This document provides information about the water supply, drainage, and plumbing systems for a building. It discusses key aspects of water supply like pipes, valves, storage tanks, and pumps used to deliver water to fixtures. It covers water pressure and flow rates and factors that affect them. The document also summarizes drainage system components and design considerations. Additionally, it describes different types of traps and their uses in plumbing systems to prevent sewer gases from entering buildings. Finally, it lists common types of pipes used in plumbing like copper, PVC, cast iron, and their applications.

1. SERVICES
Name: Yashna Garg
Roll no.: DIAD12269
Course: Interior
architecture and design
Section: B
Cohort: 2012-16
Plumbing
Electrical
HVAC

2. Water supply
• Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial organisations,
community endeavours or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and
pipes. Irrigation is covered separately.
• Why water supply?
• Infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and distribution
of water for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and irrigation, as well as
for such public needs as fire fighting and street flushing. Of all municipal services,
provision of potable water is perhaps the most vital. People depend on water for
drinking, cooking, washing, carrying away wastes, and other domestic needs. Water
supply systems must also meet requirements for public, commercial, and industrial
activities. In all cases, the water must fulfil both quality and quantity requirements.
• All water supply systems use a combination of pipes As well as avoiding
contamination and achieving the right pressure and flow, the system must be
suitable for the temperature of water carried. A well-designed and installed system
will also be durable, minimise noise from water flow and from problems such as
water hammer, and support efficient use of water.
• All water supply systems use a combination of pipes (of different dimensions and
materials), valves and outlets to deliver water to building users. Some water supply
systems also use storage tanks and pumps. Designing a water supply system
involves getting all of these elements right so that clean water is delivered to the
user at the appropriate rate and temperature.
Water pressure
• Water pressure is a term used to describe the flow strength of water through a pipe
or other type of channel.
• The pressure of water depends on its flow. The more water being pushed through a
pipe, the more pressure there will be naturally. Many people prefer high water
pressure to low, as faucet valves and other tools can help maintain the flow of water
at a lower rate. However, if it is too low, there is little that can be done to improve
the pressure.
• If the aim is to provide for building users’ needs while also using water efficiently,
the right water pressure is crucial. If water pressure is too low, this will be
inconvenient for building users – for example, because showers have poor water
flow, and baths take a long time to fill. If pressure is too high, this will lead to
wastage of water, as well as high wear and tear on the system.
• Mains pressure systems require pressure limiting and pressure reducing valves to
control water pressure and temperature. Typically, pressure limiting or pressure
reducing valves will be used to control pressure in mains-supplied hot water
systems or where high pressure may lead to problems such as burst pipes.

3. Water flow rate
• The Building Code requires that sanitary fixtures
and appliances have adequate water supply at an
adequate flow rate.
• As with water pressure, flow rates are crucial. A
flow rate that is too high will result in water being
wasted, whereas a flow rate that is too low will
mean that sanitary fixtures and appliances don’t
work properly.
• Flow rate is affected by:
1. Water pressure
2. Pipe diameters – The smaller the internal
diameter of the pipe, the lower the pressure and
flow rate. (Note that pipes are generally referred
to by their inside nominal diameter (DN), but it
is actually the internal diameter that counts; a
pipe rated as DN 15 may have an actual inside
diameter ranging between 10–18 mm.)
3. Pipe lengths – longer pipes will result in a lower
flow rate
4. Number of bends and fittings – the more bends
in a length of pipework and the more fittings, the
lower the flow rate
5. Water temperature – higher temperatures will
tend to raise pressure and flow rates (note: also
see materials below).
• A flow regulator can be used to maintain a
constant flow, independent of water pressure. As
an example, if someone is in the shower and the
kitchen tap is turned on full, the temperature and
flow are likely to remain more stable if a flow
regulator is used.
• Limiting the flow for a tap or appliance to a
reasonable rate helps balance the available
pressure throughout the system. Regulating flow
allows a simpler design and minimum pipe sizes
as peak flow rates can be specified accurately and
can also reduce noise, splashing taps, and water
hammer.
• Low pressure systems require few valves or controls. In low or unequal pressure
systems, pressure can be increased to adequate levels by storing water in a header
tank (typically in the ceiling space) so that gravity can be used to create water
pressure. If a tank is being used.
• Pressure can also be raised to adequate levels using a pressurising pump, in which
case it may be necessary to use pressure limiting and pressure reducing valves.

4. Drainage
• The drainage system is an essential part of living in a city or urban area, as it reduces
flood damage by carrying water away.
• Drainage is a facility to dispose off liquid waste.
• When it rains, some water naturally seeps into the ground. The rest makes its way
through drainage systems, into rivers and creeks and eventually into the bays, or
directly to the bays through storm water beach outlets.
• In areas with houses, shops and roads we need to create alternative ways for this water
to drain away. Large amounts of water can build up quickly during heavy rain and
storms, and without adequate drainage this flows towards low-lying land, causing
flooding, damage and safety risks.
Drain location
• When designing drainage pipelines, the design must be extended to cross any road or
proposed road widening that is adjacent to the development. This is to ensure that any
existing or proposed services within the road reserves are known and that the
proposed drainage works can cross these services.
• As well as generally following the natural watercourse alignment, drains should as far
as practicable be designed to follow easements or reserves that are intended for
drainage purposes. Where a drainage reserve or easement forms part of the major
drainage system it must be wide enough to cater for flood flows of a 100 year ARI.
• Easements and reserves must be sized to cover the width of the drain as well as
provide for access, construction and maintenance.
System layout
In the design process, the layout of the plumbing system will largely follow room layout.
Nonetheless, there are many things to consider which relate to Code compliance, building
users’ comfort, and sustainability.
When planning a water supply layout, the following must be considered:
Pipe runs and lengths – Keep pipe runs as short as possible. Pass pipes close to
fixtures to minimise the number of branches and unnecessary elbows, tees and joints.
Having longer pipe runs and more fixtures will reduce flow rate, increase heat losses, and
increase use of materials
Point of entry into the building – This should be into a utility space such as
garage/laundry and include an accessible isolating valve, line strainer and pressure
limiting valve (if required)
Water heating system – Locate centrally to reduce the length of pipe runs to fixtures
because longer pipe runs require more water to be drawn off before hot water is
discharged. Install a separate point-of-use water heater for fixtures that are more than 10
m from the main water heater
Noise prevention – Avoid running pipes over or near bedrooms and living areas.

5. • Construction and maintenance requirements are
particularly important considerations when designing channel or waterway
works. Relevant considerations include:
• the maximum slope and height of the grassed batters
• whether trucks require access to the channel invert
• the location of inlets and roads
• whether there are limitations on the use of certain construction techniques
(when adding to, or duplicating existing drains in built-up areas for
example)
• ground conditions
• the distance from the proposed alignment to any existing services
(particularly if there are any issues with side loading effects during
excavation)
• the location of overhead power lines and the width of streets
• Location of an underground drain within the pavement area of a road is
acceptable if it is not practicable to locate the pipeline outside the pavement
area.
• Possible limitations on the use of certain construction techniques need to be
considered when selecting an underground drain alignment. This is
particularly the case when adding to, or duplicating existing drains in built-
up areas.
• Surface obstructions
• Surface obstructions such as buildings, electricity supplier poles, native
vegetation or large trees etc. may affect the proposed alignment of the drain.
These should be located during the initial survey and inspection of the site. If
the proposed drain location cannot avoid or closely approaches the
obstruction, it will be necessary to contact the owner, local council or
relevant authority. The designer should compare the construction costs to
either avoid, or where feasible, relocate the obstruction before deciding on
the final route of the drain.
• Existing bridges or culverts can also influence the design. These must be
checked to ensure they are capable of coping with the additional discharge
from the proposed drain. The alignment and capacity of the existing
structure may need to be improved during construction if necessary.
• Underground obstructions
• Underground services that have the potential to affect drainage design
include:
• underground electricity cables
• oil pipelines
• gas mains
• communication cables
• water mains
• sewer mains
• council drains
• traffic signal cables

6. Design depth
Some factors that influence the drain depth include:
• the hydraulic considerations
• the provision of space above a drain for other services
• ground conditions
• underground obstructions
• the size and depth of existing culverts and bridges
• the ability to adequately service upstream catchment properties that are likely to
be developed in the future
• the provision of sufficient grade for the future downstream extension of the
pipeline
• sufficient cover for future road grading and pavement depth
• Where possible, the drain should be designed as high as possible to minimise
construction costs. The minimum cover over underground pipe drains is 850
millimetres. However less clearance is permissible for short lengths where
justified by local circumstances.
• The cover over the pipe is to be considered to ensure that it does not compromise
pavement design or location of other services.

7. Traps- types and uses
• A trap is a device which is used to prevent sewer gases from entering the buildings.
• The traps are located below or within a plumbing fixture and retains small amount of
water.
• The retaining water creates a water seal which stops foul gases going back to the
building from drain pipes.
• Therefore all plumbing fixtures such as sinks, washbasins, bathtubs and toilets etc. are
equipped with traps.
• This article tells you the features of traps, various types of traps and water seal.
A trap has following features.
•
It may be manufactured as an integral trap with the appliance as in some models of
European WC, or it may be a separate fitting called an attached trap, which is
connected to waste or foul water outlet of appliances.
The traps should be of a self-cleansing pattern.
• Traps for use in domestic waste should be convenient for cleaning.
• A good trap should maintain an efficient water seal under all conditions of flow.
What is plumbing?
• Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains fittings, valves, valve assemblies, and devices
installed in a building for the distribution of water for drinking, heating and washing,
and the removal of waterborne wastes, and the skilled trade of working with pipes,
tubing and plumbing fixtures in such systems.
• The word "plumbing" comes from the Latin ‘plumbum’ for lead, as pipes were once
made from lead.
Plumbing
Water supply
• Rain water
• Rivers
• Dams
drainage
Disposal of rain
water

8. Floor Trap or Nahini Trap
• This trap is provided in the floor to collect
waste water from washbasin, shower, sink
and bathroom etc.
• These are available in cast iron or UPVC
material and have removable grating
(JALI) on the top of the trap.
• The minimum depth of water seal should
be 50 mm.
Gully Trap
• These traps are constructed outside
the building to carry waste water
discharge from washbasin, sinks,
bathroom etc. and are connected to
the nearest building drain/sewer so
that foul gases from sewer do not
come to the house.
• These are deep seal traps, the depth
of water seal should be 50 mm
minimum.
• It also prevents the entry of
cockroach and other insects from
sewer line to waste pipes carrying
waste water.

9. P. Trap
• This trap is used with Indian
water closet.
• The traps are made from cast
iron or UPV sheet.
• This trap also has water seal
and prevents entry of foul gases
to the house.
S Trap
• This trap is similar to P. trap
and is used for fixing water
closets in toilets.
• The only difference between
P trap and S trap is that P.
trap is used for outlet
through the wall whereas S.
trap is used for outlet
through the floor.
Q Trap
• This trap is used in toilet
under water closet.
• It is almost similar to S trap
and is used in upper storey
other than ground floor.

10. Intercepting Trap:
• This trap is provided at the last
main hole of building sewerage to
prevent entry of foul gases from
public sewer to building sewer.
• It has a deep-water seal of 100
mm.
Grease Trap
• This trap is a device to
collect the grease contents of
waste and can be cleaned
from the surface.
• This is generally used in
food processing unit.

11. Bottle Trap
• This trap is used below
washbasin and sinks to
prevent entry of foul gases.
Silt trap
• A silt trap is a designated area where water that is contaminated with
suspended sediment as a result of construction activity or water runoff is
contained.
• While the water is in the trap, the sediment can settle to the bottom of the trap
until it can be removed.
• These devices can be made using silt curtains, silt fences or a series of shallow
ponds to naturally filter the sediment from the water before it reaches a
stream or clean body of water.

12. Types of pipes
• Copper pipe ideal water supply lines leading from
the main water supply pipe to household sinks and
toilets. Copper is popular with plumbing
contractors because it is clean, doesn't rust and is
very reliable for both hot and cold water delivery.
Copper pipes provide trouble-free service for
decades. Copper pipes will freeze and burst if left
exposed to the elements. If you have copper pipes
that run through the outer walls of your home, be
sure the walls contain plenty of insulation.
• PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) pipe is the most
common material used today for household
drainpipes and vents. It comes in a wide variety of
sizes and is durable and reliable. It is finding
renewed acceptance as a copper substitute in
pressurized water supply lines. It has long been
popular for drainage and sewage piping. PVC pipe
is inexpensive and popular with plumbing
contractors because its joints fit tightly together to
resists root intrusion and it is easy to repair. It can
be quickly glued together to provide decades of
trouble-free service.
• Clay piping is an older style, if you discover that
you still have it in your home, you need to get it
replaced as soon as possible.
• CPVC pipes are beige and are approved for use in
hot or cold water service lines.

13. • Cast Iron pipes are tough and reliable. Today
they are more commonly found in commercial and
municipal applications than in residential
plumbing. However, iron pipes can be found in
older homes. Cast iron resists corrosion and can
last a very long time. Plumbers work with cast iron
drainage pipes, water supply lines and natural gas
lines.
• Lead pipes have fallen out of favor today due to
the danger of lead-related illnesses and health
problems. Lead was the most common type of pipe
for centuries because it was easy to work with.
• Galvanized steel pipes have also fallen out of
favor in new construction. After years of use,
minerals from water react with the galvanizing
material to cause scale build up inside the pipe.
This will eventually narrow the diameter of the
pipe resulting in lower water pressure and reduced
volume.
Polyethylene tubes are black and approved for
cold water use.
• Polybutylene is gray or beige and is usually sold
in coiled lengths. Polybutylene is the only flexible
pipe approved for hot and cold service lines.

14. EARTHING
Why Earthing ?
• Earthing is the process of creating an
alternative path for the flow of fault /
excessive currents safely into the ground in
the presence of minimal resistance or
impedance.
• The primary purpose of earthing is to reduce
the risk of serious electric shock from
current leaking into uninsulated metal parts
of an appliance, power tool or other
electrical devices. In a properly earthed
system, such leaking / fault current is carried
away harmlessly while tripping the fuse.
Earthing also provides protection from large
electrical disturbances like lightning strikes
and power surges. It also aids in the
dissipation of hazardous static electrical
charges.
• Although most electrical systems have fuses
or circuit breakers for protection against a
fault current, the human body may be fatally
electrocuted by a current of less than one
ampere which is well below the point at
which a fuse or breaker will operate.
Earthing helps minimize such hazards from
occurring.
• The earthing system is an essential part of
power networks at both high- and low-
voltage levels.

15. • Manual fire alarm call points for fire alarm systems are devices that enable
people to raise a fire alarm in the event of a fire incident by pressing or breaking
an element to activate the fire alarm system.
• A fire rating refers to the length of time that a material can withstand
complete combustion during a standard fire test. Fire testing of building
materials and components of buildings — such as joists, beams and fire walls --
is required in most places by building codes.

16. Smoke detector
• A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.
• Commercial and residential security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control
panel as part of a fire alarm system, while household detectors, known as smoke
alarms.
Hot desk
• Practice of not giving employees (especially the salespeople) their own desk in
the office. Instead, the firm provides a pool of fully equipped desks which are
occupied as required. Hot-desking is possible where a
firm's databases and services can be easily accessed via wireless or telephone links.

17. Fire sprinkler
• A fire sprinkler or sprinkler head is the component of a fire sprinkler system that
discharges water when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a
predetermined temperature has been exceeded.
HVAC (HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING)
• HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) is the
technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide
thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.
• Thermal comfort- 24 degree celcius-27degreee celcius
• Ventilating is the process of "changing" or replacing air in any space to provide
high indoor air quality (i.e. to control temperature, replenish oxygen, or remove
moisture, odours, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, and carbon dioxide).
Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce
outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of
the interior air indoor air quality.
Ventilation is the act of moving air. Out with the hot, in with the
cool.
• Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat (i.e. warmth) for the
building. This can be done via central heating. Such a system contains a boiler,
furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air in a central location such as a
furnace room in a home, or a mechanical room in a large building. The heat can be
transferred by convection, conduction, or radiation.
• An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling
and humidity control for all or part of a building. Air conditioned buildings often
have sealed windows, because open windows would work against the system
intended to maintain constant indoor air conditions. Outside, fresh air is generally
drawn into the system by a vent into the indoor heat exchanger section, creating
positive air pressure. The percentage of return air made up of fresh air can usually
be manipulated by adjusting the opening of this vent.

18. Types of heaters
• Radiant bar heaters (or strip heaters) produce a lot
of heat very quickly, and are ideal for areas like
bathrooms, where heat is required for short amounts of
time.
• Oil-filled column heaters provide radiant heat, and
are generally favoured over other portable electric
heaters for reasons of efficiency and safety.
• Geothermal heat pump systems are able to draw
heat from the ground to use for cooling your home.
Geothermal systems are expensive to install but very
cheap to run.
• Wall-mounted electric panel heaters are reasonably
cheap to run, and are fairly safe to use due to the
convective heat they give off.
• Hydronic heating uses heated water pumped
through a network of pipes to radiators. It also works as
under-floor heating.
• Wood heaters give out a fantastic, cosy, radiant heat,
but they require a steady supply of fuel and the
occasional clean to keep them going.
• Gas heaters are reasonably efficient, cheap and
environmentally friendly, and require little
maintenance to keep them up and running.
• Reverse cycle air conditioners are effectively heat
pump heaters. They are a cheap and efficient heating
option, and provide both heating and cooling.

19. • Solar air convection heaters are rare, but have
no operating costs at all. Because solar heaters rely
on sunlight, they don't always provide heat when
it's needed.
• Off peak storage heaters, also called heat
banks, heat up during the hours when off-peak
electricity rates apply. These heaters are best suited
to constantly cold climates.
• Convection fan heaters provide instant heat
and are very portable. They are also fairly
inefficient, and are best suited for short-term use
in small rooms.
• Heat recovery ventilators (HRVs) and energy
recovery ventilators (ERVs), while they do use
energy, are an efficient and effective way to
ventilate a tightly sealed home while maintaining
the temperature.
• Heat lamps can be a good source of warmth for
your bathroom, particularly in colder weather.
• A wall surface, using some clever design principles,
can be used to passively heat air and allow it to
naturally flow into your home. Learn more about
Trombe walls and how they work.
• Electric under floor heating can keep your toes
warm on cold mornings and keep the temperature
in your house at a constant, comfortable level.

20. Types of air conditioners
Windows AC
is the most commonly used air conditioner for single rooms. In this
air conditioner all the components, namely the compressor,
condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator and cooling coil are
enclosed in a single box. This unit is fitted in a slot made in the wall
of the room, or more commonly a window sill.
Split AC
comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The
outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the
compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit
comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this
unit you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of the room. Further,
present day split units have aesthetic appeal and do not take up as
much space as a window unit. A split air conditioner can be used to
cool one or two rooms.
Tower AC
These are also known as floor-standing air conditioners. Like split
ACs, a tower AC set consists of 2 units- one internal and an external.
However, the indoor unit doesn’t need wall installation. It rather
occupies some space on the floor. Tower air conditioners usually
have high cooling capacity and suitable for very large rooms.
Cassette AC
These space-saving ACs are shaped like cassettes and are designed to
be installed on ceilings. The panel of these air conditioners is
designed to blend with all kinds of home décor. They are stylish, and
are known to deliver fantastic performances. Most cassette type air
conditioners require no ducting. They are perfect for large spaces
where windows or split AC may not reach out.
Cube Air Conditioner
This fairly new design introduced by Panasonic can be mounted
close to a ceiling or at the window level. Basically, this is a smaller
version of the split type air conditioner and costs less than the
former. The indoor unit features a newly designed diagonal
propeller fan for efficient and fast cooling. Improved blade shape
curvature and larger intake grill further aid for efficient
performance.

21. • Thermodynamics is a
branch of physics
concerned with heat and
temperature and their
relation to energy and work.
Conduction is the transfer of heat
within a substance, molecule by
molecule. If you put one end of a metal
rod over a fire, that end will absorb the
energy from the flame (this is radiation
transferring energy). The molecules at
this end of the rod will gain energy and
begin to vibrate faster. As they do their
temperature increases and they begin
to bump into the molecules next to
them. The heat is being transferred
from the warm end to the cold end.
Convection is heat transfer by the
mass movement of a fluid in the vertical
(up/down) direction. This type of heat
transfer takes place in liquids and gases.
This occurs naturally in our atmosphere.
Warm air is less dense than cold air,
making cold air heavier than warm air.
Heat Transfer
Radiation allows heat to be transferred
through wave energy. These waves are
called Electromagnetic Waves, because
the energy travels in a combination of
electric and magnetic waves. This energy
is released when these waves are
absorbed by an object.