Shikimic acid pathway.pptx
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Shikimic acid pathway is "metabolic pathway. " ,means metabolites are organic compounds synthesized by plant using enzyme mediated chemical reactions called metabolic pathway . Now the metabolites are two types primary and secondary metabolites. The shikimic acid pathway is biosynthesis of secondary metabolites of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan(amino acid).
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This document discusses the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines. It explains that purines and pyrimidines are synthesized through de novo and salvage pathways. The de novo pathway involves multiple enzyme-catalyzed steps to convert simple precursors into the complex purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. The salvage pathway recovers bases and nucleotides formed during RNA and DNA degradation. The document provides detailed steps for purine biosynthesis and synthesis of AMP and GMP from IMP. It also briefly discusses pyrimidine biosynthesis and inhibitors of purine synthesis.
Biosynthesis of purine & pyrimidine
This document discusses the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines. It explains that purines and pyrimidines are synthesized through de novo and salvage pathways. The de novo pathway involves multiple enzyme-catalyzed steps to convert simple precursors into the complex purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. This includes converting ribose-5-phosphate into inosine monophosphate (IMP) through 10 steps for purine synthesis. IMP is then used to synthesize adenine monophosphate (AMP) and guanine monophosphate (GMP). The salvage pathway recovers bases and nucleotides from degraded DNA and RNA. Pyrimidine synthesis is described as simpler than purine synthesis.
Shikimate pathway by kk sahu sir
The shikimate pathway was discovered as the biosynthetic route to the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.
This pathway has been found only in microorganisms and plants. Phenylalanine and tryptophan are essential components of animal diets, and animals synthesize tyrosine in a single step from phenylalanine.
De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis.pptx
This slides explains Metabolism topic "De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis. In which synthesis of Purines and pyrimidines synthesis has been occurred. In last there is a difference between these two pathways.
Biosynthesis of phospholipids
BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Phospholipids:-
These are compounds containing, in addition to fatty acid and glycerol, phosphoric acid, nitrogenous bases, and another substituent. Polar compounds composed of alcohol attached by phosphodiester bridge to either diacylglycerol or sphingosine.
Amphipathic in nature has a hydrophilic head (phosphate +alcohol
eg., serine, ethanolamine, and choline) and a long, hydrophobic tail
(fatty acids or derivatives ).
- CLASSIFICATION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS:-
- Glycerophospholipids
- Spingophospholipids or Sphingomyelin
- SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- FUNCTIONS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- FUNCTIONS OF SPHINGOLIPIDS
Metabolism of nucleotides new
1. The document summarizes purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism, including the de novo and salvage pathways of purine biosynthesis, regulation of purine synthesis, conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, degradation of purines to uric acid, and disorders of purine metabolism like hyperuricemia, gout, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
2. Key aspects of purine synthesis covered include the formation of IMP from PRPP as the first purine nucleotide, and the subsequent generation of AMP and GMP from IMP. Degradation of purines culminates in the production of uric acid as the final product in humans.
3. Disorders discussed arise
Biosynthesis of different types of amino acids.pptx
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, playing a crucial role in various biological processes. They are categorized into essential and non-essential amino acids based on the body's ability to synthesize them. While essential amino acids must be obtained through the diet, non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body.
General Pathway of Amino Acid Biosynthesis:
Amino acid biosynthesis involves complex metabolic pathways that differ for each amino acid. However, a general overview can be provided:
Carbon Skeleton Formation:
Amino acids are composed of a central carbon atom (alpha carbon) bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
The carbon skeletons of amino acids are derived from intermediates of glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and pentose phosphate pathway.
Transamination:
A crucial step in amino acid biosynthesis is the transamination reaction, where an amino group is transferred from an amino acid donor to an alpha-keto acid acceptor.
This reaction is catalyzed by aminotransferases or transaminases, and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) acts as a cofactor.
Specific Pathways for Essential Amino Acids:
Essential amino acids, which cannot be synthesized de novo by the body, have specific biosynthetic pathways.
For example, lysine and methionine biosynthesis involve the aspartate family pathway, while valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis occur through the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) pathway.
Non-Essential Amino Acid Biosynthesis:
Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body through various pathways.
For instance, glutamate serves as a precursor for the synthesis of several amino acids, including proline, arginine, and ornithine.
Specific Amino Acid Biosynthesis Pathways:
Serine and Glycine Biosynthesis:
Serine is derived from 3-phosphoglycerate and can be converted to glycine.
The enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase plays a key role in interconverting serine and glycine.
Histidine Biosynthesis:
Histidine biosynthesis involves a unique pathway that starts with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) and includes several enzymatic steps.
Tyrosine and Phenylalanine Biosynthesis:
The shikimate pathway is essential for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids, including tyrosine and phenylalanine.
Chorismate is a key intermediate in this pathway.
Arginine Biosynthesis:
Arginine biosynthesis involves the urea cycle and the ornithine biosynthetic pathway.
Citrulline serves as a key intermediate in these processes.
Proline Biosynthesis:
Proline is derived from glutamate through a two-step reduction process involving pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C).
Regulation of Amino Acid Biosynthesis:
Amino acid biosynthesis is tightly regulated to maintain a balance between the body's requirements and energy conservation.
Feedback inhibition and genetic regulation play key roles in controlling the activity of enzymes involved in these p
Purine nuecleotide
1. The document discusses the metabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, including their biosynthesis, degradation, and disorders related to purine metabolism such as gout and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
2. Purine nucleotides are synthesized through both a de novo synthesis pathway that builds the purine ring from simple precursors, and a salvage pathway that recycles purine bases. A key early intermediate is IMP, which is converted to AMP and GMP.
3. Uric acid is the final product of purine degradation in humans and high levels can cause gout. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome results from HGPRT deficiency disrupting the salvage pathway.
Nucleotides chemistry and metabolism
This document discusses nucleotides, their chemistry and metabolism. It covers the following key points:
- Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and phosphate groups. They are precursors to nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
- Purines and pyrimidines are the nitrogenous bases present in nucleotides. Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine are the major bases.
- Nucleotides are synthesized through two pathways - de novo synthesis which builds purine rings from simple precursors, and the salvage pathway which recycles purines.
- The major sites of purine synthesis are the liver and degradation
HMP shunt
The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentose sugars. It has both an oxidative and non-oxidative phase. In the oxidative phase, glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to produce NADPH. In the non-oxidative phase, 5-carbon sugars are converted into 3 and 6 carbon sugars through a series of isomerization, epimerization, and transketolase reactions. The pathway is important as it provides NADPH for biosynthetic reactions and pentose sugars for nucleotide synthesis. A defect in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase can lead to insufficient NADPH and glutathione, resulting in hemolytic anemia due to oxidative damage of red blood cells.
Biochemisrty
Vitamin B6, thiamine, and coenzyme A are important cofactors in human metabolism. Vitamin B6 in the form of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) acts as a cofactor in amino acid metabolism and the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters like serotonin. Thiamine in the form of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is required for carbohydrate metabolism and the citric acid cycle. Coenzyme A transports fatty acids and acetyl groups, and is involved in fatty acid oxidation and the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in the citric acid cycle. These cofactors play essential roles in human biochemical pathways.
Pentose phosphate pathway (Hexose Monophosphate Pathway)
Pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative pathway to glycolysis and TCA cycle for oxidation of glucose. It is a shunt of glycolysis. It is also known as hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt or phosphogluconate pathway. It occurs in cytoplasm of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. While it involves oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. It is an important pathway that generates precursors for nucleotide synthesis and is especially important in red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Pentose Phosphate Pathway and its application
The document summarizes the pentose phosphate pathway, including:
1) It is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate.
2) It has two phases - an oxidative phase that generates NADPH and a non-oxidative phase that synthesizes 5-carbon sugars.
3) It plays essential roles in providing NADPH for biosynthetic processes, generating ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis, and maintaining redox balance. Overall, it is a critical metabolic pathway that contributes to various cellular functions.
Similar to Shikimic acid pathway.pptx (20)
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shikimikacidpathway-150428115803-conversion-gate01 (2).pdf
De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis.pptx
De novo and salvage pathway of nucleotides synthesis.pptx
Biosynthesis of different types of amino acids.pptx
Biosynthesis of different types of amino acids.pptx
Pentose phosphate pathway (Hexose Monophosphate Pathway)
Pentose phosphate pathway (Hexose Monophosphate Pathway)
Shikimic acid pathway.pptx
- 1. Shikimic Acid Pathway Rina suresh patil T.Y B pharmacy ,Roll No.Dsp 06 Principle: Dr.Amol .D. Landge sir. Guided By : prof.M. K . Kachhava sir.
- 2. ■ what is the Shikimic acid. pathway? ■ Explain the Shikimic acid pathway and its there significance? Learning Outcomes
- 3. Shikimic acid pathway • The shikimic acid pathway is a metabolic pathway. for the bio synthesis of aromatic amino acids. Phenylalanine,tyrosine and tryptophan. • The shikimic acid is a key intermediate from . carbohydrates for the bio synthesis of C6 – C3 units (phenyl propane derivatives).
- 5. • The seven enzyme involved in the shikimate pathway are DAHP synthesis, 3 – dehydroquinate synthesis, 3- dehydroquinate dehydratase, shikimate dehydrogenase , shikimate kinase , EPSP synthesis, and chorismate synthesis. • the pathway starts with two substrates , phosphoenol pyruvate and Erythrose -4- phosphate and ends with chorismate. • A substrate for the three aromatic amino acids.
- 6. Reflection Spot What is basic metabolic pathway ? and it’s their example ?
- 8. • Phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose -4-phosphate react to from 2-keto-3-deoxy-phosphoglucoheptonic acid, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme DAHP synthesis. Shikimic acid pathway • 2-keto-deoxy-7-phosphoglucoheptonic acid is then transformed to 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ) is a reaction catalyzed by DHQ synthese.
- 9. • DHQ is dehydrated to 3-dehydroshikimic acid by the enzyme - dehydroquinate dehydratase,which is reduced to shikimic acid by the enzyme shikimate dehydrogenase , which uses nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as a contractor. • the next enzyme involved is shikimic kinase, an enzyme that catalyzes the ATP dependent phosphorylation of shikimate to form shikimate 3– phosphate. Shikimate 3 -phosphate is then coupled with phosphoenolpyruvate to give 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3- phosphate via the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3- phosphate synthese (EPSP).
- 10. • Then 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate is transformed into chorismate by a chorismate synthase. • Prephenic acid is then synthesized by a claisen rearrangement of chorismate by chorismate mutate.
- 11. • Prephenate is Oxidatively decarboxylated with retention of the hydroxyl group by prephenate dehydrogenase to give p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate , which is transaminated using glutamate as the nitrogen source to give tyrosine and alpha- ketoglutarate. • Now this prephenic acid give phenypyruvic acid on the aromatization by enzyme prephenate dehydrogenase which further on transamination give phenylalanine . • Tyrosine and phenylalanine both are act as a precursor for the bio synthesis of phenylpropanoids. • Example: flavonoids and lignin. Etc.
- 12. • Shikimic acid is the starting point in the bio synthesis of many phenolic compounds. • Through shikimic acid pathway phenylalanine and tyrosine are obtained which act as a precursor for the bio synthesis of phenypropanoids . • The phenylpropanoids are then used to produce flavonoids, coumarins, lignin and tannins. • Tryptophan produce from shikimic acid is a precursor of Indole,Indole derivatives example for reserpine (Rauwolfia), vincristine and vinblastin ( Vinka ) . Significance
- 13. • Some many alkoinds are examples Quinine (cinchona)and papaverine (Opium ). • And other aromatic metabolites are examples for vanilline and arbutine. • As a intermediate in gallic acid synthesis pathways .
- 14. Got any questions ... Questions
- 15. References • Dr.M.G.kalaskar ,Dr.D.B.sanghai and S.B.Ghokhale , “A textbook of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry –II ”,Nirali prakashan ,fourth edition, January 2022,page no. 1.4 to 1.7. • “ Plants Secondary Metabolism ” , by David. S.Seigler .page no .94 • https://www.chips.ac.in/pages/downloads/PPTs/Pcognosy/shikimika cidpathway.pdf
- 16. Thank You!!