specifice trebuie inițiate rapid și au ca obiectiv
corecția hipoxemiei și scăderea postsarcinii ventriculului stâng. Acestea includ oxigenoterapie,
ventilație mecanică noninvazivă și medicație de tipul diureticelor de ansă și vasodilatatoarelor.
ATLAS OF MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE ESCAPE REGION VOLUME 12 GEOLOGY AND MINERAL...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Atlas of Mineral Resources of the ESCAP Region:
Geology and Mineral Resources of Myanmar
This series shows the distribution of mineral deposits and occurrences in the countries of the Asia and Pacific region irrespective of their economic significance and provides information on their contained commodities, reserves, geographic locations, their relation to the geological environment and other characteristics.
Book Ordering Information:
Sales Number: E.95.II.F.17 ISBN: 92111968250 Vol.12 Pages: 208pp.
The document outlines Italy's "Italia start-up VISA" policy to attract innovative entrepreneurs from around the world. It provides 10 reasons for starting a business in Italy, including its skilled workforce from high-quality universities, status as a top manufacturing country, strategic location in Europe, robust investment incentives, and improving business environment due to government efforts. The application process for the startup visa is also summarized, noting it involves applying directly to the committee or through a certified incubator with proof of financial resources.
Integrated email-marketing-and-social-mediaRenee Williams
The document discusses how integrated email marketing and social media can help businesses grow their audience and drive results. It argues that combining email marketing and social media allows businesses to spread their message more widely, reach new audiences, and take advantage of real-time communication channels. The document also notes that companies that use both email marketing and social media see greater list growth, higher click-through rates, and an ability to better recognize and adapt to trends in technology and consumer expectations.
DCLG Statistics User Engagement Day - Social Housing Sales and LettingsDCLGStats
This document provides information about affordable housing data and statistics in the UK. It begins by defining affordable housing and its categories under the National Planning Policy Framework. It then describes the various data sources for affordable housing, including the Homes and Communities Agency, Greater London Authority, and local authorities. It explains that these organizations publish statistics on affordable housing starts and completions at the local authority level. Finally, it provides details on how these statistics can be accessed on the respective organization's websites through statistical releases, tables and other resources.
G-1. Web-сайт. Сайт музея Максіма Багдановіча ў ГроднеТатьяна Рысева
Работа ўдзельніка фестывалю беларускамоўнай рэкламы і камунікацыі aDNaK!
Сайт музея Максіма Багдановіча ў Гродне: https://bagdanovichmuseum.by/
Выканаўца работы — студыя «Іквадарт».
The document outlines the plot, genre, visual style, characters, and influences for a horror film called The Devil's Disciple. The plot involves a boy named Ray who starts behaving strangely after missing school. His friends realize he is ill and hasn't left his bed. Strange deaths then start occurring in the city. The genre is horror, which will be represented through music, typography, and intimidating characters. The visual style aims to use shadows, camera angles, and color schemes typical of horror films. The main characters discussed are Ray, the villain, Jackson the hero, and a group of superficial damsels in distress. Influences mentioned include Jake Gyllenhaal's performances, Scooby Doo, and
The document outlines Daniel Nofal's vision for the Wikilife Foundation, a non-profit organization that aims to collect health data from individuals to conduct research studies. Over 2 years, the Wikilife team developed a mobile app and software platform to anonymously aggregate over 2 million data points from users on topics like nutrition, activities, and mood. The goal is to identify health correlations and make the aggregated data available to researchers to advance scientific understanding for the benefit of humanity. The Wikilife Foundation operates through donations and conducts various health-related research projects using the collected data.
The Depression had severe consequences for many Americans. Banks ran out of money after people withdrew their savings, leading them to close. Unemployment skyrocketed to 25% in 1932, leaving many homeless as they could not pay mortgages or loans. Farmers struggled with falling prices and dust bowls, leaving crops rotting unsold or harvested. Charities operated soup kitchens and bread lines to help the unemployed as there was no social safety net.
The document discusses the opening sequence of the film Limitless. It uses techniques like close-ups, zooms, and sound effects to create confusion and uncertainty for the audience. Close-ups of characters and objects imply importance but provide little context. Zooms slow the pace, while banging sounds suggest someone is trapped amid the slow editing pace. Overall, these techniques aim to engage the audience from the start by leaving them wondering what happened.
There are several transportation options available in the Dominican Republic. The main bus companies, Metro and Caribe Tours, offer clean, air-conditioned buses between major cities and towns with reasonable fares. Public buses called gua guas provide cheaper transportation but are more crowded and less comfortable. Taxis are available in cities and can be pre-arranged, and motorcycles called motor-conchos provide the cheapest rides but are the most dangerous. Food in the DR is influenced by African, Spanish, and indigenous cuisines and features staples like rice and beans. Popular dishes include sancocho stew and various fresh seafood. Coffee, fruit juices, beer, rum cocktails, and sodas
Design and Development of GIS Based Utility Management System at DOS Housing ...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the conceptual design model of a GIS [Geographic Information system] based Utility Management System for DOS Housing Colony, Vikramnagar, Ahmedabad. The processing capabilities of GIS and the system ability to manipulate geo-referenced data and results in different formats and models make them suitable for planning and operation of all activities of the Construction & Maintenance Group of SAC, Ahmedabad. This is specially designed software for the Civil, Electrical and Horticultural wing of Construction and Maintenance Group, Space Applications Centre (ISRO) in many ways to improve the Planning, Maintenance and Information standards. In this software, all physical information like Vikramnagar area, all buildings, roads, water supply lines, drainage lines, fire fighting lines, pump house, wells, bore points, recharge wells, and STP plant, torrent power substations, DG set rooms, LT panels, LT cables, electrical light poles and solar light poles, nursery area and trees are converting into digital forms using GIS by developing different layers. Thus Digital information will be used for identification of each utility and finally, this software will provide information of the entire Vikramnagar housing colony related to Construction & Maintenance Group by providing instant records availability. The Utility system load flow based on GIS presented in the paper is an ideal tool for performing the analysis and viewing the results on a map superimposed with other geographic layers. It allows power system planners to work on the real system by relating the output to the location of load and feeder. Together with the utilization of water supply lines, fire fighting lines, drainage lines, all buildings, roads, trees and power distribution the System will become an essential tool for utility decision makers and the Occupants of the colony. The data of water supply, fire fighting, drainage and power distribution systems are very complicated to update, and there is a lack of linkage between spatial and non-spatial data.
Készítette: Neumann János Középiskola és Kollégium 11. H osztály
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Actuala pandemie de coronavirus COVID-19, pe lângă faptul că provoacă
mulți pacienți și decese, produce modificări importante în viața noastră de zi cu
zi. Riscul de transmitere a bolilor infecțioase de la pacient la resuscitator sau invers
este foarte scăzut în cursul unei resuscitări cardiopulmonare, dar în anumite medii
sau în circumstanțe precum pandemia actuală de coronavirus, aceste riscuri cresc
foarte mult, ceea ce va necesita măsuri extreme de PROTECȚIE și MODIFICĂ
oricare dintre manevre.
This document discusses coronasomnia, or insomnia related to the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that insomnia has been one of the most searched terms online recently. Coronasomnia is a term created to describe sleep issues arising from the current health context. Factors like stress, anxiety, lack of exercise and sunlight exposure, and insufficient sleep can all contribute to insomnia. Evaluation of insomnia may involve questionnaires, while polysomnography is used in some cases. Treatment focuses on cognitive behavioral therapy techniques like sleep hygiene and stimulus control. The author's clinical experience has seen over a 30% increase in requests for sleep evaluations and treatments, with most cases being secondary to the current health situation.
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The Birmingham Gauge scale is used to measure the diameter of needles, catheters, sutures and other medical devices. It ranges from 5G, the largest diameter of 12.7 mm, to 36G, the smallest diameter of 0.102 mm. The gauge number does not necessarily correspond to needle color as colors can vary by manufacturer. A table is provided listing common medical devices like needles, syringes and catheters along with their gauge, diameter, flow rate and color.
2. Definiție. Incidență
Sindromul hepato-pulmonar este o complicație a cirozei
hepatice și este definit prin triada:
-afectare hepaticã cu (sau fără) hipertensiune portalã;•
-prezența anomaliilor vasculare pulmonare, respectiv a
dilatațiilor vasculare intrapulmonare;
-schimbarea anormalã de gaze cauzatã de creșterea
gradientului alveolo-arterial la respirația în aerul
atmosferic ce duce la hipoxemie.
Sindromul hepato-pulmonar apare într-o proporție de
5-29% la bolnavii cirotici
3. .
Prima relație între suferința ficatului și cea a plămânului a
fost observată de Fluckiger (1884) plecând de la cazul
unei femei cu ciroză hepatică, cianoză și hipocratism
digital. Această legătură a fost mai târziu formalizată
de Kennedy și Knudson (1997) și descrisă ca Sindrom
hepato-pulmonar.
4. MANIFESTĂRI CLINICE
Manifestările clinice sunt asociate bolii hepatice
cronice.
1. DISPNEEA –simptom comun, dar nespecific.
Se prezintă ca o respirație scurtă, ce se
agraveaza progresiv, mai ales la efort, din poziție
culcată, în poziție șezândă și care se
ameliorează la revenirea în clinostatism
(platipnee)
Respirație ce se agravează în poziție ortostatică
(ortodeoxie), în condițiile existenței unei
hipoxemii severe.
5. .
2. ANGIOAME (steluțe vasculare) – sunt întâlnite
frecvent și la cei cu ciroză hepatică fără sindrom
hepato-pulmonar
7. .
!!! Hipocratismul digital reprezintă la pacienții cu
Sindrom Hepato-Pulmonar cea mai bună confirmare a
acestui diagnostic.
4. CIANOZA – consecința hipoxiei arteriale
8. .
Auscultația pulmonară este nesemnificativă, chiar în
hipoxemia severă.
Accentuarea zgomotului II (componenta pulmonară)
și hipertrofia ventriculară dreaptă (HVD), apar
în condițiile hipertensiunii pulmonare secundare
(HTP).
Semnele și simptomele pulmonare, asociate bolii
hepatice cronice sunt discrete și apar progresiv, după
diagnosticul inițial al bolii hepatice.
9. DIAGNOSTIC DE LABORATOR
1. Analiza gazelor sanguine, în orto și clinostatism,
ilustrează gradul hipoxemiei arteriale, ajutând la
clasificarea defectelor de oxigenare în:
ușoare(PaO2> 80 mmHg)
medii (PaO2 60-80 mm Hg)
severe (PaO2 < 60 mmHg)
10. .
2. Explorarea funcției respiratorii – furnizează date
asupra modificării volumelor pulmonare (CRF,CPT) și
asupra scăderii capacității de difuziune a monoxidului
de carbon (DLCO).
Investigația ajută la excluderea altor cauze de hipoxie,
precum bolile obstructive sau restrictive pulmonare.
11. .
3. Radiografia pulmonară
în general normală sau prezintă opacități bazale
bilateral sau aspect reticular, modificări
corespunzătoare dilatațiilor vasculare. Este necesară
pentru detectarea altor anomalii pulmonare:
pleurezie, fibroză sau atelectazie.
12. .
4. Măsurarea oxidului nitric (NO) în aerul
expirat este o metodă puțin utilizată, dar posibil, în
viitor, marker al anomaliilor de difuziune a gazelor, din
boala hepatică.
5. Cateterizarea cordului drept – prin
măsurarea presiunilor din artera pulmonară și atriul
drept, ajută la demonstrarea prezenței hipertensiunii
pulmonare secundare (HTP)
13. 6. Echocardiografia cu contrast
este o metodă cu sensibilitate crescută, chiar la cei cu
saturație normală, la cei cu ciroză, detectând
vasodilatația pulmonară în peste 10% dintre cazuri.
14. 7. Tomografia computerizată cu substanță
de contrast
macroagregate de albumină marcate cu Tc 99m–
reprezintă o metodă specifică de diagnostic, indicând
prezența șunturilor porto-pulmonare, a fistulelor
arterio-venoase și veno-venulare.
poate stabili corelații între gradul hipoxemiei
arteriale și gradul de dezvoltare a șunturilor
intrapulmonare precum și existența unei eventuale
boli pulmonare coexistente.
15. 8. Angiografia pulmonară
reprezintă o metodă invazivă și scumpă, fiind
sensibilă pentru evidențierea șunturilor
intrapulmonare și poate exclude prezența șunturilor
mari.
9. Tomografia computerizată de înaltă
rezoluție
detectează șunturile vasculare și dilatațiile vasculare
intrapulmonare, corelate cu severitatea modificărilor
gazelor sanguine.
16. EVOLUȚIE ȘI PROGNOSTIC
Evoluția pacienților cu sindrom hepato-pulmonar este
destul de slab definită.
Cu o terapie suportivă, prognosticul pacienților este
nefavorabil, cu o rată globalå a mortalității de 41% după
2,5 ani.
Rata medie de supraviețuire a celor cu ciroză și sindrom
hepato-pulmonar este de 10,6 luni, comparativ cu a celor
fără sindrom hepato-pulmonar, care este de 40,8 luni.
Afecțiunile comorbide ca infecția sau sepsisul, determină
o alterare acută și dramatică a respirației. La 20% dintre
pacienți există și alte anomalii pulmonare ca emfizemul și
hidrotoraxul.
Mortalitatea după transplantul hepatic este mai mare la
cei cu sindrom hepato-pulmonar, comparativ cu cei fără.
18. Șuntul portosistemic transjugular intrahepatic
(TIPS)
reprezintă o terapie de legătură în așteptarea
transplantului de organ, având beneficiu maxim când
este urmat de transplantul ortotopic de ficat
TIPS scade hipertensiunea portală, ameliorând
balanța la 2/3 din pacienți, ajutând la controlul
lichidelor pleurale și peritoneale
19. . Tratament medicamentos
nu s-a dovedit a fi eficace în sindromul hepato-pulmonar
Analog de somatostatină (Alacitrină) cu rol în creșterea
rezistenței vasculare pulmonare și a presiunii în artera
pulmonară.
Albastru de metil în perfuzie 5 mg/kgc timp de 15’,
pentru a bloca efectul vasodilatator al NO și a ameliora
hipoxemia și statusul hiperdinamic.
Folosirea chinolonelor( Norfloxacină)- ameliorează
saturația cu O2 prin inhibiția translocării bacteriilor Gram
negativ din intestin în circulația pulmonară, generatoare
de NO.
Paroxetina (Paxil), un antidepresiv, s-a dovedit a fi un
puternic inhibitor al oxid nitric sintetazei.
Oxigenoterapia suplimentară, pentru menținerea unei
PaO2 > 60 mmHg.
20. Concluzii
1. Evaluarea sindromului hepato-pulmonar (SHP) la
pacienți cu afecțiuni hepatice cu hipertensiune portală
este necesarã.
2. Folosirea tomografiei computerizată cu substanță
de contrast în diagnosticul SHP este certã.
3. Cea mai sigurã metodã de tratament în SHP rãmâne
transplantul hepatic.
21. Referințe bibliografice
Revista Medicală Română- volum LV, nr. 2, an
2008, SINDROMUL HEPATO-PULMONAR-Dr.
Simona Brătănescu, Dr. Amalia Călinoiu,Dr. Ștefania
Dumitrescu, Dr. Iohann Bach, Dr. Monica
Giurgiu,Universitatea de Medicină „C. Davila“,
Clinica Med. Internă I, SUUB
Arta medicală- volum 6(26), 2007 Iu. Moscalu-
Sindrom hepato-pulmonar pag 23-26