Self-directed learning allows students to take responsibility for planning, implementing, and evaluating their own learning. It involves a continual process of self-motivation, self-management, self-monitoring, and self-modification. Successful self-directed learners have skills like goal setting, decision making, self-awareness, and content competence. While it has advantages like enhancing thinking and promoting independence, self-directed learning also has disadvantages such as being time consuming and potentially misguiding students.
the objective of competency-based education is to prepare individuals for the challenges of the future; empower students with knowledge and skills in various fields of study in a flexible educational program tailored to each student
the objective of competency-based education is to prepare individuals for the challenges of the future; empower students with knowledge and skills in various fields of study in a flexible educational program tailored to each student
Assessment is part of the everyday activities of nursing professionals. Assessment is the only way by which a teacher can know how successful his teaching was and what areas in teaching need improvement.
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
Introduction:
Programmed Instruction method of teaching is an autocratic and individualised
strategy. Its main focus is to bring desirable change in the cognitive domain of the learner‟s
behaviour. The responses of the learner are strictly controlled by the programmer. Susan
Markle Susan Meyer Markle (1928–2008) was an American psychologist defines it as “a method of designing a reproducible sequence of instructional events to
produce a measurable and consistent effect on behaviour of each and every acceptable
student”.
The origin of modern programmed instruction is from the psychology of learning and
not from technology. It is an application of „operant conditioning‟ learning theory to teaching
–learning situations. It got historical momentum only after the publication of “The Science of
Learning and Art of teaching” articles by B.F. Skinner in 1954.
Programmed Instruction is a highly individualised instructional strategy for the
modification of behaviour. Besides instructional purpose, it can also be employed as a
mechanism of feedback device for improving teaching efficiency. Under this mode of
instruction, the student is active and proceeds at his own result. However, the Physical
presence of teacher is not essential in this strategy.
Definition:
“A progressively monitored, step-by-step teaching method, employing small units of information or learning material and frequent testing, whereby the student must complete or pass one stage before moving on to the next.”
“A method of teaching in which the information to be learned is presented in discrete units, with a correct response toeach unit required before the learner may advance to the next unit.”
Major objectives of Programmed Instructions are:-
• To help the student to learn by doing.
• To provide the situation to learn at his own pace.
• To help student to learn without the presence of a teacher.
• To present the content in a controlled manner and in logically related steps.
Purpose of programmed instructions are:-
• To manage human learning under controlled conditions.
• To promote learning at the pace of the learner.
• To present the material in small pieces.
• To provide quicker response
Major principles of Programmed Instruction are:-
1) Principle of Small Step.
2) Principle of Active Responding
3) Principle of Immediate confirmation.
4) Principle of Self - Pacing
5) Principle of Student - Testing.
Clinical teaching is an individualized
or group teaching to the nursing
student in the clinical area by the
nurse educators, staff and
clinical nurse manager
Typically, however, teacher preparation is divided into two (and sometimes three) levels, where Earth science plays very different roles: Elementary education: Programs that prepare future elementary teachers often emphasize literacy and language skills, with less emphasis on math and science
A lesson plan is a teacher's detailed description of the course of instruction or "learning trajectory" for a lesson. A daily lesson plan is developed by a teacher to guide class learning. Details will vary depending on the preference of the teacher, subject being covered, and the needs of the students
A process in which individuals take the initiative, with or without the help of others," to diagnose their learning needs, formulate learning goals, identify resources for learning, select and implement learning strategies, and evaluate learning outcomes
Assessment is part of the everyday activities of nursing professionals. Assessment is the only way by which a teacher can know how successful his teaching was and what areas in teaching need improvement.
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
Introduction:
Programmed Instruction method of teaching is an autocratic and individualised
strategy. Its main focus is to bring desirable change in the cognitive domain of the learner‟s
behaviour. The responses of the learner are strictly controlled by the programmer. Susan
Markle Susan Meyer Markle (1928–2008) was an American psychologist defines it as “a method of designing a reproducible sequence of instructional events to
produce a measurable and consistent effect on behaviour of each and every acceptable
student”.
The origin of modern programmed instruction is from the psychology of learning and
not from technology. It is an application of „operant conditioning‟ learning theory to teaching
–learning situations. It got historical momentum only after the publication of “The Science of
Learning and Art of teaching” articles by B.F. Skinner in 1954.
Programmed Instruction is a highly individualised instructional strategy for the
modification of behaviour. Besides instructional purpose, it can also be employed as a
mechanism of feedback device for improving teaching efficiency. Under this mode of
instruction, the student is active and proceeds at his own result. However, the Physical
presence of teacher is not essential in this strategy.
Definition:
“A progressively monitored, step-by-step teaching method, employing small units of information or learning material and frequent testing, whereby the student must complete or pass one stage before moving on to the next.”
“A method of teaching in which the information to be learned is presented in discrete units, with a correct response toeach unit required before the learner may advance to the next unit.”
Major objectives of Programmed Instructions are:-
• To help the student to learn by doing.
• To provide the situation to learn at his own pace.
• To help student to learn without the presence of a teacher.
• To present the content in a controlled manner and in logically related steps.
Purpose of programmed instructions are:-
• To manage human learning under controlled conditions.
• To promote learning at the pace of the learner.
• To present the material in small pieces.
• To provide quicker response
Major principles of Programmed Instruction are:-
1) Principle of Small Step.
2) Principle of Active Responding
3) Principle of Immediate confirmation.
4) Principle of Self - Pacing
5) Principle of Student - Testing.
Clinical teaching is an individualized
or group teaching to the nursing
student in the clinical area by the
nurse educators, staff and
clinical nurse manager
Typically, however, teacher preparation is divided into two (and sometimes three) levels, where Earth science plays very different roles: Elementary education: Programs that prepare future elementary teachers often emphasize literacy and language skills, with less emphasis on math and science
A lesson plan is a teacher's detailed description of the course of instruction or "learning trajectory" for a lesson. A daily lesson plan is developed by a teacher to guide class learning. Details will vary depending on the preference of the teacher, subject being covered, and the needs of the students
A process in which individuals take the initiative, with or without the help of others," to diagnose their learning needs, formulate learning goals, identify resources for learning, select and implement learning strategies, and evaluate learning outcomes
DAMA Webinar - Big and Little Data QualityDATAVERSITY
While technological innovation brings constant change to the data landscape, many organizations still struggle with the basics: ensuring they have reliable, high quality data. In health care, the promise of insight to be gained through analytics is dependent on ensuring the interactions between providers and patients are recorded accurately and completely. While traditional health care data is dependent on person-to-person contact, new technologies are emerging that change how health care is delivered and how health care data is captured, stored, accessed and used. Using health care as a lens through which to understand the emergence of big data, this presentation will ask the audience to think about data in old and new ways in order to gain insight about how to improve the quality of data, regardless of size.
adult teaching methods and Av techniques ch 1&2.pptfuad80
Education
it is the process of imparting knowledge, values, skills and attitudes, which can be beneficial to an individual.
2. It is acquired by individuals.
3. It is something that one gets at some point in their life.
4. it is a formal process.
5. it is knowledge gained through teaching.
This slide show discusses the major elements of differentiation, with a focus on the different types of student data. Accompanying handouts are not included in this set of slides.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
Self directed learning (SDL)
1.
2. “SELF DIRECTED LEARNING”
"NO MATTER HOW GOOD TEACHING MAY BE, EACH STUDENT MUST TAKE
THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR HIS OWN EDUCATION"
Presented by :
Sangita Shrestha
Roll no. 14
B.Sc. Nursing
4th Year.
4. Introduction:
• Self activity as the basic principle of learning is universal in its
application. An individual can learn only through her own
reactions to situations. There can be no learning where there has
been no self activity. This principle of self activity may be stated
simply: A student learns through her own activities.
• The process of learning in which the learner assumes primary
responsibility for planning, implementing, and evaluating a
learning project. The learner chooses what to learn and how to
learn, and also decides when to continue and when to end the
learning project.
• A process in which individuals take the initiative, with or without
the help of others, to diagnose their learning goals, identify
resources for learning, select and implement learning strategies,
and evaluate learning outcomes.
• It is also known as adult learning.
5. Definition:
• Self-directed learning as a “process in which individuals take
initiative, with or without the help of others, in diagnosing their
own learning needs, formulating goals, identifying human and
material resources for learning, choosing and implementing
appropriate learning strategies and evaluating learning outcomes.”
- Malcolm Knowles, 1975
• Self directed learning (SDL) views learners as responsible owners
and managers of their own learning process. Self directed
learning integrates self management (Management of context,
including the social setting, resources and action) with self
monitoring (the process whereby the learners monitor, evaluate
and regulate their cognitive learning strategies).
-Bolhuis, 1996 & Garrison, 1997.
6. Con…
In self directed learning, control gradually shifts from
teachers to learners. Learners exercise a great deal of
independence in setting learning goals and deciding what is
worthwhile learning as well as how to approach the learning
task within a given framework.
-Lyman, 1997 & Morrow, Sharkey & Firestone, 1993.
Self directed learning is a process in which the learner
initiating learning making decisions about what and How to
learn self in order to achieve a particular task.
- Neema Baskar
7. Purposes:
• To plan and participate in one’s own learning activities.
• To develop the capacity of learning and thinking of learner.
• To develop the sense of independence by enhancing
emancipatory learning.
• To develop the problem solving approaches.
• To develop time management skills.
• To develop desicion making skills.
8. Process:
It involves a continual process of:
self -motivation
self-management
self-monitoring
self-modification
9. Self-motivation:
• Motivation affects the learning strategies and cognitive
processes an individual employs (Dweck & Elliott, 1983). It
increases the likelihood that people will pay attention to
something, study and practice it, and try to learn it in a
meaningful fashion. It also increases the likelihood that they
will seek help when they encounter difficulty.
• Motivation directs an individual toward certain goals and
fulfill their objectives.
10. Self-management:
Establishes clear goals
Thoroughly gathers information
Persistently stays with a task
Uses a systematic approach to problem solving,
organizational planning, and decision-making.
Uses articulate, thoughtful communication
Continuous process
11. Self-monitoring:
Consideration of the ramifications of thoughts, plans,
decisions, and actions
Metacognition - the process of consciously monitoring one’s
own thinking
Self -reflection - process of reflecting on one’s own thinking
patterns, plans, decisions, and actions.
Self -evaluation
12. Self-modification
Revises strategies and implies a great effort to maximize
his/her effectiveness based on feedback
Changes in one’s behavior based on the data gathered
during self-monitoring and on feed back received from
others.
14. StepsofSDL:
1. Deciding what detailed knowledge and skill to learn;
2. Deciding the specific activities, methods, resources, or
equipment for learning;
3. Deciding where to learn;
4. Setting specific deadlines or intermediate targets;
5. Deciding when to begin a learning episode;
6. Deciding the pace at which to proceed during a learning
episode;
7. Estimating the current level of knowledge and skill and
progress in gaining the desired knowledge and skill;
15. Cont…
8. Detecting any factor that has been backing or hindering
learning;
9. Obtaining the desired resources or equipment;
10. Preparing or adapting a room;
11. Saving or obtain the money necessary for the use of
certain human or nonhuman resources;
12. Finding time for the learning; and
13. Taking certain steps to increase the motivation for
learning.
16. Knowles’4 PrinciplesOfAndragogy
• In 1984, Knowles suggested 4 principles that are
applied to adult learning:
• Adults need to be involved in the planning and evaluation
of their instruction.
• Experience (including mistakes) provides the basis for the
learning activities.
• Adults are most interested in learning subjects that have
immediate relevance and impact to their job or personal
life.
• Adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-
oriented. (Kearsley, 2010)
18. GOAL SETTING SKILLS
• Here the individual identifies the problem rather than
developing a cognitive ability to engage in problem
identification and solving.
• They have a good observation skills and ability to determine
what is important in their learning environment.
19. PROCESSING SKILLS
• Observing- the ability to see and understand.
• Seeing and translating- the ability to translate visual
information to notes and records.
• Reading -the ability to read ,translate and compared written
material
• Listing -the ability to receive and process aural information
and related it is existing information schemes.
20. DECISION MAKING SKILLS
• This denotes the learners thinking ability.
• learner must develop the ability to identify, prioritize; select
validate, evaluate and interpret information obtained
through processing.
21. SELF AWARENESS
• The successful self directed learner has the ability to be
aware self.
• It enables the individuals to be aware of their learning
processes their weakness and strengths to know of their
ability to use different in their environment,
• To know when, how and what is distracting in their
environment.
• To know when they need assistance, and to have a realistic
perception of their ability to achieve learning goal.
22. CONTENT COMPETENCE
• Here some personal observation indicates that people
skilled in certain areas tend to emphasize those while
avoiding topics and activities in areas in which they are less
competent.
• for example one who knows the own language may learn
another language based on first language.
23. OTHER CONGNITIVE SKILLS
• other cognitive skills appear to be associated with self
directed learning success. They are-
• Sensory- including ability to select, identify and classify
information
• Memory- working memory is important in the processing of
information before it is assimilated into existing long-term
memory.
• Elaboration-includes the ability to taken item from working
memory and process it by imaging, deducing, discriminating
generalizing etc.
24. Advantages:
• Self-directed learning allows learners to be more effective
learners and social beings.
• It enhances the ability to think and learn.
• It promotes emancipatory learning process.
• Self-directed learners are curious and willing to try new things.
• They can view problems as challenges, desire change, and enjoy
learning.
• Self-directed learners are motivated and persistent, independent,
self-disciplined, self-confident and goal-oriented.
• self-directed learners demonstrate a greater awareness of their
responsibility in making learning meaningful and monitoring
themselves.
• Self-directed learning encourages students to develop their own
rules and leadership patterns.
25. Cont…
• SDL is more deep and permanent.
• It helps to develop time management skills.
• It helps to identify the requirements for a problem solving
process.
• It increases self esteem.
• Helps in decision making.
• It promotes self awareness.
26. Disadvantages:
• Research have proved that some adults are unable to engage in
self directed learning because they lack independence,
confidence or resources.
• Possible for frequent error and sometimes it misguides the
student how to learn.
• Self directed learning needs to be combined with other learning
methods for content to be fully learned.
• Self directed learning is quite time consuming.
• It lacks team spirit.
27. APPLICATIONOFSELFDIRECTEDLEARNINGINNURSING
EDUCATION?
• Individual projects:- A student undertake research
projects individually by the guidance of the teacher, the
projects are completed. The projects are where the students
take up and in varied settings.
• Case studies:- Case study as a method of teaching probably
has been used in the teaching of nursing more extensively
and for longer time than any other method. The case study
describes the life history of an individual or all of the factors
which affect a situation. It tries to give as much breadth and
depth of an individual in situation.
28. Selectioncriteria:
• The learner should be enthusiastic.
• The materials should be available and appropriate.
• Guide or advisor should be available if needed.
• Learner should be physically and mentally healthy.
• Learner should be able to select the tools and methods that
they use, the technologies that could be used to support the
approach are largely dependent on the students.
• Working collaboratively with others (people and resources).
29. Conclusion:
• A process in which individuals take the initiative, with or
without the help of others, to diagnose their learning goals,
identify resources for learning, select and implement
learning strategies, and evaluate learning outcomes. its
purposes are to boost up the critical thinking and learning
and learn permanently. It has more advantages than
disadvantages.
• As everything is controversial, it is the deep and permanent
method of learning.
30.
31. Bibliography:
• B. T. Basavanthappa, “Nursing Education”, 2nd edition, 2009,
Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers, New Delhi, page no.
513-515.
• Shrestha. R., A Textbook Of Educational Science in Nursing, 1st
edition, vidhyarthi pustak bhandar,bhotahity, kathmandu,
page no. 96-100.
• http://www.slideshare.net/LouisGrauer/self-directed-
learning-15797490
• http://www.slideshare.net/tjcarter/what-is-self-directed-
learning?from_action=save
• http://www.slideshare.net/jashya/self-directed-learning-
13753232?from_action=save