Sensitivity and Coordination by Alfredo
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The document discusses the human body systems involved in stimuli and response. It describes the nervous system which detects internal and external stimuli through receptors and responds through voluntary or involuntary movements. The five senses - sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste - are described along with their sensory organs and how stimuli is transmitted to the brain. The skeletal system including bones and joints, and muscular system are also outlined as they relate to movement responses.
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The nervous system controls all activities of the body and is made up of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and controls thought, movement, and organ functions. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves and sensory organs like eyes, ears, and skin that allow the body to receive external stimuli and react automatically through reflexes.
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The document summarizes the key human body systems involved in interaction: the sense organs, nervous system, and locomotor system. It describes how the sense organs (sight, smell, taste, hearing, touch) detect stimuli and send this information to the brain via sensory neurons. The brain then interprets the information and sends orders to the muscles via the nervous system. Upon receiving signals, the muscles and skeleton (via joints) work together as the locomotor system to move the body and allow interaction with the environment.
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The 5 sense organs are the eyes, tongue, nose, ears and skin. The eyes help us see, the tongue helps us taste, the nose helps us smell, the ears help us hear, and the skin helps us feel through touch. Each sense organ works with the brain to detect and interpret sensations from the surrounding environment.
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Control and coordination in the body are carried out by the nervous system and hormones. The nervous system detects stimuli through sense organs like the eyes and ears. Information is carried from receptors to the central nervous system by neurons. There are two types of reflex actions - spinal reflexes which only involve the spinal cord, and cerebral reflexes which involve the brain. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain controls functions like movement, thinking, and memory. The brain is protected by layers including the skull, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid.
Sensationandperceptionhooray 130109050726-phpapp02
The document discusses the key concepts of sensation and perception, including how the senses of sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch and pain work through processes like transduction and adaptation to convert stimuli into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain for processing into meaningful perceptions. It covers topics like color vision, sound waves, taste buds, olfactory receptors, touch receptors in the skin, theories of pain perception, and concepts in perception like thresholds and just noticeable differences.
Nervous system
Nervous system consists of highly complex structure co-ordinates and controls the body along with the endocrine system.
Here we discussed about some important outlines concerned of psychobiology which is coming under unit 2 of syllabus of clinical speciality - mental health nursing.
The key points are,
- The anatomic review
- Brain & limbic system
- Nerve tissue-> Neurons & Neuroglia, Synapses, Synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters
- Autonomic nervous system, - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Apart from these, its relation with different psychiatric disorders are also explained in brief.
CLASSIFICATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM & COMPONENTS
he nervous system is a network of neurons whose main feature is to generate, modulate and transmit information between all the different parts of the human body. This property enables many important functions of the nervous system, such as regulation of vital body functions (heartbeat, breathing, digestion), sensation and body movements. Ultimately, the nervous system structures preside over everything that makes us human; our consciousness, cognition, behaviour and memories.
The nervous system consists of two divisions;
Central nervous system (CNS) is the integration and command center of the body
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) represents the conduit between the CNS and the body. It is further subdivided into the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Cells of the nervous system
Two basic types of cells are present in the nervous system;
Neurons
Glial cellsCells of the nervous system
Two basic types of cells are present in the nervous system;
Neurons
Glial cells
The site where an axon connects to another cell to pass the neural impulse is called a synapse. The synapse doesn't connect to the next cell directly. Instead, the impulse triggers the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters from the very end of an axon. These neurotransmitters bind to the effector cell’s membrane, causing biochemical events to occur within that cell according to the orders sent by the CNS.
There are two types of neurons, named according to whether they send an electrical signal towards or away from the CNS;
Efferent neurons (motor or descending) send neural impulses from the CNS to the peripheral tissues, instructing them how to function.
Afferent neurons (sensory or ascending) conduct impulses from the peripheral tissues to the CNS. These impulses contain sensory information, describing the tissue's environment.Glial cells
Glial cells (Neuroglia); Image:
Astrocyte (Astrocytus); Image:
Glial cells
Neuroglia
1/5
Synonyms: Neuroglia
Glial cells, also called neuroglia or simply glia, are smaller non-excitatory cells that act to support neurons. They do not propagate action potentials. Instead, they myelinate neurons, maintain homeostatic balance, provide structural support, protection and nutrition for neurons throughout the nervous system.
This set of functions is provided for by four different types of glial cells;
Myelinating glia produce the axon-insulating myelin sheath. These are called oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS. Remember these easily with the mnemonic "COPS" (Central - Oligodendrocytes; Peripheral - Schwann)
Astrocytes (CNS) and satellite glial cells (PNS) both share the function of supporting and protecting neurons.
Other two glial cell types are found in CNS exclusively; microglia are the phagocytes of the CNS and ependymal cells which line the ventricular system of the CNS. The PNS doesn’t have a glial equivalent to microglia as the phagocytic role is performed by macrophages.
PSYCH1_Chapter6_SensationAndPerception_Group4 (1).pptx
This document discusses sensation and perception. It begins by defining sensation as the process by which our receptors receive stimulus energy from the environment, and perception as interpreting sensory information to recognize meaningful objects and events. It then discusses topics like bottom-up and top-down processing, thresholds, sensory adaptation, the senses of vision and hearing, and how we locate sounds. For vision, it describes the eye anatomy and visual information processing in the brain. For hearing, it outlines the parts of the ear and theories of how we perceive loudness and pitch.
Unit 2 sensitivity & coordination patricia s
This document provides an overview of the human body systems, including:
1) It describes the nervous system, made up of nerve centers and nerves that transmit sensory information and motor responses.
2) It explains the five senses (sight, smell, hearing, touch, taste) and the organs associated with each sense.
3) It outlines the musculoskeletal system, including bones, joints, and locomotor muscles that work with the nervous system to produce voluntary and involuntary movements.
Sensation.pptx
This document discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the passive process of bringing information from the outside world into the body and brain, while perception is the active process of interpreting that incoming information. It describes the different sensory systems including vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. For each sense, it explains the sensory receptors, transduction process, and thresholds for detection. It also discusses principles of sensation such as adaptation and difference thresholds.
Nervous System-class 6.pdf
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves). The central nervous system acts as the body's control center and coordinates activities. Impulses travel through neurons to reach the brain. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body. Together they allow the body to rapidly respond to stimuli.
The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum and controls higher functions. The midbrain connects the forebrain to the hindbrain. The hindbrain assists in regulating automatic functions and sensory information relay. Within the brain, structures such as the cerebellum,
The world through our sense
The document discusses the various sensory organs in the human body and how they detect stimuli from the environment. It describes the skin as the sensory organ for touch, and explains how receptors in the skin detect different stimuli like temperature, pain, and pressure. It also discusses the nose and how olfactory receptors detect smells, as well as the tongue and how taste buds detect the four basic tastes of salty, sweet, sour, and bitter. The ear is described as the sensory organ for hearing, with explanations of how sound waves travel through the outer, middle, and inner ear to the brain. The eye is also summarized, with descriptions of its different parts and how light is focused onto the retina to produce nerve impulses for vision.
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Sensitivity and Coordination by Alfredo
- 2. • Stimulus and response. • The senses. • What is the nervous system ? • Voluntary and involuntary movements. • The skeletal and muscular system.
- 3. STIMULI. A stimulus is anything you see, hear, touch, smell or taste; Stimuli can be: • Internal stimuli. • External stimuli. The body has different receptors : • Internal receptors. • External receptors. RESPONSES. A response is the body´s answer tu a sitimulus. There are two types of responses: • Muscular responses. • Glandular responses.
- 4. THE SIGHT. The eye is the organ of sight. It is made up of the eyeball and protected by the eyebrows, eyelids and eyelashes. Light passes The information in through the lens the retina travels which focuses the to the brain image on the through the optic retina. nerve. Light passes through the pupil, the opening of the iris. Light goes through the cornea
- 5. THE SMELL. The nose is the organ of smell. The receptors of smell are in the pituitary gland, inside the nostrils. Pituitary
- 6. HEARING. The ear is the organ of hearing, it has three parts: • The outer ear includes the ear and ear canal. • The middle ear includes the erdrum and the samall bones. • The inner ear includes the cochlea and the auditory nerve. The inner ear changes vibrations into nerve impulses that go to the brain. The middle ear changes sounds The outter ear into vibrations. receives sounds.
- 7. THE TOUCH. THE TASTE The skin is the organ of The tongue is the organ of touch. It is made up of taste. The receptors of three layers. taste are in the taste - Epidermis. buds. - Dermis. - Hypodermis. Taste buds.
- 8. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. The nervous system is made up of : • The central nervous system. - Brain, cerebrum, cerebellum and brain system. - Spinal cord. • The peripheral nervous system: - Sensory nerves. - Motor nerves. NEURONS. They are made up of a cell body, dendrites and axons.
- 9. Our bodies react to stimuli making voluntary or involuntary movements. VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS. INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS. The spinal cord produces a response in the case.
- 10. SKELETAL SYSTEM. • THE SKELETON. - Head bones. - Trunk bones. - Limb bones. • JOINTS. - Moveable joints. - Semi moveable joints. - Fixed joints.
- 11. THE MUSCULATURE. The musculature is the set of muscles in the body. • Head muscles. • Trunk muscles. • Limb muscles. TENDONS. Tendons are made of flexible and fibrous tissue. They conect muscles to bones.