1. The document discusses challenges in innovation and public policy presented by Professor Gregory Nemet. It addresses four main topics: the characteristics of innovation; technology push and demand pull policy incentives; challenges around fragile demand pull commitments; and bridging the "valley of death" between research and commercialization. 2. It notes that demand pull policies aim to increase rewards for innovation success by increasing market size, but commitments can be uncertain and not fully credible to private actors. Evidence shows targets for US oil imports were not met. This fragility of demand pull can undermine incentives for private investment. 3. Bridging the "valley of death" between research and applied development is challenging due to high costs, risks,