This document discusses different types of sensory receptors in the human body. It describes exteroceptors, which receive external stimuli from areas like the skin, and visceroreceptors, located in internal organs. It also discusses proprioceptors, which provide information about body position and movement. It then explains different categories of receptors based on what they detect, such as mechanoreceptors for touch and pressure, chemoreceptors for chemicals, thermoreceptors for temperature, and photoreceptors for light. The document also mentions nociceptors, which detect potentially painful stimuli.
The document discusses the five basic human senses - sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. It provides details on the anatomy and physiology of how each sense works, including the sensory receptors involved and pathways in the brain. The key points made are that touch is not considered a special sense, while sight, hearing, smell and taste are the four special senses. Somatic senses include the various aspects of touch like pressure, temperature, and pain.
This document provides a summary of 3 sentences or less:
The document discusses the nervous system and senses, covering topics like receptors, sensory pathways, general senses like touch and pain, and special senses including sight, smell, taste, hearing, and balance. It includes descriptions of sensory organs, neurons, and pathways that transmit signals from receptors to the brain. The document is intended as a chapter summary for a course in anatomy and physiology.
The document discusses sensory, motor, and integrative systems. It describes how sensory impulses are integrated in the central nervous system and examples of complex integrative functions. Each unique type of sensation is called a sensory modality. The process of sensation begins with stimulation of a sensory receptor and transduction of the stimulus into nerve impulses which are then integrated. Sensory receptors can be classified based on their structure, location, and the type of stimulus detected. Pain perception serves an important protective function. Proprioception involves receptors that monitor muscle length and tension. The pathways for somatic sensory and motor signals in the spinal cord and brain are described.
Slides that go with the first in a series of four talks by Mahasraddha on Buddhism, science, philosphy, and consciousness. Given at the Manchester Buddhist Centre on 26th March 2007.
The document discusses the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS receives input from sensory neurons, directs motor neurons, and associates stimuli with responses through association neurons to maintain homeostasis. The human CNS allows for complex behaviors like learning, memory, emotions and self-awareness. The embryonic development of the CNS begins with the formation of the neural tube which becomes the CNS, while the neural crest forms the peripheral nervous system.
This document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It discusses how sensation is the process of receiving and transmitting sensory information to the brain, while perception involves selecting, organizing, and interpreting that information. Key topics covered include the five senses (vision, audition, olfaction, gustation, and somatic senses), as well as perceptual concepts like attention, constancies, depth perception, and illusions. Sensory thresholds, adaptation, and transduction are described for visual and auditory systems. Overall, the document provides a high-level introduction to sensation and perception.
This document discusses sensory receptors, including their types, structures, and functions. It covers exteroceptors, visceroceptors, proprioceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, photoreceptors, olfactory receptors, taste receptors, hearing receptors, and balance receptors. Key points include that sensory receptors receive stimuli from both internal and external environments and relay this information to the nervous system, and that different receptor types are activated by mechanical, chemical, thermal, or light stimuli.
The document discusses the different stimuli that can activate the various human senses. It explains that vision is stimulated by light, hearing by sound waves of certain frequencies and amplitudes, and the chemical senses of taste and smell are activated by specific chemical stimuli. Touch receptors detect pressure and temperature receptors detect heat or cold. The senses covered are sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch, temperature, pain, and direction.
The document discusses the five basic human senses - sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. It provides details on the anatomy and physiology of how each sense works, including the sensory receptors involved and pathways in the brain. The key points made are that touch is not considered a special sense, while sight, hearing, smell and taste are the four special senses. Somatic senses include the various aspects of touch like pressure, temperature, and pain.
This document provides a summary of 3 sentences or less:
The document discusses the nervous system and senses, covering topics like receptors, sensory pathways, general senses like touch and pain, and special senses including sight, smell, taste, hearing, and balance. It includes descriptions of sensory organs, neurons, and pathways that transmit signals from receptors to the brain. The document is intended as a chapter summary for a course in anatomy and physiology.
The document discusses sensory, motor, and integrative systems. It describes how sensory impulses are integrated in the central nervous system and examples of complex integrative functions. Each unique type of sensation is called a sensory modality. The process of sensation begins with stimulation of a sensory receptor and transduction of the stimulus into nerve impulses which are then integrated. Sensory receptors can be classified based on their structure, location, and the type of stimulus detected. Pain perception serves an important protective function. Proprioception involves receptors that monitor muscle length and tension. The pathways for somatic sensory and motor signals in the spinal cord and brain are described.
Slides that go with the first in a series of four talks by Mahasraddha on Buddhism, science, philosphy, and consciousness. Given at the Manchester Buddhist Centre on 26th March 2007.
The document discusses the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS receives input from sensory neurons, directs motor neurons, and associates stimuli with responses through association neurons to maintain homeostasis. The human CNS allows for complex behaviors like learning, memory, emotions and self-awareness. The embryonic development of the CNS begins with the formation of the neural tube which becomes the CNS, while the neural crest forms the peripheral nervous system.
This document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It discusses how sensation is the process of receiving and transmitting sensory information to the brain, while perception involves selecting, organizing, and interpreting that information. Key topics covered include the five senses (vision, audition, olfaction, gustation, and somatic senses), as well as perceptual concepts like attention, constancies, depth perception, and illusions. Sensory thresholds, adaptation, and transduction are described for visual and auditory systems. Overall, the document provides a high-level introduction to sensation and perception.
This document discusses sensory receptors, including their types, structures, and functions. It covers exteroceptors, visceroceptors, proprioceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, photoreceptors, olfactory receptors, taste receptors, hearing receptors, and balance receptors. Key points include that sensory receptors receive stimuli from both internal and external environments and relay this information to the nervous system, and that different receptor types are activated by mechanical, chemical, thermal, or light stimuli.
The document discusses the different stimuli that can activate the various human senses. It explains that vision is stimulated by light, hearing by sound waves of certain frequencies and amplitudes, and the chemical senses of taste and smell are activated by specific chemical stimuli. Touch receptors detect pressure and temperature receptors detect heat or cold. The senses covered are sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch, temperature, pain, and direction.
This document provides an overview of sensation, perception, and the human senses. It defines sensation as the process of receiving sensory data from the environment, while perception involves interpreting and making sense of sensory stimuli. The main human senses - vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste - are described in terms of their basic mechanisms and receptors. Key concepts in perception such as gestalt laws of organization, perceptual constancy, and depth perception are also summarized. The document concludes with a short reflection question about the relationship between sensation and perception.
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the central nervous system and its parts. It describes the three meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater) that protect the CNS. It then discusses the structures and functions of the brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebral cortex. It also outlines the somatic sensory and motor pathways, as well as the autonomic nervous system including its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
The document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the human eye:
- The eye has three layers - an outer fibrous layer, a middle vascular layer, and an inner nervous layer. It contains specialized structures like the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and optic nerve.
- The retina contains two types of photoreceptor cells - rods and cones. Rods are responsible for dim light vision while cones provide color vision and function in bright light.
- When light enters the eye, it passes through the cornea and lens, which refract the light to focus an image onto the retina. The photoreceptor cells in the retina then convert the image into nerve impulses that
The document summarizes the somatic and special senses. It describes the various receptors for senses like touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception. It discusses sensory pathways and processing in the central nervous system. It provides details on specific senses like vision, hearing, balance, smell and taste. Key structures discussed include the eye, ear, cochlea, vestibular system and taste buds.
This document contains 5 articles that discuss various topics related to human sensory systems and vision. Article 1 defines and describes different types of sensory receptors in the body. Article 2 discusses the senses of smell, taste, and hearing. Article 3 further explains different categories of sensory receptors. Article 4 provides details about the visual process including refraction, accommodation, pupil constriction, convergence, and discusses near- and farsightedness. Article 5 is incomplete.
This 3-sentence summary provides the key information from the document:
The document discusses different types of sensory receptors in the human body, including exteroceptors, proprioceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, and nociceptors. It explains what stimuli each receptor type responds to, such as touch, temperature, light, and pain. The summary also mentions the retina contains rods and cones that contain photopigments like rhodopsin to detect light and allow for vision.
This document provides an overview of the human sensory systems. It begins by defining sensory receptors and describing their general properties and types. It then discusses the general senses of touch, pain, taste, and smell. For each sense, it describes the sensory receptors, how stimuli are transduced and encoded, and the neural pathways from the receptors to the brain. Touch is mediated by various unencapsulated and encapsulated receptors in the skin. Pain signals travel through the spinal cord or cranial nerves and project to multiple areas in the brainstem and cortex. Taste and smell rely on receptor cells in the tongue and nose that bind to chemicals and project signals through cranial nerves to regions like the thalamus and cortex.
The document summarizes the main sensory systems in humans. It discusses audition/hearing, including the anatomy of the outer, middle, and inner ear and how sound is transduced and processed in the brain. It also describes the vestibular sense, touch, pain, taste, and olfaction/smell. For each sense, it outlines the receptors, neural pathways, and processing in the brain, as well as some individual differences in sensitivity.
The brain is the most complex organ in the human body, weighing approximately 1.4 kg. It contains around 100 billion neurons and is protected by the skull and layers of connective tissue. The brain has three main parts - the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum controls voluntary functions like thinking and memory. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls involuntary functions like breathing.
This document summarizes the key human sensory systems and how they work. It discusses the five senses - sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste - and describes the sensory organs and receptors for each. It also outlines the nervous system, including the central nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system of sensory and motor nerves. It distinguishes between voluntary and involuntary movements and muscles.
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
The document discusses human senses and how they compare to sensors in robots. It begins by asking questions about the five main human senses - sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste. It then describes how two of these senses, vision and touch, work. For vision, it explains how light enters the eye and is processed by the retina and brain. For touch, it notes that skin contains nerve endings that detect stimuli like pressure and send signals to the brain. Finally, it provides examples of robotic sensors that correspond to human senses, such as cameras that function like eyes and touch sensors that mimic skin.
The document describes the human nervous system and its key components. It discusses:
1. Receptors that receive stimuli and send nerve impulses to the central nervous system.
2. The central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, which process sensory information and coordinate responses.
3. Effectors like muscles and glands that carry out responses under control of the motor neurons and central nervous system. Stimuli, receptors, nerve impulses, processing in the brain and spinal cord, and responses all work together through the nervous system to maintain homeostasis.
This PowerPoint presentation provides an overview of the nervous system. It explains that the nervous system is made up of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is protected by the skull and vertebral column. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Neurons and glial cells are the basic cells of the nervous system that transmit signals and provide support. The senses gather information from the environment and send it to the brain via sensory neurons.
The document discusses the somatic and special senses. It describes the somatic senses including touch, temperature, and proprioception. The special senses are smell, taste, vision, hearing and balance. It provides details on the sensory receptors and neural pathways involved in each sense. The visual system is described in depth including eye anatomy and the process of sight.
Sensory receptors in the skin, eyes, ears, tongue and nose detect various stimuli like light, sound, chemicals and pressure. These receptors convert the stimuli into electrical signals that are transmitted by sensory neurons to the brain. The brain then interprets these signals to form the perceptions of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Sensory receptors include photoreceptors in the eyes, hair cells in the ears, taste buds in the tongue and olfactory receptors in the nose. The brain integrates information from sensory receptors to build an understanding of the external environment.
This presentation was developed by me and another classmate to present some of the major features and characteristics of the nervous system as relating to orofacial structures. We also focused on learning how to make adjustments and adaptations for individuals with nervous system disorders.
The sensory organs detect stimuli from the environment and transmit this information to the brain. The main sensory organs are the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. The eyes detect light, ears detect sound, nose detects smell, tongue detects taste and skin detects touch, pressure, temperature and pain. Within each sensory organ are specialized receptor cells that detect specific stimuli like light, sound, chemicals etc. The stimuli are converted to electrical signals that travel along sensory nerves to the brain which interprets these signals as the different senses.
Dual credit psychology notes chapter 6 - brain and bodymrslocomb
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This document provides information on the workings of the mind and body, including the nervous system and brain. It discusses the basic units and functions of the nervous system. Key concepts explained include neurons, action potentials, synapses, and the peripheral and central nervous systems. Anatomy and functions of the brain are summarized, including divisions of the brain like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. Imaging techniques for studying the brain like CAT scans, MRIs, EEGs, and PET scans are also outlined.
The document discusses the physiological bases of human behavior by describing the nervous system. It explains that the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS has two divisions - the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary muscles, and the autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The document provides diagrams and descriptions of the major parts and functions of the nervous system in regulating human behavior and responses.
PowerPoint provides several views (Normal, Slide Sorter, Notes Page, Slide Show, Reading) to see presentations differently. It also allows formatting slides, adding notes, and previewing presentations. Users can open multiple presentations at once, zoom in and out, and drag and drop between windows. Document properties provide identifying information. PowerPoint supports various print layouts and formatting options.
The plasma membrane is the boundary between the intracellular and extracellular fluids of a cell. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing the interior and hydrophilic heads facing both the inside and outside of the cell. Integral and peripheral proteins are embedded within or attached to the membrane and perform various roles like selective transport, acting as receptors, and cell signaling. Water makes up 70% of the human body and is essential for life as the solvent for biochemical reactions in cells. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon except for carbon dioxide and salts, which are important for cellular respiration and maintaining pH balance in the body.
This document provides an overview of sensation, perception, and the human senses. It defines sensation as the process of receiving sensory data from the environment, while perception involves interpreting and making sense of sensory stimuli. The main human senses - vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste - are described in terms of their basic mechanisms and receptors. Key concepts in perception such as gestalt laws of organization, perceptual constancy, and depth perception are also summarized. The document concludes with a short reflection question about the relationship between sensation and perception.
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the central nervous system and its parts. It describes the three meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater) that protect the CNS. It then discusses the structures and functions of the brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebral cortex. It also outlines the somatic sensory and motor pathways, as well as the autonomic nervous system including its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
The document provides information about the anatomy and physiology of the human eye:
- The eye has three layers - an outer fibrous layer, a middle vascular layer, and an inner nervous layer. It contains specialized structures like the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and optic nerve.
- The retina contains two types of photoreceptor cells - rods and cones. Rods are responsible for dim light vision while cones provide color vision and function in bright light.
- When light enters the eye, it passes through the cornea and lens, which refract the light to focus an image onto the retina. The photoreceptor cells in the retina then convert the image into nerve impulses that
The document summarizes the somatic and special senses. It describes the various receptors for senses like touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception. It discusses sensory pathways and processing in the central nervous system. It provides details on specific senses like vision, hearing, balance, smell and taste. Key structures discussed include the eye, ear, cochlea, vestibular system and taste buds.
This document contains 5 articles that discuss various topics related to human sensory systems and vision. Article 1 defines and describes different types of sensory receptors in the body. Article 2 discusses the senses of smell, taste, and hearing. Article 3 further explains different categories of sensory receptors. Article 4 provides details about the visual process including refraction, accommodation, pupil constriction, convergence, and discusses near- and farsightedness. Article 5 is incomplete.
This 3-sentence summary provides the key information from the document:
The document discusses different types of sensory receptors in the human body, including exteroceptors, proprioceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, and nociceptors. It explains what stimuli each receptor type responds to, such as touch, temperature, light, and pain. The summary also mentions the retina contains rods and cones that contain photopigments like rhodopsin to detect light and allow for vision.
This document provides an overview of the human sensory systems. It begins by defining sensory receptors and describing their general properties and types. It then discusses the general senses of touch, pain, taste, and smell. For each sense, it describes the sensory receptors, how stimuli are transduced and encoded, and the neural pathways from the receptors to the brain. Touch is mediated by various unencapsulated and encapsulated receptors in the skin. Pain signals travel through the spinal cord or cranial nerves and project to multiple areas in the brainstem and cortex. Taste and smell rely on receptor cells in the tongue and nose that bind to chemicals and project signals through cranial nerves to regions like the thalamus and cortex.
The document summarizes the main sensory systems in humans. It discusses audition/hearing, including the anatomy of the outer, middle, and inner ear and how sound is transduced and processed in the brain. It also describes the vestibular sense, touch, pain, taste, and olfaction/smell. For each sense, it outlines the receptors, neural pathways, and processing in the brain, as well as some individual differences in sensitivity.
The brain is the most complex organ in the human body, weighing approximately 1.4 kg. It contains around 100 billion neurons and is protected by the skull and layers of connective tissue. The brain has three main parts - the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum controls voluntary functions like thinking and memory. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls involuntary functions like breathing.
This document summarizes the key human sensory systems and how they work. It discusses the five senses - sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste - and describes the sensory organs and receptors for each. It also outlines the nervous system, including the central nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system of sensory and motor nerves. It distinguishes between voluntary and involuntary movements and muscles.
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
The document discusses human senses and how they compare to sensors in robots. It begins by asking questions about the five main human senses - sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste. It then describes how two of these senses, vision and touch, work. For vision, it explains how light enters the eye and is processed by the retina and brain. For touch, it notes that skin contains nerve endings that detect stimuli like pressure and send signals to the brain. Finally, it provides examples of robotic sensors that correspond to human senses, such as cameras that function like eyes and touch sensors that mimic skin.
The document describes the human nervous system and its key components. It discusses:
1. Receptors that receive stimuli and send nerve impulses to the central nervous system.
2. The central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, which process sensory information and coordinate responses.
3. Effectors like muscles and glands that carry out responses under control of the motor neurons and central nervous system. Stimuli, receptors, nerve impulses, processing in the brain and spinal cord, and responses all work together through the nervous system to maintain homeostasis.
This PowerPoint presentation provides an overview of the nervous system. It explains that the nervous system is made up of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system is protected by the skull and vertebral column. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Neurons and glial cells are the basic cells of the nervous system that transmit signals and provide support. The senses gather information from the environment and send it to the brain via sensory neurons.
The document discusses the somatic and special senses. It describes the somatic senses including touch, temperature, and proprioception. The special senses are smell, taste, vision, hearing and balance. It provides details on the sensory receptors and neural pathways involved in each sense. The visual system is described in depth including eye anatomy and the process of sight.
Sensory receptors in the skin, eyes, ears, tongue and nose detect various stimuli like light, sound, chemicals and pressure. These receptors convert the stimuli into electrical signals that are transmitted by sensory neurons to the brain. The brain then interprets these signals to form the perceptions of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Sensory receptors include photoreceptors in the eyes, hair cells in the ears, taste buds in the tongue and olfactory receptors in the nose. The brain integrates information from sensory receptors to build an understanding of the external environment.
This presentation was developed by me and another classmate to present some of the major features and characteristics of the nervous system as relating to orofacial structures. We also focused on learning how to make adjustments and adaptations for individuals with nervous system disorders.
The sensory organs detect stimuli from the environment and transmit this information to the brain. The main sensory organs are the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. The eyes detect light, ears detect sound, nose detects smell, tongue detects taste and skin detects touch, pressure, temperature and pain. Within each sensory organ are specialized receptor cells that detect specific stimuli like light, sound, chemicals etc. The stimuli are converted to electrical signals that travel along sensory nerves to the brain which interprets these signals as the different senses.
Dual credit psychology notes chapter 6 - brain and bodymrslocomb
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This document provides information on the workings of the mind and body, including the nervous system and brain. It discusses the basic units and functions of the nervous system. Key concepts explained include neurons, action potentials, synapses, and the peripheral and central nervous systems. Anatomy and functions of the brain are summarized, including divisions of the brain like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. Imaging techniques for studying the brain like CAT scans, MRIs, EEGs, and PET scans are also outlined.
The document discusses the physiological bases of human behavior by describing the nervous system. It explains that the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS has two divisions - the somatic nervous system which controls voluntary muscles, and the autonomic nervous system which controls involuntary functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The document provides diagrams and descriptions of the major parts and functions of the nervous system in regulating human behavior and responses.
PowerPoint provides several views (Normal, Slide Sorter, Notes Page, Slide Show, Reading) to see presentations differently. It also allows formatting slides, adding notes, and previewing presentations. Users can open multiple presentations at once, zoom in and out, and drag and drop between windows. Document properties provide identifying information. PowerPoint supports various print layouts and formatting options.
The plasma membrane is the boundary between the intracellular and extracellular fluids of a cell. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing the interior and hydrophilic heads facing both the inside and outside of the cell. Integral and peripheral proteins are embedded within or attached to the membrane and perform various roles like selective transport, acting as receptors, and cell signaling. Water makes up 70% of the human body and is essential for life as the solvent for biochemical reactions in cells. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon except for carbon dioxide and salts, which are important for cellular respiration and maintaining pH balance in the body.
The document discusses various types of performance tests that can be conducted on an application including smoke tests, load tests, stress tests, endurance tests, and spike tests. It provides details on parameters for each type of test like number of users, ramp up/down times, duration, and whether think and pacing times are included. It also covers monitoring various operating system and SQL Server metrics that can be captured during the tests.
PowerPoint offers basic text formatting tools like font, size, style, and color options. It allows inserting text boxes onto slides and formatting them with borders, backgrounds, and alignments. Text boxes can be resized and orientations changed. Numbered lists and spelling/thesaurus tools help create clear presentations.
The plasma membrane is the boundary between the intracellular and extracellular fluids of a cell. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing the interior and hydrophilic heads facing both the inside and outside of the cell. Proteins embedded in the membrane serve various roles like selectively transporting substances, acting as receptors, and enabling cell movement and identification. The second messenger system allows extracellular messengers like hormones to trigger intracellular responses through a cascade of protein interactions and cyclic AMP.
This document analyzes blood typing results for 4 patients and determines their blood types based on whether their blood agglutinates or does not agglutinate in the presence of various antibodies. It finds that Mr. Smith has blood type A, discusses how blood types are determined, explains the process of blood typing and why multiple samples are taken, lists some uses for blood typing, and discusses risks and potential advances in blood transfusion and disease prevention.
This document analyzes blood typing results for 4 patients and determines their blood types based on whether their blood agglutinates or does not agglutinate with different serum samples. It finds that Mr. Smith has blood type A, discusses how blood types are determined, explains the process of blood typing and why multiple samples are important. It also discusses erythroblastosis fetalis and ways to minimize disease transmission in blood labs.
The document summarizes key concepts about the nervous system including:
- The peripheral nervous system branches from the spinal cord and supplies the body, while the central nervous system controls involuntary functions.
- There are five major types of glial cells in the nervous system that serve supporting functions like insulation or protection.
- There are three main types of neurons - multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar - which differ in their dendrite and axon structures.
- Nerve impulses involve changes in the resting membrane potential and generation of an action potential for signal transmission between neurons.
- The synapse is the gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals across to the next neuron
The document describes an experiment that measured changes in respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation in response to different physiological challenges: breath holding, rapid breathing, and exercise. The challenges were found to alter carbon dioxide levels in the blood and stimulate different respiratory responses. Breath holding decreased tidal volume and respiratory rate while rapid breathing and exercise increased these measures. Providing supplemental oxygen to patients with severe lung disease could dangerously decrease their breathing drive since they rely more on oxygen than carbon dioxide levels.
Senses : any of the physical processes by which stimuli are received, transduced, and conducted as impulses to be interpreted in the brain.
The special senses consist of the eyes, ears, nose, throat and skin.
Each of these organs have specialized functions that make if possible for us to experience our environment and to make that experience more pleasant
The human ear has three main divisions - the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer ear collects sound waves and directs them through the auditory canal to the eardrum. In the middle ear, three small bones transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The inner ear contains the cochlea for hearing and semicircular canals for balance. In the cochlea, vibrations are transmitted through fluid and sensed by hair cells, sending signals to the brain. The semicircular canals contain fluid and hair cells that sense head movement and maintain balance. The ear supports both hearing by detecting sound vibrations and balance by sensing body motion.
This document outlines key concepts related to the nervous system. It defines neurons and their parts, and describes how nerve impulses are transmitted. It explains the structure and function of the central nervous system, including the brain regions and spinal cord. It also outlines the peripheral nervous system, somatic vs autonomic systems, and the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Finally, it provides overviews of the main sensory organs - eye, ear, taste/smell, and touch receptors.
The document discusses the human senses and how they work. It explains that there are more than eight senses that detect various forms of energy like sound, light, heat, pressure, and chemicals through specialized receptor cells. The stimuli are converted into neural impulses that are transmitted to the brain for perception. Thresholds refer to the minimum amount of stimuli needed to activate a sense. The document then focuses on the anatomy and functions of the eye and ear in more detail.
This document summarizes the main sensory organs in the body - vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear, taste buds, olfactory system, and receptors for touch. The eye contains the retina with rods and cones for vision. The ear is divided into external, middle, and inner sections for hearing and balance. Taste buds contain gustatory cells that detect the five basic tastes. The olfactory region contains sensory cells that detect smells. Various receptors throughout the body sense touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception.
The document discusses various sensory organs and systems. It begins by explaining how sensations are initiated by stimuli and receptors. It then covers the different types of receptors - exteroceptors which detect stimuli near the body surface, interoceptors which detect internal stimuli, and proprioceptors which detect deep stimuli. Specific sensory systems are then described in more detail, including touch, pain, temperature, smell, taste, hearing and sight. The anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear and other sensory organs are explained.
This document discusses sensory receptors and how they function during the Christmas holiday season. It provides examples of how sensory receptors detect stimuli like hunger cues from cookies left out for Santa, different moods conveyed through Christmas versus Halloween songs, and sensations like pain experienced by characters in Christmas movies. The document then explores the anatomy and physiology of various sensory receptors, including their location, structure, and role in senses like smell, taste, hearing, vision, balance and proprioception.
Animals have developed specialized sensory organs like eyes and ears to actively seek information from the environment. These organs evolved to help detect things like food from a distance. The eye detects light and vision, while the ear detects sound and hearing. Both eyes and ears have complex structures that are finely tuned to receive and process sensory inputs. The eye contains light-sensitive rods and cones in the retina to detect color and vision. The ear detects sound waves through the outer, middle, and inner ear structures that funnel and amplify sound before vibrations are converted to nerve signals. These special senses allow animals to effectively interact with their surroundings.
The nervous system is the body's complex communication network. It is comprised of the central nervous system (CNS), made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consisting of nerves and sensory organs. The CNS acts as the control center, receiving sensory information and sending motor commands via the PNS. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body, enabling reflexes, while spinal nerves branch throughout the body. Within the spinal cord, neurons form tracts that carry sensory and motor signals up and down.
The document summarizes control and coordination in humans. It discusses how the nervous system and endocrine system allow for coordination in animals through receptors that receive stimuli and effectors that respond. It describes the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. It provides details on the structure and function of neurons, types of neurons, and reflex actions. It explains that the brain is the main coordinating center and discusses its main parts and functions. It also discusses the spinal cord and autonomic nervous system.
Review of anatomy and physiology of the earDeeps Gupta
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Here are 3 questions to test understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the ear:
1. Draw a labeled diagram of the ear showing its three main regions - external, middle, and inner ear. Label the key structures in each region.
2. Explain the step-by-step mechanism of how sound is transmitted from the outer ear to the inner ear and converted into nerve impulses that are perceived as sound.
3. Explain the role of the semicircular canals and vestibular system in maintaining balance. How do they detect changes in head position and transmit this information to the brain.
The document describes the structure and function of the central nervous system. It discusses the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, as well as the ventricles and circulation of CSF. The spinal cord and its ascending and descending tracts are described. Reflex arcs and specific reflexes like withdrawal are explained. The document then covers the structure and function of the brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and their components. Memory, hemispheric dominance and other higher cognitive functions are also summarized.
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS controls voluntary movement and processes sensory information while the PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body. The brain can be divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The cerebrum is responsible for higher functions like thinking and processing senses, the cerebellum controls muscle coordination, and the brainstem regulates vital functions. The spinal cord relays signals between the brain and body through sensory and motor neurons that join to form spinal nerves.
The document provides an overview of human perception and the processes involved. It discusses sensation, which is the detection of stimulus energies by sensory receptors. Perception is then defined as the interpretation and organization of sensory information. The key stages of perception are transduction, neural transmission along afferent pathways to the brain, and cognitive processing in the brain. The various sensory receptors for sight, sound, touch, taste and smell are described.
The nervous system is the body's complex communication network. It is comprised of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves and sensory organs). The central nervous system processes sensory information and coordinates bodily functions by transmitting signals through the peripheral nervous system. The brain and spinal cord work together to receive sensory data, process it, and send motor commands throughout the body via nerve pathways. Spinal nerves branch out from the spinal cord to the limbs. Within the spinal cord, neurons form tracts that carry signals up and down as reflexes or to and from the brain.
The nervous system is the body's complex communication network. It is comprised of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves and sensory organs). The central nervous system processes sensory information and coordinates bodily functions by transmitting signals through the peripheral nervous system. The brain and spinal cord work together to receive sensory input, process it, and send motor commands throughout the body via nerve pathways. Spinal nerves branch out from the spinal cord to the limbs. Within the central nervous system, neurons form pathways called tracts to rapidly transmit electrochemical signals as needed to coordinate all body functions.
The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into three main parts - the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is the largest part and is responsible for functions like learning, senses, and control of movement. The cerebellum aids in balance and muscle coordination. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body through spinal nerves. Neurons are the basic working units that transmit signals in the nervous system through electrical and chemical processes.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the human ear, eye, and associated sensory systems. It describes the three main parts of the ear - outer, middle, and inner ear. Sound waves are collected by the outer ear and transmitted through the middle ear via the auditory ossicles to the inner ear, where they are converted to nerve impulses. The inner ear also contains structures for balance. Similarly, it outlines the three layers of the eye - outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, and inner nervous layer. Light enters through the cornea and lens, stimulating photoreceptors in the retina which transmit signals to the brain via the optic nerve. Both sensory systems provide vital functions of hearing, balance,
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls functions like awareness, thoughts, movements, sensations, and memory. The PNS includes nerves and ganglia. It has sensory and motor divisions. Neurons transmit signals via electrical and chemical processes at synapses using neurotransmitters. Glial cells support neuron function. The presentation provides detailed information on the structure and function of the nervous system.
The document summarizes the human auditory system. It describes the two main parts as the peripheral and central auditory systems. The peripheral system includes the outer, middle, and inner ear, which work to capture sound waves and transmit the vibrations as electrical signals. The inner ear contains the cochlea with hair cells that change sound vibrations into neural signals. The central system then processes these signals through structures like the cochlear nucleus, superior olivary complex, and auditory cortex.
2. Exteroceptors are sensory receptors that Types, distribution,
receive external stimuli located in hands,
feet, face and other sensitive body party.
Viceroreceptors are receptors that include
and functions of
those located in visceral organs such as
the heart, liver and kidney. receptors
Proprioceptors are sensory nerve receptors
situated in the muscles, tendons, and joints
that furnish information to the central
nervous system concerning the
movements and positions of the limbs,
trunk, head, and neck, and, more
specifically for dentistry, the oral cavity
and its associated structures. (5)
Mechanoreceptors detect changes in
pressure, position, or acceleration; include
receptors for touch, stretch, hearing, and
equilibrium.
Chemoreceptors detect ions or molecules.
Smell (olfaction) and taste rely on
chemoreceptors.
Thermoreceptors detect hot or cold
temperatures.
Photoreceptors have pigments in receptor
cells that absorb light energy and trigger
action potentials. (6)
nociceptor is a sensory receptor that sends
signals that cause the perception of pain
in response to potentially damaging
stimulus. (7)
3. Balance & Hearing
Hearing
Balance
• The outer ear includes both the fleshy protrusion from the head and the
The human balance system works from the collaboration of three
components: the visual (eyes), skeletal systems (the muscles and canal that leads to the ear drum. The ear canal is where cerumen (i.e. ear
joints and their sensors), and the vestibular system (inner ear wax) is generated and stored. The outer ear acts as a funnel for sound,
balance organs). Nerve signals from those three components directing sound towards the ear drum.
are accurately sent to and processed by the brain to keep • The inner ear is composed of a series of interconnected fluid-filled canals
human balance. (17)
encased in the dense bone of the skull (the temporal bone). Lining portions
The function of the utricle and the saccule is to detect the
position of the head. Both these two cavities contain a pad of of these canals are the cells that have tiny hairs at their tops that vibrate with
cells, laid with a jelly-like substance, which in turn has small movement of the inner ear fluids. Vibration of these hairs induce these cells –
granules of chalk embedded inside. When the body is straight, appropriately called “hair cells” -- to begin the chain reaction that leads to
the gravitational force makes these granules press against nerve impulses carried along the hearing and balance nerves.
sensitive hairs in the jelly. The hairs then send nerve signals to the
brain that tell it, 'upright'. When the head leans front, back or • The middle ear is an air-filled cavity that bridges the ear drum with the
sideways, the chalk granules push against the hairs, and bend membranous window of the inner ear fluids. The middle ear contains the
them in a different direction. This sends off new messages to the three smallest bones in the body – the incus, malleus, and stapes – that form
brain, which can then, if needed, send out instructions to the this bridge. These three bones, or “ossicles,” are interconnected so as to
muscles to immediately adjust the position of the body. The
utricle is also springs into action when the body starts to move focus the forces of ear drum motion in order to drive the inner ear fluids to
forwards or backwards. If a child, for example, begins to run, the vibrate during sound stimulation. The middle ear in abnormal cases can
chalk granules get pushed back against the hairs, which makes collect body fluid and bacteria, and this situation is what occurs in the typical
it seem as if the child were falling backwards. As soon as the “ear infection” commonly seen primarily in children.
brain receives this information it sends out signals to the muscles;
this makes the body lean forwards thus restoring its balance. (18) • The external ear acts as a funnel for sounds. Sound travels inside the ear to
Dynamic equilibrium - The special sense which interprets the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The sound waves that come into
balance when one is moving, or at least the head is moving; the contact with the tympanic membrane are converted into vibrations that are
semicircular canals contain the receptors for dynamic sensed by a group of tiny bones, known as the middle ear ossicles. They are
equilibrium; within each semicircular canal is a complex comprised of the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup). The
mechanoreceptor called a crista ampullaris which contains the
mechanoreceptors (Hair cells) for dynamic equilibrium; when the malleus is the first to conduct the vibration, which then continues through the
perilymph in one of the semicircular canals moves, the hair cells incus and ends at the stapes, which is in contact with the oval (vestibular)
in the crista ampullaris are stimulated to send nerve impulses to window, which separates the middle ear from the inner ear. The function of
the brain; this advises the brain of whether or not a person has the inner ear starts when conduction of the sound wave reaches the oval
their balance during body movements or if their body is in
motion, e.g, riding in a car or turning one's head from side to side. window. The sound wave then travels through the cochlea, which looks like a
(19) snail’s shell. The cochlea is divided into three fluid-filled chambers. Different
chambers are receptive to different frequencies. The signal then goes into
the cochlear duct causing vibration of endolymph (a specialized fluid) where
the signal is converted into an electrical impulse that is transferred to the
cochlear and vestibular nerves. The brainstem sends the signal to the
midbrain and then subsequently to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobes
of the brain where the electrical impulses are interpreted as the sounds that
we experience.
(20)
4. Golgi tendon organs are receptor organs that
gives the body information about the force
that a muscle is developing as it contracts.
Muscle spindles are stretch receptors in muscle
cells involved in maintaining muscle tone.
Pacinian corpuscles are receptors deep in the
dermis that detects pressure on the skin
surface.
Structure of receptors
Meissner corpuscle are sensory receptors
located in the skin close to the surface that
detects light touch.
Merkel disks are expanded dendrite endings.
Root hair plexuses are entwined around the
root of each hair is a twirl of dendrites.
Free nerve endings are dendrites of sensory
neurons that are specialized receptors in the
skin that respond to pain.
(9)
(11)
(8)
(12)
(10)
5. Olfactory receptors expressed in the cell
membranes of olfactory receptor neurons are
responsible for the detection of odor molecules.
Olfactory pathways are a set of nerve fibers
conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to
the cerebral cortex.
Compare Olfaction
in a Human and Smell & Taste
with a canine: dogs
have an olfactory
sense
approximately
100,000 to
1,000,000 times
more acute than a
human's.
Taste buds any of the
clusters of bulbous
nerve endings on the
tongue and in the
lining of the mouth
that provide the sense
of taste.
Neural pathways are
neural tracts
connecting one part
of the nervous system
with another.
6. The pupil, which is the opening in the colored part of
Structures of the Eye
the eye (iris). The iris controls the size of the pupil in
response to light outside the eye so that the proper Cavities and Humors
amount of light is let into the eye.
The lens, which is located behind the iris and is The front of the eye houses the anterior cavity which is
normally clear. Light passes through the pupil to the subdivided by the iris into the anterior and posterior
lens. Small muscles attached to the lens can change chambers. The anterior chamber is the bowl-shaped
its shape. Tightening or relaxing these muscles causes
the lens to change shape, allowing the eyes to focus cavity immediately behind the cornea and in front of the
on near or far objects. iris. The posterior chamber of the anterior cavity lies behind
Vitreous gel (also called vitreous humor), which is a the iris and in front of the lens. The aqueous humor forms in
thick liquid that fills the eye. It helps the eyeball
maintain its shape. this chamber and flows forward to the anterior chamber
The retina, which is a thin nerve membrane that through the pupil.
detects light entering the eye. Nerve cells in the retina The posterior cavity is lined entirely by the retina, occupies
send signals of what the eye sees along the optic 60% of the human eye, and is filled with a clear gel-like
nerve to the brain.
The optic nerve, which is the nerve at the back of the substance called vitreous humor. Light passing through the
eye that carries visual information from the eye to the lens on its way to the retina passes through the vitreous
brain. humor.
The macula, which is near the center of the retina at
the back of the eyeball. The macula provides the The vitreous humor consists of 99% water, contains no cells,
sharp, detailed, central vision a person uses for and helps to maintain the shape of the eye and support its
focusing on what is directly in the line of sight. internal components.
Eye Muscles The aqueous humor is a clear watery fluid which facilitates
2 Types Of Eye Muscles: good vision by helping maintain eye shape, regulating the
Accessory Structures
intraocular pressure, providing support for the internal
Extrinsic: Skeletal muscles that Eyebrow &
structures, supplying nutrients to the lens and cornea, and
attach to the outside of the Eyelashes: Cosmetic
disposing of the eye's metabolic waste.
eyeball and to the bones of purpose and give
the orbit. They move the protection against
eyeball in any desired foreign objects.
Eyelids: Consist
direction and are, voluntary
mainly of voluntary
muscles. muscle and skin.
Intrinsic: smooth, involuntary Lacrimal Apparatus:
muscles located within the Secrete tears to
eye. Consist of the iris and remove foreign
ciliary muscles, which control objects from the
the shape of the lens. face of the eyeball.
(2)
7. • Formation of retinal image: There are four processes that
focus light so that they form a clear image.
Refraction- bending of light rays
Accommodation- increase in curvature,
constriction of pupils, and convergence of two eyes
Constriction- called near reflex of the pupil and
Retinal Image
occurs simultaneously with accommodation of the lens in near
vision
Convergence- seeing only one object when
both eyes are used. Light rays from an object fall on
corresponding points of two retinas.
• Photopigments are light sensitive compounds. All
photopigments can be broken down into a glycoprotein
called opsin and vitamin A derivative called retinal.
• Rods are highly light sensitive. Light causes the opsin to
expand. When opsin and retinal open a process called
bleaching takes place and active sites cause action
potential to be created in the cell. The objects are seen in
shades of grey until the opsin is back to its original shape.
• Red, green, and blue reflect light rays of a different
wavelength. On a certain cone the photopigment breaks
down and initiates impulse conduction by the cone. Cone
photopigments are less sensitive to light and rods so brighter
light is necessary in order for them to break down. (2)
(21)
8. Questions:
Q: Why don't deer see Hunters who wear Bright
orange?
A: Deer do not have red-sensitive cone cells in their
eyes, so they can't tell red or orange from green and
brown. (4)
Q: What is the difference between "nearsighted" and
"farsighted"? How are each of these corrected?
A: Nearsighted means someone is able to see things
close to them but not far from them, and farsighted
means someone is able to see things far from them
but not close to them. Nearsightedness and
farsightedness can both be corrected by glasses,
contacts, or sometimes through LASIX eye surgery.