Manchester & Differential Manchester encoding schemeArunabha Saha
The two main variants of biphase encoding techniques are discussed here. Manchester and Differential Manchester encoding scheme are explained with examples. Comparison between several classes of polar encoding techniques are done along with the exposure about the advantages and disadvantages of both schemes.
Manchester & Differential Manchester encoding schemeArunabha Saha
The two main variants of biphase encoding techniques are discussed here. Manchester and Differential Manchester encoding scheme are explained with examples. Comparison between several classes of polar encoding techniques are done along with the exposure about the advantages and disadvantages of both schemes.
Mathematical Explanation of channel capacityHere we can see that the channel capacity is measured with the multiplication of pulses per second and information. This is how we can measure the channel capacity.
Objective of Pulse Code Modulation
Block Diagram of PCM
Process of PCM
Sampling
Quantization
Encoding
PCM Standards
Bit Rate and Bandwidth in PCM
Advantages and Disadvantages of PCM
Applications of PCM
It is a digital representation of an analog signal that takes samples of the amplitude of the analog signal at regular intervals. The sampled analog data is changed to, and then represented by, binary data.
BCH codes, part of the cyclic codes, are very powerful error correcting codes widely used in the information coding techniques. This presentation explains these codes with an example.
Analog-to-digital conversion is an electronic process in which a continuously variable (analog) signal is changed, without altering its essential content, into a multi-level (digital) signal.
The input to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) consists of a voltage that varies among a theoretically infinite number of values. Examples are sine waves, the waveforms representing human speech, and the signals from a conventional television camera. The output of the ADC, in contrast, has defined levels or states. The number of states is almost always a power of two -- that is, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. The simplest digital signals have only two states, and are called binary. All whole numbers can be represented in binary form as strings of ones and zeros.
ATM is a packet-oriented transfer mode. It allows multiple logical connections to be multiplexed over a single physical interface. The information flow on each logical connection is organized into fixed-size packets, called cells. As with frame relay, there is no link-by-link error control or flow control.
Mathematical Explanation of channel capacityHere we can see that the channel capacity is measured with the multiplication of pulses per second and information. This is how we can measure the channel capacity.
Objective of Pulse Code Modulation
Block Diagram of PCM
Process of PCM
Sampling
Quantization
Encoding
PCM Standards
Bit Rate and Bandwidth in PCM
Advantages and Disadvantages of PCM
Applications of PCM
It is a digital representation of an analog signal that takes samples of the amplitude of the analog signal at regular intervals. The sampled analog data is changed to, and then represented by, binary data.
BCH codes, part of the cyclic codes, are very powerful error correcting codes widely used in the information coding techniques. This presentation explains these codes with an example.
Analog-to-digital conversion is an electronic process in which a continuously variable (analog) signal is changed, without altering its essential content, into a multi-level (digital) signal.
The input to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) consists of a voltage that varies among a theoretically infinite number of values. Examples are sine waves, the waveforms representing human speech, and the signals from a conventional television camera. The output of the ADC, in contrast, has defined levels or states. The number of states is almost always a power of two -- that is, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. The simplest digital signals have only two states, and are called binary. All whole numbers can be represented in binary form as strings of ones and zeros.
ATM is a packet-oriented transfer mode. It allows multiple logical connections to be multiplexed over a single physical interface. The information flow on each logical connection is organized into fixed-size packets, called cells. As with frame relay, there is no link-by-link error control or flow control.
These slides cover the fundamentals of data communication & networking. it covers all data types which are used in communication of data over transmission medium. it is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networing.
National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)
Criteria 3 Research, Innovations and Extension
Key Indicators (KIs)
Quantitative Metrics - QnM
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Data Validation
An overview about Artificial intelligence and its patterns, different tools, framework,industry examples, demo. The deviation from conventional approach.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. Introduction
The Shannon-Fano algorithm was independently developed by Shannon at Bell Labs
and Robert Fana at MIT.
The encoding steps of the Shannon-Fano algorithm can be presented in the following
top-down manner:
1. Sort the symbols according to the frequency count of their occurrences.
2. Recursively divide the symbols into two parts, each with approximately the same
number of counts, until an parts contain only one symbol.
A natural way of implementing the above procedure is to build a binary tree. As a
convention, let's assign bit 0 to its left branches and 1 to the right branches.
3. Example
Symbols to be coded are the characters in the word SPEAKER.
The frequency count of the symbols is
Total number of symbols is 7
S 1
P 1
E 2
A 1
K 1
R 1
4. E,S:(3) P,A,K,R:(4)
(7)E 2
S 1
P 1
A 1
K 1
R 1
STEP 1
STEP 2.1
0 1
The first division yields two parts: (a) E,S with a total count of 3, denoted as E,S:(3); and (b) P,A,Kand R: with a
total count of 4, denoted as P,A,K,R:(4).
7. Symbol Count Code Number of
bits used
Probability
Pi
E 2 00 4 (2*2) 2/7 = 0.29
S 1 01 2 1/7 =0.14
P 1 100 3 1/7=0.14
A 1 101 3 1/7=0.14
K 1 110 3 1/7=0.14
R 1 111 3 1/7=0.14
Total number of bits : 18 bits
8. Compression Ratio
If the total number of bits required to represent the data before compression is B0
and the total number of bits required to represent the data after compression is B1
,
then we define the compression ratio as
Compression Ratio = B0
/ B1
B0
= 8 * 7 Symbols Assume each character symbol require 8 bit
B1
= 18 bits
Compression Ratio = 56/18 = 3.11 [ Positive Compression ]
Average number of bits used by 7 symbols in the above solution = 18 / 7 = 2.57
9. Entropy (η)
According to the Claude E. Shannon, the entropy η of an information source with
alphabet S = {S1
, S2
, ••. ,Sn
} is defined as:
η = H(S) =
where Pi
is the probability that symbol Si
in S will occur.
The term indicates the amount of information contained in Si
, which
corresponds to the number of bits needed to encode Si
.
10. = 0.29 * log2
(1/0.29) + [ 0.14 * log2
(1/0.14) ] * 5
= 0.29 * log2
(3.45) + [ 0.14 * log2
(7.14) ] * 5
= 0.29 * log2
(3.45) + [ 0.14 * log2
(7.14) ] * 5
= 0.29 * 1.79 + [ 0.14 * 2.84) ] * 5
= 0.52 + 0.40 * 5 = 0.52 + 2.00 = 2.52
This suggests that the minimum average number of bits to code each character in the
word SPEAKER would be at least 2.52. The Shannon-Fano algorithm delivers
satisfactory coding results for data compression.
Entropy (η)
11. References
● Fundamentals of Multimedia by Ze-Nian Li and Mark S Drew, Pearson Education, 2009
● Log calculator by https://ncalculators.com