This document discusses several topics related to sensation and perception, including: - Transduction, which is the process of transforming sensory signals into neural impulses that travel to the brain. - Sensory adaptation, which is decreased responsiveness to constant stimulation over time. - The cocktail party effect, which is the ability to focus one's attention on a single conversation among many. - The main energy senses of vision and hearing, outlining the basic processes of sight and sound transduction and processing in the brain.

1. Sensation and Perception
Sensation: your window to the world
Perception: interpreting what comes
in your window.

2. Transduction
• Transforming signals
into neural impulses.
• Information goes
from the senses to
the thalamus , then
to the various areas
in the brain.
Remember Ethan in Sky High. He
changes his body to slime. Solid
form to liquid form. Change from
one form of energy to another.
Click the picture to watch power
placement.

3. Sensory Adaptation
• Decreased
responsiveness to
stimuli due to
constant stimulation.
Do you feel your underwear all day?

4. Cocktail-party phenomenon
• The cocktail party effect
describes the ability to
focus one's listening
attention on a single talker
among a mixture of
conversations and
background noises, ignoring
other conversations.
• Form of selective attention.

5. Energy v. Chemical senses
Energy Senses Chemical Senses

6. Vision
• Our most dominating
sense.
• Visual Capture

7. Phase One: Gathering Light
• The height of a wave gives us it’s intensity (brightness).
• The length of the wave gives us it’s hue (color).
• ROY G BIV
• The longer the wave the more red.
• The shorter the wavelength the more violet.

8. Phase Two: Getting the light in
the eye

9. Phase Three: Transduction

10. Transduction Continued
• Order is Rods/Cones to
Bipolar to Ganglion to
Optic Nerve.
• Sends info to thalamus-area
called lateral
geniculate nucleus
(LGN).
• Then sent to cerebral
cortexes.
• Where the optic nerves
cross is called the optic
chiasm.

11. Phase Four: In the Brain
• Goes to the Visual
Cortex located in
the Occipital Lobe
of the Cerebral
Cortex.
• Feature Detectors.
• Parallel Processing
We have specific cells that see
the lines, motion, curves and
other features of this turkey.
These cells are called feature
detectors.

12. Color Vision
Two Major Theories

13. Trichromatic Theory
Three types of cones:
• Red
• Blue
• Green
• These three types of
cones can make millions of
combinations of colors.
• Does not explain
afterimages or color
blindness well.

14. Opponent-Process theory
The sensory receptors
come in pairs.
• Red/Green
• Yellow/Blue
• Black/White
• If one color is
stimulated, the
other is inhibited.

15. Afterimages

16. Hearing
Our auditory sense

17. We hear sound WAVES
• The height of the wave gives us the amplitude of the
sound.
• The frequency of the wave gives us the pitch if the sound.

18. The Ear

19. Transduction in the ear
• Sound waves hit the eardrum
then anvil then hammer then
stirrup then oval window.
• Everything is just vibrating.
• Then the cochlea vibrates.
• The cochlea is lined with mucus
called basilar membrane.
• In basilar membrane there are
hair cells.
• When hair cells vibrate they
turn vibrations into neural
impulses which are called organ
of Corti.
• Sent then to thalamus up
auditory nerve.
It is all about the vibrations!!!

20. Pitch Theories
Place Theory and Frequency Theory

21. Place Theory
• Different hairs
vibrate in the
cochlea when they
different pitches.
• So some hairs
vibrate when they
hear high and other
vibrate when they
hear low pitches.

22. Frequency Theory
• All the hairs vibrate
but at different
speeds.

23. Deafness
Conduction Deafness
• Something goes wrong
with the sound and the
vibration on the way to
the cochlea.
• You can replace the
bones or get a hearing
aid to help.
Nerve (sensorineural)
Deafness
• The hair cells in the cochlea
get damaged.
• Loud noises can cause this
type of deafness.
• NO WAY to replace the hairs.
• Cochlea implant is possible.

24. Touch
• Receptors located in
our skin.
• Gate Control Theory
of Pain

25. Taste
• We have bumps on
our tongue called
papillae.
• Taste buds are
located on the
papillae (they are
actually all over the
mouth).
• Sweet, salty, sour
and bitter.

26. Vestibular Sense
• Tells us where our
body is oriented in
space.
• Our sense of
balance.
• Located in our
semicircular canals
in our ears.

27. Kinesthetic Sense
• Tells us where our
body parts are.
• Receptors located in
our muscles and
joints.
Without the kinesthetic sense
you could touch the button to
make copies of your buttocks.