DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Density determination of liquids by using hydro...Zanyar qaradaxe
This experiment measured the density and specific gravity of naphtha using a hydrometer. The hydrometer reading for naphtha was 0.695 at an actual temperature of 21°C. The specific gravity was then corrected to the standard temperature of 15.6°C, yielding a value of 0.697592. Calculations were shown to determine the density of naphtha at 15.6°C as 0.697 g/cm3. The hydrometer method was discussed as the simplest way to determine liquid density and specific gravity based on Archimedes' principle.
This document summarizes a fluid mechanics laboratory experiment to determine liquid density using an aerometer or hydrometer. The experiment involved measuring the density of oil, water, and a saltwater mixture by placing aerometers of varying scales into each liquid and reading the line where they floated. Densities of 0.839 g/ml for oil, 0.997 g/ml for water, and 1.134 g/ml for saltwater were obtained. The mass of each liquid was then calculated using the measured density and a volume of 500ml. The location of the lead shot in the bottom of the aerometer allows it to right itself vertically when measuring density by balancing the lifting and gravitational forces.
This document describes a chemistry laboratory experiment to measure the density, specific gravity (SG), and API gravity of fluids. Two methods are used: a hydrometer method and a pycnometer method. The pycnometer method is found to be more accurate due to factors like temperature that can affect hydrometer readings. Calculations are shown to determine the SG and API gravity of a crude oil sample. The API gravity is found to be 47.84, indicating a paraffinic crude oil. Higher API gravity values correspond to crude oils that contain more gasoline and less sulfur.
The objective of this lab is to measure and study density and specific gravity of different liquids by using hydrometer. This gives information how light or heavy a crude oil is.
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Density determination of liquids by using hydro...Zanyar qaradaxe
This experiment measured the density and specific gravity of naphtha using a hydrometer. The hydrometer reading for naphtha was 0.695 at an actual temperature of 21°C. The specific gravity was then corrected to the standard temperature of 15.6°C, yielding a value of 0.697592. Calculations were shown to determine the density of naphtha at 15.6°C as 0.697 g/cm3. The hydrometer method was discussed as the simplest way to determine liquid density and specific gravity based on Archimedes' principle.
This document summarizes a fluid mechanics laboratory experiment to determine liquid density using an aerometer or hydrometer. The experiment involved measuring the density of oil, water, and a saltwater mixture by placing aerometers of varying scales into each liquid and reading the line where they floated. Densities of 0.839 g/ml for oil, 0.997 g/ml for water, and 1.134 g/ml for saltwater were obtained. The mass of each liquid was then calculated using the measured density and a volume of 500ml. The location of the lead shot in the bottom of the aerometer allows it to right itself vertically when measuring density by balancing the lifting and gravitational forces.
This document describes a chemistry laboratory experiment to measure the density, specific gravity (SG), and API gravity of fluids. Two methods are used: a hydrometer method and a pycnometer method. The pycnometer method is found to be more accurate due to factors like temperature that can affect hydrometer readings. Calculations are shown to determine the SG and API gravity of a crude oil sample. The API gravity is found to be 47.84, indicating a paraffinic crude oil. Higher API gravity values correspond to crude oils that contain more gasoline and less sulfur.
The objective of this lab is to measure and study density and specific gravity of different liquids by using hydrometer. This gives information how light or heavy a crude oil is.
This document discusses different methods for measuring density in solids, liquids, and gases. It begins with introducing density and its uses in determining concentration, composition, and calorific value. Methods covered for solids include physical measurement, while liquids can be measured via chain balance densitometer, angular position densitometer, or hydrometer. Gases are measured using electromagnetic or thermal conductive gauge densitometers. In conclusion, the report outlines how these density measurement techniques can be useful for everyday and industrial applications.
This document describes an experiment conducted by students to measure the density and specific gravity of various liquids using a hydrometer. The introduction provides background on hydrometers and how they are used to determine density and specific gravity. The experimental procedures involve filling a cylinder with the test liquid, inserting the hydrometer, and recording the point where the liquid meets the stem. The student then answers discussion questions about density and specific gravity measurements in oil industry, how hydrometers work, differences between density and relative/specific gravity, API gravity, and sources of error in their results.
Specific Gravity, and API Gravity for petroleum productsMuhammad Akram
1) The document describes an experiment to determine the specific gravity and API gravity of kerosene and gasoline using two methods: the hydrometer method and pycnometer method.
2) The pycnometer method was found to be more accurate than the hydrometer method for measuring API and specific gravity, as the hydrometer can be affected by temperature, carbon dioxide, and alcohol content.
3) The API gravity value provides information about the quality and composition of petroleum products, with higher API gravity indicating a product contains more desirable and valuable components like gasoline.
hydrometer ( flow fluid lab ) chemical Eng Zhyar Arsalan
This document is a student laboratory report that details using an aerometer or hydrometer to determine the density of various liquids. It includes an introduction to the theory behind how aerometers measure density, the experimental procedure, a table of density readings for oil, water, and a saltwater solution, and a brief discussion section. The aim was to use appropriately calibrated aerometers to ascertain properties like alcohol content, fat content, concentration, and antifreeze content by measuring density.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted by a group of students at Koya University to measure the density and specific gravity of different liquids using two methods: by weight and by hydrometer. The experiment aims to provide information about light and heavy crude oils. It outlines the theory, tools used, procedures for each method, sample calculations, and discussions from various group members. The document contains the typical sections of an experiment report including an introduction, methodology, results, and conclusions.
The document describes an experiment conducted using a gas permeameter to determine the permeability of rock core samples by measuring gas flow rates and pressure drops across the samples based on Darcy's law. Calculations are shown to derive permeability values from the experimental data for different flow rates and pressure differentials. High permeability values obtained could be due to the Klinkenberg effect where gas molecules slip along grain surfaces at low pressures.
API gravity is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. It uses a scale of degrees where higher numbers mean less dense and lighter. Crude oil is classified based on its API gravity into light, medium, and heavy. Oil in the 40-45 degree range is most desirable as it yields more gasoline and diesel fuel. Lighter or heavier crudes are penalized similarly because they produce less of these desirable products for refineries.
Petroleum Properties - Density and relative densityStudent
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the density and API gravity of kerosin and gas oil samples using two methods: a hydrometer and a pycnometer.
2. The results found the API gravity of kerosin to be 48.53 using the hydrometer method but 35.56 using the pycnometer method, showing a difference between the methods.
3. The pycnometer method is considered more accurate as it is less affected by factors like temperature, bubbles, and alcohol content that influence the hydrometer readings.
This document discusses properties of natural gases that are important for engineers to understand when designing equipment for natural gas production, processing, and transportation. It covers topics such as the molecular theory of gases and liquids, equations of state including the ideal gas law and real gas behavior, viscosity, thermodynamic properties including specific heat and heating values, and limits of flammability and safety considerations. Key equations of state and models for predicting properties like compressibility factor, viscosity, and specific heat are presented.
This lab report summarizes a penetration test experiment conducted to examine the consistency of a bitumen sample. The experiment involved heating the bitumen sample to 120°C, cooling it to 25°C, and vertically penetrating it with a standard needle under a specified load, time, and temperature. Readings were taken over three trials and averaged. The report documents the aim, theory, tools, procedure, readings table, discussion of potential errors and how to correct them, advantages of the penetration test, and references.
This document provides information and instructions for measuring fluid density in a reservoir engineering laboratory course. It defines key terms like density and specific gravity. Common methods for determining density are described, including the Westphal balance, hydrometer, pycnometer, and bicapillary pycnometer. Step-by-step procedures are given for measuring density using a pycnometer, including cleaning, filling, weighing, and calculating density based on measurements. Reference tables of water density at different temperatures are also included.
The document describes an experiment conducted to determine pipe friction losses in laminar and turbulent flow by measuring head loss at varying flow velocities in a brass pipe. Graphs are presented comparing measured and theoretical friction coefficients against Reynolds number, showing a linear relationship for laminar flow and a non-linear relationship for turbulent flow. The results provide data to distinguish between laminar and turbulent water flow in pipes and observe the relationship between head loss and Reynolds number.
This document describes an experiment conducted using an Electrical Properties System at Ambient conditions to measure the electrical resistivity of three rock core samples (Indiana, Torrey, and Silurian cores). The experiment involved saturating the cores, measuring their resistances when fully and partially saturated, and using the results to calculate properties like formation factor, cementation exponent, tortuosity, and resistivity index. The results showed that resistivity decreased with increasing saturation and porosity. There were errors in resistivity measurements for two cores when partially saturated. Improving measurement techniques and repeating the experiment were recommended to enhance accuracy.
To determine the relative viscosity of given liquid using Ostwald’s viscometer
*Presentation Overview*
Aim, Apparatus and Chemicals, Theory, Procedure, Observations, Calculations, Result
This lab report describes an experiment to determine the viscosity of ethanol using an Ostwald viscometer. Water and ethanol were measured in the viscometer and their densities were calculated. The time taken for water and ethanol to flow through the viscometer was recorded. Using the measured densities and flow times along with the known viscosity of water, the viscosity of ethanol was calculated to be 1.867 N.s/m2 based on the formula that relates viscosity to density and flow time.
1) The document describes an experiment measuring fluid pressure using Bernoulli's principle. A Venturi nozzle and pitot tube are used to measure static and total fluid pressures at different points.
2) Tables of pressure measurements are presented and graphs show the relationships between flow velocity, pressure, and other variables according to Bernoulli's equations.
3) The results are discussed in relation to real-world examples of Bernoulli's principle like aircraft wings and passing vehicles. Pressure, velocity, and forces are analyzed.
Armfield Gas Absorption Column ExperimentHadeer Khalid
The absorption of CO2 from air to water was studied in Gas absorption column built by Armfield company. Lab report and experiment was part of Separation Lab.
Liquid Level Measurement By Indirect MethodJaydeep Vakil
This ppt contains Differential Method for measuring of liquid level of storage tanks and vessels. Differential method is one of the indirect method for liquid level measurement..
This document provides information and instructions for measuring fluid viscosity using various laboratory instruments. It begins with definitions of viscosity, density, and rheology. It then describes different types of viscometers including the falling ball viscometer, capillary tube viscometers like the Ostwald viscometer, and rotational viscometers. The document provides details on operating the Ruska rolling ball viscometer and calculating viscosity. It also discusses Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid behavior and factors that influence viscosity like temperature, pressure, and molecular weight.
Estimating the Amount of Moisture Content in Crude Oil SamplesIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- Determination of the amount of water in crude oil and petroleum products has always been important. Rather than paying crude oil prices for water, contracts have been based on "net dry oil". This is calculated by reducing the total gross standard volume (GSV) by the amount of water and sediment present as determined by analysing a sample of the oil. Accurate analysis for the water content is usually more difficult than the determination of gross volume, temperature, and gravity of the oil.
This document discusses different methods for measuring density in solids, liquids, and gases. It begins with introducing density and its uses in determining concentration, composition, and calorific value. Methods covered for solids include physical measurement, while liquids can be measured via chain balance densitometer, angular position densitometer, or hydrometer. Gases are measured using electromagnetic or thermal conductive gauge densitometers. In conclusion, the report outlines how these density measurement techniques can be useful for everyday and industrial applications.
This document describes an experiment conducted by students to measure the density and specific gravity of various liquids using a hydrometer. The introduction provides background on hydrometers and how they are used to determine density and specific gravity. The experimental procedures involve filling a cylinder with the test liquid, inserting the hydrometer, and recording the point where the liquid meets the stem. The student then answers discussion questions about density and specific gravity measurements in oil industry, how hydrometers work, differences between density and relative/specific gravity, API gravity, and sources of error in their results.
Specific Gravity, and API Gravity for petroleum productsMuhammad Akram
1) The document describes an experiment to determine the specific gravity and API gravity of kerosene and gasoline using two methods: the hydrometer method and pycnometer method.
2) The pycnometer method was found to be more accurate than the hydrometer method for measuring API and specific gravity, as the hydrometer can be affected by temperature, carbon dioxide, and alcohol content.
3) The API gravity value provides information about the quality and composition of petroleum products, with higher API gravity indicating a product contains more desirable and valuable components like gasoline.
hydrometer ( flow fluid lab ) chemical Eng Zhyar Arsalan
This document is a student laboratory report that details using an aerometer or hydrometer to determine the density of various liquids. It includes an introduction to the theory behind how aerometers measure density, the experimental procedure, a table of density readings for oil, water, and a saltwater solution, and a brief discussion section. The aim was to use appropriately calibrated aerometers to ascertain properties like alcohol content, fat content, concentration, and antifreeze content by measuring density.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted by a group of students at Koya University to measure the density and specific gravity of different liquids using two methods: by weight and by hydrometer. The experiment aims to provide information about light and heavy crude oils. It outlines the theory, tools used, procedures for each method, sample calculations, and discussions from various group members. The document contains the typical sections of an experiment report including an introduction, methodology, results, and conclusions.
The document describes an experiment conducted using a gas permeameter to determine the permeability of rock core samples by measuring gas flow rates and pressure drops across the samples based on Darcy's law. Calculations are shown to derive permeability values from the experimental data for different flow rates and pressure differentials. High permeability values obtained could be due to the Klinkenberg effect where gas molecules slip along grain surfaces at low pressures.
API gravity is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. It uses a scale of degrees where higher numbers mean less dense and lighter. Crude oil is classified based on its API gravity into light, medium, and heavy. Oil in the 40-45 degree range is most desirable as it yields more gasoline and diesel fuel. Lighter or heavier crudes are penalized similarly because they produce less of these desirable products for refineries.
Petroleum Properties - Density and relative densityStudent
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the density and API gravity of kerosin and gas oil samples using two methods: a hydrometer and a pycnometer.
2. The results found the API gravity of kerosin to be 48.53 using the hydrometer method but 35.56 using the pycnometer method, showing a difference between the methods.
3. The pycnometer method is considered more accurate as it is less affected by factors like temperature, bubbles, and alcohol content that influence the hydrometer readings.
This document discusses properties of natural gases that are important for engineers to understand when designing equipment for natural gas production, processing, and transportation. It covers topics such as the molecular theory of gases and liquids, equations of state including the ideal gas law and real gas behavior, viscosity, thermodynamic properties including specific heat and heating values, and limits of flammability and safety considerations. Key equations of state and models for predicting properties like compressibility factor, viscosity, and specific heat are presented.
This lab report summarizes a penetration test experiment conducted to examine the consistency of a bitumen sample. The experiment involved heating the bitumen sample to 120°C, cooling it to 25°C, and vertically penetrating it with a standard needle under a specified load, time, and temperature. Readings were taken over three trials and averaged. The report documents the aim, theory, tools, procedure, readings table, discussion of potential errors and how to correct them, advantages of the penetration test, and references.
This document provides information and instructions for measuring fluid density in a reservoir engineering laboratory course. It defines key terms like density and specific gravity. Common methods for determining density are described, including the Westphal balance, hydrometer, pycnometer, and bicapillary pycnometer. Step-by-step procedures are given for measuring density using a pycnometer, including cleaning, filling, weighing, and calculating density based on measurements. Reference tables of water density at different temperatures are also included.
The document describes an experiment conducted to determine pipe friction losses in laminar and turbulent flow by measuring head loss at varying flow velocities in a brass pipe. Graphs are presented comparing measured and theoretical friction coefficients against Reynolds number, showing a linear relationship for laminar flow and a non-linear relationship for turbulent flow. The results provide data to distinguish between laminar and turbulent water flow in pipes and observe the relationship between head loss and Reynolds number.
This document describes an experiment conducted using an Electrical Properties System at Ambient conditions to measure the electrical resistivity of three rock core samples (Indiana, Torrey, and Silurian cores). The experiment involved saturating the cores, measuring their resistances when fully and partially saturated, and using the results to calculate properties like formation factor, cementation exponent, tortuosity, and resistivity index. The results showed that resistivity decreased with increasing saturation and porosity. There were errors in resistivity measurements for two cores when partially saturated. Improving measurement techniques and repeating the experiment were recommended to enhance accuracy.
To determine the relative viscosity of given liquid using Ostwald’s viscometer
*Presentation Overview*
Aim, Apparatus and Chemicals, Theory, Procedure, Observations, Calculations, Result
This lab report describes an experiment to determine the viscosity of ethanol using an Ostwald viscometer. Water and ethanol were measured in the viscometer and their densities were calculated. The time taken for water and ethanol to flow through the viscometer was recorded. Using the measured densities and flow times along with the known viscosity of water, the viscosity of ethanol was calculated to be 1.867 N.s/m2 based on the formula that relates viscosity to density and flow time.
1) The document describes an experiment measuring fluid pressure using Bernoulli's principle. A Venturi nozzle and pitot tube are used to measure static and total fluid pressures at different points.
2) Tables of pressure measurements are presented and graphs show the relationships between flow velocity, pressure, and other variables according to Bernoulli's equations.
3) The results are discussed in relation to real-world examples of Bernoulli's principle like aircraft wings and passing vehicles. Pressure, velocity, and forces are analyzed.
Armfield Gas Absorption Column ExperimentHadeer Khalid
The absorption of CO2 from air to water was studied in Gas absorption column built by Armfield company. Lab report and experiment was part of Separation Lab.
Liquid Level Measurement By Indirect MethodJaydeep Vakil
This ppt contains Differential Method for measuring of liquid level of storage tanks and vessels. Differential method is one of the indirect method for liquid level measurement..
This document provides information and instructions for measuring fluid viscosity using various laboratory instruments. It begins with definitions of viscosity, density, and rheology. It then describes different types of viscometers including the falling ball viscometer, capillary tube viscometers like the Ostwald viscometer, and rotational viscometers. The document provides details on operating the Ruska rolling ball viscometer and calculating viscosity. It also discusses Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid behavior and factors that influence viscosity like temperature, pressure, and molecular weight.
Estimating the Amount of Moisture Content in Crude Oil SamplesIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- Determination of the amount of water in crude oil and petroleum products has always been important. Rather than paying crude oil prices for water, contracts have been based on "net dry oil". This is calculated by reducing the total gross standard volume (GSV) by the amount of water and sediment present as determined by analysing a sample of the oil. Accurate analysis for the water content is usually more difficult than the determination of gross volume, temperature, and gravity of the oil.
liquid fuel properties and methods to properties Mahesh Naik
The document summarizes key properties of liquid fuels that can be estimated including density, viscosity, flash point, cloud point, boiling point, and calorific value. Density can be measured using a hydrometer, which uses Archimedes' principle to determine the specific gravity of a liquid compared to water. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to deformation and can be found using an U-tube or Ostwald viscometer. Other properties like flash point and boiling point are important safety indicators, while calorific value represents the total heat released from burning a fuel. Standard tests and equipment exist to accurately measure these various liquid fuel properties.
There are three main types of viscometers: capillary, falling, and rotational. Capillary viscometers are accurate for low viscosity newtonian fluids. They measure the time it takes a fluid to flow through a capillary tube under gravity. Rotational viscometers apply a torque to a cylinder or sphere in the fluid to determine viscosity based on shear stress. Common rotational viscometers include concentric cylinder, cone/plate, and coaxial cylinder designs which vary in whether the cup or bob rotates. Viscosity measurements depend on factors like fluid density, temperature, pressure, and rotational speed or flow time.
The document discusses pure substances and their properties. It defines a pure substance as one that is homogeneous and has a constant chemical composition across all phases. A pure substance can exist as a solid, liquid or gas, and its chemical makeup remains the same in each phase. The document also describes phase diagrams and equations of state for pure substances, and methods for determining the dryness fraction of steam using calorimeters.
This presentation is a samle demonstration of the newton's law of cooling. The first part of the video defines the law and the second part designs an experiment to findout the specific heat of a given liquid by the method of cooling.
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics. It outlines key learning outcomes, including understanding basic fluid mechanics concepts and applications. It defines fluids and gives examples. Key fluid properties like density, viscosity, pressure and compressibility are explained. Different types of fluids and flows are classified, including viscous and inviscid, internal and external, incompressible and compressible, steady and unsteady, and natural and forced flows. Dimensional analysis and units are also covered. Tables of contents and illustrations are included to aid understanding of the topic.
This document discusses the gravimetric method used for analysis of water. It provides background on gravimetric analysis, which determines the quantity of an analyte based on measuring the mass of a solid. For water analysis using this method, a known water volume is filtered to collect solids, which are then dried, weighed, and the analyte amount is calculated. The document outlines various gravimetric methods for analyzing total solids, suspended solids, dissolved solids, and other parameters in environmental samples. It discusses advantages such as precision, and disadvantages like complexity. Finally, it explains that while gravimetry is not often used directly, its definitive measurements are important for validating other analytical techniques.
This document describes procedures for determining properties of oils and fuels using various laboratory apparatuses. It provides details on determining the flash and fire points of an oil using a Pensky Marten's apparatus. It also describes how to measure the viscosity of oils at different temperatures using apparatuses like the Saybolt viscometer, Redwood viscometer, and torsional viscometer. Additional procedures outlined include determining the calorific value of gases using a Boy's gas calorimeter and constructing valve and port timing diagrams for 4-stroke and 2-stroke engines.
This document describes an experiment to measure humidity using a psychrometer. It includes sections on the aim, introduction, theory, instructions, calculations, discussion, and references. The introduction explains that humidity is the amount of water vapor in air and defines relative humidity. The theory section describes how vapor pressure relates to temperature and humidity. The instructions explain how to use a psychrometer to measure the dry and wet bulb temperatures and determine relative humidity from a table.
This document provides instructions for classifying crude oil samples based on API gravity values determined through density and specific gravity measurements. Key points:
1. Density, specific gravity, and API gravity of crude oil samples are measured using a pycnometer to determine mass and volume.
2. Calculations based on these measurements allow classification of samples as light, medium, or heavy crude oil types according to their API gravity values and densities relative to water.
3. Relationships between specific gravity, density, and API gravity are examined to understand crude oil composition and properties important for industrial applications.
This document discusses measuring the API gravity of crude oil through determining its specific gravity using a pycnometer. It defines API gravity as a scale denoting crude oil density, with higher API degrees indicating lighter crude oils. The pycnometer method involves measuring the mass of a fixed volume of water and the sample material (crude oil) in the pycnometer at the same temperature, then calculating specific gravity and API gravity using provided equations. API gravity is an important indicator of crude oil quality and pricing.
The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. A solid usually melts over a range of temperatures rather than at one specific temperature. Impure solids melt over a wider range and at a lower temperature than pure solids. The student measured the melting point of sample A and found it to be between 100-102°C, identifying it as benzoyl peroxide which is reported to have a melting point in that range.
There are two main methods to determine fluid saturation in reservoir rocks: direct measurement using core samples, and indirect measurement using well logs. Direct measurement involves either retort distillation or Dean-Stark solvent extraction of core samples. Retort distillation involves heating core samples to evaporate fluids and measure volumes, while Dean-Stark extraction uses a solvent to leach out oil and water for volume measurement. Both provide fluid saturation measurements but Dean-Stark is more accurate and retort can damage samples through coking. Indirect measurement infers saturations from resistivity well logs and capillary pressure analysis.
The document discusses methods for determining specific gravity, including using a pycnometer or oscillating transducer density meter. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a liquid to the density of water at the same temperature. A pycnometer is filled with the liquid and weighed, then the specific gravity is calculated as the ratio of the liquid's weight to an equal volume of water. An oscillating transducer density meter measures the oscillation period of a U-tube filled with the liquid to determine density based on constants. Specific gravity is an important property used in dosage calculations, converting between weight and volume, and urine analysis.
This document describes an experiment to determine the mixed melting point of a sample of cinnamic acid B. The student measured the melting point range of the sample as 97-105°C. This wide range indicates the sample contains some impurities, though only a small amount. Potential sources of error include using a non-fresh sample, improper sealing of the capillary tube, incorrect reading of the thermometer, or vision problems observing the melting. Determining melting points can identify substances and evaluate their purity.
Chapter 1 - Introduction To Reservoir Engineering.pdfmohammedromthan
The document provides an overview of a petroleum engineering course at Sabratha University. It includes the course syllabus, instructor details, and outlines topics such as reservoir types using phase diagrams, rock properties like porosity and permeability, gas properties using real and ideal gas laws, and crude oil properties including specific gravity and formation volume factors. The course will cover single-phase gas reservoirs, gas condensate reservoirs, and water influx, as well as decline curve analysis and material balance concepts.
1) The document describes an experiment to determine the specific gravity (SG) and API gravity of kerosene and gasoline samples using two methods: hydrometer and pycnometer.
2) The pycnometer method was found to be more accurate than the hydrometer method as the hydrometer is affected by temperature, carbon dioxide, and alcohol content whereas the pycnometer is not.
3) The API gravity value is useful because it provides information on the quality and composition of petroleum products, with higher API gravity indicating more valuable gasoline and less toxic sulfur content.
This document provides lecture notes on physics for pre-med and pre-pharmacy students. It discusses temperature, measurement of temperature using thermometers, thermometer scales, types of thermometers including liquid-in-glass, maximum-minimum, gas, resistance, and optical thermometers. Examples of temperature conversions and calculations using different thermometer scales and types are also provided.
flash point petroleum and gas lab experiment report, The flash point is the lowest temperature at which there will be enough flammable vapor to induce ignition when an ignition source is applied.Flash points are determined experimentally by heating the liquid in a container (cup) and then introducing a small flame just above the liquid surface. The temperature at which there is a flash/ignition is recorded as the flash point. The closed-cup test PMA 5 contains any vapors
produced and essentially simulates the situation
in which a potential source of ignition is
accidentally introduced into a container. In this
test a test specimen is introduced into a cup and
a close-fitting lid is fitted to the top of the cup.
The cup and test specimen is heated.
Subsequently, apertures are opened in the lid to
allow air into the cup and the ignition source to
be dipped into the vapors to test for a flash.
The closed cup is mostly used in product specifications and regulations due to
its better precision. The following table shows the comparative flash points
measured in open and closed cup apparatus for some common pure liquids.
Similar to (Shw shw) exp. no.3 find api of crude oil by wusing hydrometer (20)
This document describes an experiment conducted to demonstrate and measure fluid flow rates using different flow meter types. The experiment utilized a hydraulic bench unit with various components like a volumetric measuring tank and submersible pump. Three common flow meters - a rotameter, venture meter, and orifice plate - were used to measure the flow rate of water. The procedure involved taking readings from the flow meters and hydraulic bench at different flow rates. These readings were then used to calculate the actual flow rates and discharge coefficients for each meter. Graphs were made to analyze the relationships between actual and indicated flow rates and how the venture meter's discharge coefficient changed with actual flow rate.
1. The experiment aimed to dilute a drilling mud from 8.65 ppg to 8.45 ppg by adding 666.66 cc of water incrementally and measuring the mud weight each time.
2. Errors in the experiment likely contributed to the measured mud density being 8.45 ppg instead of the target 8.5 ppg, including impurities in the water, inaccurate measurements, and bentonite losses during mixing and weighing.
3. Proper dilution of drilling mud is important to avoid issues like lost circulation, formation damage, decreased rate of penetration, and poor hole cleaning during drilling operations.
The document describes a mud weighting experiment where barite was added to bentonite mud to increase its density. Barite is commonly used to weight muds because it is inexpensive, readily available, and chemically inert, allowing mud weights to reach 20 ppg. The experiment involved preparing bentonite mud, measuring its initial density, then adding 117.6g of barite and measuring the final density. Some potential sources of error included barite powder being lost or sticking to surfaces during mixing and imprecise electronic balance measurements.
This document provides safety information and guidelines for Illinois Tool Works Inc. (ITW) 5980 Series Dual Column Floor Frames. It contains three main points:
1) It lists general safety precautions that users must follow when operating materials testing systems, which can be potentially hazardous due to high forces, rapid motions, and stored energy.
2) It provides several warnings about specific hazards like crush hazards and flying debris that could result in injury. It advises pressing the emergency stop button if an unsafe condition exists.
3) It gives additional warnings regarding hazards from extreme temperatures, unexpected motion when transferring between manual and computer control, rotating machinery, and pressurized hydraulic systems. Users are advised to disconnect
The document describes experiments conducted to measure surface tension using a tapered vessel, capillary tubes, and surface tension balance. It provides background on surface tension and adhesive forces. The students measure the surface tension of liquids and discuss potential sources of error between measured and theoretical surface tension values, such as temperature fluctuations and human error in reading instruments.
1. The document describes an experiment to calibrate an electronic pressure sensor by measuring hydrostatic pressure in a communicating tube system and with the sensor.
2. The experiment involves filling communicating tubes with water to equal levels, then using an equation to calculate actual pressure (Pact) based on height and measuring indicated pressure (Psen) with the sensor.
3. A graph shows the calibrating curve for the pressure sensor, with Pact along the x-axis and Psen along the y-axis forming a linear relationship, demonstrating the sensor was accurately calibrated.
The document describes an experiment to calibrate a Bourdon pressure gauge using a dead-weight pressure gauge calibration system. The system applies pressure via weighted pistons which act on hydraulic oil, allowing a test gauge to be calibrated by comparing its readings to known pressure levels. Procedures are outlined for checking the zero point and then taking readings at incremental pressure levels by adding weights to the system. Sources of potential error are discussed. Calibration curves are examined to verify the accuracy of the test gauge by comparing actual pressure values to measured readings.
This document describes an experiment on tensile testing of materials. It discusses preparing dog-bone shaped samples according to ASTM D638 standards. Tensile testing is done using a Shimadzu tensile testing machine to measure properties like stress and strain. Careful sample preparation and dimensions matching standards are needed to obtain accurate property values from the experiment. The conclusions emphasize getting the right sample dimension values according to standards to determine material properties correctly.
This is a preliminary text for the chapter. The Oslo Group is invited to provide comments on the
general structure and coverage of the chapter (for example, if it covers the relevant aspects related to
measurement units and conversion factors, and if there are additional topics that should be covered in
this chapter), and on the recommendations to be contained in IRES.
The current text presents the recommendations from the UN Manual F.29 as well as some points that
were raised during the last OG meeting. The issue of “harmonization” of standard/default conversion
factors still needs to be addressed. It was suggested that tables be moved to an annex. Please provide
your views on which ones should be retained in the chapter.
This document provides information on the International System of Units (SI) and the SPE Metric Standard adopted by the Society of Petroleum Engineers. It defines the seven base SI units like meters, kilograms, seconds. It also describes derived units and SI prefixes that are multiplied to units. Guidelines are given for applying the metric system including proper use of unit symbols and quantities like mass, force, weight. Standards for selected metric units used in petroleum are also discussed.
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(Shw shw) exp. no.3 find api of crude oil by wusing hydrometer
1. Erbil Polytechnic University
Koya Technical Institute
Petroleum Technology
Operation and Control
Report
Oil and Gas Property Lab.
Test no: (3)
Test name:
of Crude Oil throughAPI gravity⁰Measuring
measuring specific gravity by Hydrometer
Supervised by:
Miss Shaye
Date of Test: 25/1/2018
Date of Submit:1/2/2018
Prepared by: Muhammed Shwan Ali
Signature:
3. Aim:
The objective of this exp. is to measure and study density and specific
gravity of crude oil by using hydrometer. Moreover, it will provide
sufficient information about light and heavy crude oils.
INTRODUCTION
Accurate determination of the density or specific gravity of petroleum
and its products for the conversion of measure volumes at the
standard temperature of 15°C, 20°C or 60°C and also volume to mass
and vice versa. The hydrometer method is most suitable method for
determining the density or relative density (specific gravity) of mobile
transparent liquids. It can also be used for viscous oils by allowing
sufficient time for the hydrometer to reach equilibrium or for opaque
oils by employing a suitable meniscus correction. Hydrometer
readings are obtained at convenient temperatures, reading of density
being reduced to 15°C or 20°C.
Specific gravity is the ratio of mass of a volume of a liquid at 60°F to
the mass of an equal volume of pure water at the same temperature,
i.e. the ratio of the density of the liquid at 60°F to the density of water
at 60°F. When reporting results of specific gravity, it is specific
gravity 60° / 60°F.
Theory: -
4. Hydrometer: is considered the simplest and the fastest method in
determination of density and specific gravity of a liquid.
The operation of the hydrometer is based on the Archimedes principle
that a solid suspended in a fluid will be buoyed up by a force equal to
the weight of the fluid displaced. Thus, the lighter the liquid (that is,
the less its specific gravity), the deeper the body sinks because a
greater amount of liquid is required to equal the body's weight.
A hydrometer is usually made of glass and consists of a cylindrical
stem and a bulb weighted with mercury or lead shot to make it float
upright.
The liquid to be tested is emptied into a tall container, often a
graduated cylinder. The hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid
until it floats freely.
The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the
hydrometer is noted.
Hydrometers usually contain a scale inside the stem, so that the
specific gravity can be read directly.
5. Density 𝝆 of a liquid: is its mass per unit volume at a given
temperature.
𝝆 =
𝑴
𝑽
= 𝒌𝒈/𝒎 𝟑
Specific gravity of liquid (Sp. gr.): is the ratio of density of a
substance (Liquid) compared to the density of fresh water.
Sp.gr of sample at (T) =(
𝝆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
𝝆 𝒐𝒇 𝑫.𝑾
)(T)
To find specific gravity at temperature (15.6 ⁰C ) using this Equation:
Sp.gr at temperature (15.6 ⁰C)=sp.gr at (T) + CR (T-15.6)
The American Petroleum Institute gravity or API gravity: is a measure of
how heavy or light petroleum liquid is compared to water. If its API gravity is
greater than 10, it is lighter and floats on water; if less than 10, it is heavier and
sinks.
To find API degree using this Equation:
⁰ API =
𝟏𝟒𝟏.𝟓
𝒔𝒑.𝒈𝒓 𝒂𝒕 𝟏𝟓.𝟔°𝑪
− 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟓
Apparatus:
Hydrometer
6. 1- liquid (Sample)
2- Thermometer
3- Graduated cylinder (bottle)
4- Hydrometer
Procedure:-
1/ Put the crude oil into a clean dry cylindrical test tube
7. 2/ Ensure no any air bubbles left in and/or over the sample
3/ Choose proper hydrometer witch has adequate scale to
measure expected API Gravity
4/ Place the thermometer and hydrometer in the crude oil:
The liquid will tend to support or buoy up the hydrometer
5/ When the hydrometer is floating freely at rest, read it to the nearest
the actual should be measured instead ofscale division. Note that,
apparent level
6/ Measure fluid temperature
7/ Record the data (temperature and density of crude oil)