The documents discuss seizures, describing them as abnormal electrical activity in the brain that can cause convulsions or other symptoms depending on the type of seizure. Various types of seizures are defined based on whether they involve one or both sides of the brain, and common causes, risks, and signs and symptoms are provided for different seizure types including absence, myoclonic, atonic, tonic-clonic, and motor seizures. The documents also review brain anatomy and the pathophysiology behind how seizures occur in the brain.
Seizures are episodes of abnormal motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychic activity (or a combination of these) resulting from sudden excessive discharge from cerebral neurons.
Please find the power point on Acute management of seizure. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Seizures are episodes of abnormal motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychic activity (or a combination of these) resulting from sudden excessive discharge from cerebral neurons.
Please find the power point on Acute management of seizure. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency that starts when a seizure hits the 5-minute mark (or if there’s more than one seizure within 5 minutes).
Convulsive Status epilepticus-
The convulsive type is more common and more dangerous.
It involves tonic- clonic seizures (grand mal seizures)
In the tonic phase ( lasts less than 1 minute), body becomes stiff and person lose consciousness. Eyes roll back into head, muscles contract, back arches, and trouble breathing.
As the clonic phase starts, body spasms and jerks occur. Neck and limbs flex and relax rapidly but slow down over a few minutes.
Once the clonic phase ends, patient might stay unconscious for a few more minutes. This is the postictal period.Non-convulsive Status epilepticus-
Patient lose consciousness but is in an “epileptic twilight” state.
There might not able any shaking or seizing at all, so it can be very hard for someone observing patient to figure out what’s happening.
A non-convulsive seizure can turn into a convulsive episode.
Poorly controlled epilepsy
Low blood sugar
Stroke
Kidney failure
Liver failure
Encephalitis
HIV
Alcohol or drug abuse
Genetic diseases such as Fragile X syndrome and Angelman syndrome
Head injuries
Management of-unconscious-patient
Definition of unconsciousness
Common causes
Diagnosis and treatment of unconscious patient
Unconsciousness is a state in which a patient is totally unaware of both self and external surroundings, and unable to respond meaningfully to external stimuli.
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.
Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency that starts when a seizure hits the 5-minute mark (or if there’s more than one seizure within 5 minutes).
Convulsive Status epilepticus-
The convulsive type is more common and more dangerous.
It involves tonic- clonic seizures (grand mal seizures)
In the tonic phase ( lasts less than 1 minute), body becomes stiff and person lose consciousness. Eyes roll back into head, muscles contract, back arches, and trouble breathing.
As the clonic phase starts, body spasms and jerks occur. Neck and limbs flex and relax rapidly but slow down over a few minutes.
Once the clonic phase ends, patient might stay unconscious for a few more minutes. This is the postictal period.Non-convulsive Status epilepticus-
Patient lose consciousness but is in an “epileptic twilight” state.
There might not able any shaking or seizing at all, so it can be very hard for someone observing patient to figure out what’s happening.
A non-convulsive seizure can turn into a convulsive episode.
Poorly controlled epilepsy
Low blood sugar
Stroke
Kidney failure
Liver failure
Encephalitis
HIV
Alcohol or drug abuse
Genetic diseases such as Fragile X syndrome and Angelman syndrome
Head injuries
Management of-unconscious-patient
Definition of unconsciousness
Common causes
Diagnosis and treatment of unconscious patient
Unconsciousness is a state in which a patient is totally unaware of both self and external surroundings, and unable to respond meaningfully to external stimuli.
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.
Epilepsy is a disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures. Epilepsy may occur as a result of a genetic disorder or an acquired brain injury, such as a trauma or stroke. To join our daily online lessons on WhatsApp, send us a message now on +260977353901
"Navigating Epilepsy: A Holistic Approach with Dr. Ganesh"
🌟 Hello, everyone! Dr. Ganesh here, and today, we embark on a journey to explore a topic close to my heart: the comprehensive approach to epilepsy. Whether you're a patient, a caregiver, or simply curious about understanding epilepsy, this discussion is crafted with you in mind.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. SEIZURE
SEIZURES
• Seizures are symptoms of a brain problem.
• They happen because of sudden, abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
• When people think of seizures, they often think of convulsions in which a
person's body shakes rapidly and uncontrollably.
• Not all seizures cause convulsions.
• There are many types of seizures and some have mild symptoms.
• Seizures fall into two main groups. Focal seizures, also called partial
seizures, happen in just one part of the brain.
• Generalized seizures are a result of abnormal activity on both sides of the
brain.
4. ANATOMY
THE DURA
• A tough 3-layer sheath that
surrounds the brain and
spinal cord
• Layers include
– the dura mater (strongest layer)
– arachnoid mater (middle layer)
– and pia mater (closest to the brain)
5. ANATOMY
THE CEREBRUM
• Made up of two cerebral hemispheres
that are connected in the middle
• It is the largest part of the brain
• Each area of the cerebrum performs
an important function, such as
language or movement
• Higher thought (cognition) comes
from the frontal cortex (front portion
of the cerebrum)
• Outside of the cerebrum are blood
vessels
• There are fluid-filled cavities and
channels inside the brain
6. ANATOMY
THE CEREBELLUM
• Located in the lower, back part of the skull
• Controls movement and coordination
THE BRAINSTEM AND PITUITARY
GLAND
• Responsible for involuntary functions such as
breathing, body temperature, and blood
pressure regulation
• Pituitary gland is the "master gland" that
controls other endocrine glands in the body,
such as the thyroid and adrenal glands
• Pineal gland
7. ANATOMY
THE CRANIAL NERVES
• Twelve large nerves exit the
bottom of the brain to supply
function to the senses such as
hearing, vision, and taste
THE CEREBRAL BLOOD VESSELS
• A complicated system that
supplies oxygenated blood
and nutrients to the brain
8. ANATOMY
ANTERIOR CEREBRAL CIRCULATION
• The front of the brain is supplied
by the paired carotid arteries in
the neck.
POSTERIOR CEREBRAL CIRCULATION
• The back portion of the brain is
supplied by the paired vertebral
arteries in the spine.
9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• A seizure occurs when a portion of the brain becomes overly excited or when
nerves in the brain begin to fire together in an abnormal fashion.
• Seizure activity can arise in areas of the brain that are malformed from birth
defects or genetic disorders or disrupted from infection, injuries, tumors, strokes,
or inadequate oxygenation.
• The pathophysiology of seizures results from an abrupt imbalance between the
forces that excite and inhibit the nerve cells such that the excitatory forces take
precedence.
• This electrical signal then spreads to the surrounding normal brain cells, which
begin to fire in concert with the abnormal cells.
• With prolonged or recurrent seizures over a short period, the risk of future
seizures increases as nerve cell death, scar tissue formation, and sprouting of new
axons occur.
10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Nerve cells between discharges normally have a negative charge
internally due to the active pumping of positively charged sodium ions
out of the cell.
• Discharge or firing of the nerve cell involves a sudden fluctuation of the
negative charge to a positive charge as ions channels into the cell open
and positive ions, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium, flow into the
cell. Both excitatory and inhibitory control mechanisms act to allow
appropriate firing and prevent inappropriate excitation of the cell.
• The pathophysiology of seizures can occur due to increased excitation of
the nerve cell, decreased inhibition of the nerve cell, or a combination
of both influences.
12. PROBLEMS
• Depression
• Injuries that occur during the seizure:
– Fractures
– Tongue laceration
– Dental injury
– Shoulder dislocation
• Learning disabilities
• Medication side effects
• Status epilepticus:
– Seizure that lasts longer than 30 minutes
– Multiple episodes of seizure without complete recovery between
episodes
13. TYPES
I. PARTIAL SEIZURE
• SIMPLE PARTIAL SEIZURE : affect only a small region of the brain, often the
temporal lobes and/or hippocampi. People who have simple partial
seizures retain consciousness.
• COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURE : may involve the unconscious repetition of
simple actions, gestures or verbal utterances, or simply a blank stare and
apparent unawareness of the occurrence of the seizure, followed by no
memory of the seizure.
14. TYPES
II. GENERALIZED SEIZURES
• ABSENCE SEIZURES :
– Involve an interruption to consciousness where the person experiencing the seizure seems to
become vacant and unresponsive for a short period of time (usually up to 30 seconds). Slight
muscle twitching may occur.
• MYOCLONIC SEIZURES :
– Involve an extremely brief (< 0.1 second) muscle contraction and can result in jerky
movements of muscles or muscle groups.
• CLONIC SEIZURES :
– Are myoclonus that are regularly repeating at a rate typically of 2-3 per second. in some cases,
the length varies.
• TONIC–CLONIC SEIZURES :
– Involve an initial contraction of the muscles (tonic phase) which may involve tongue biting,
urinary incontinence and the absence of breathing. This is followed by rhythmic muscle
contractions (clonic phase). This type of seizure is usually what is referred to when the term
'epileptic fit' is used colloquially.
• ATONIC SEIZURES :
– Involve the loss of muscle tone, causing the person to fall to the ground. These are sometimes
called 'drop attacks' but should be distinguished from similar looking attacks that may occur in
cataplexy.
15. TYPES
III. MIXED SEIZURES
• Mixed seizure is defined as the existence of both generalized and partial seizures in the same
patient.
IV. CONTINUOUS SEIZURES
• STATUS EPILEPTICUS :
– Refers to continuous seizure activity with no recovery between successive seizures. When the
seizures are convulsive, it is a life-threatening condition and emergency medical assistance should
be called immediately if this is suspected. A tonic-clonic seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes (or
two minutes longer than a given person's usual seizures) is usually considered grounds for calling
the emergency services.
• EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA :
– Is a rare type of focal motor seizure (hands and face) which recurs every few seconds or minutes
for extended periods (days or years). It is usually due to strokes in adults and focal cortical
inflammatory processes in children (Rasmussen's encephalitis), possibly caused by chronic viral
infections or autoimmune processes.
16. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
I. ABSENCE SEIZURE
• staring
• the consumer suddenly stops what they is doing
• a few seconds of unresponsiveness (usually less than 10 seconds, but it can be up to 20
seconds) that can be confused with daydreaming
• no response when you touch the consumer
• the consumer is alert immediately after the seizure
• the consumer may have many seizures per day
• Less common features include:
– repetitive blinking
– eyes rolling up
– head bobbing
– automatisms such as licking, swallowing, and hand movements
– autonomic symptoms such as dilated pupils, flushing, pallor, rapid heartbeat, or salivation
17. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
II. MYOCLONIC SEIZURE
• one or many brief jerks, which may involve the whole body or a single arm or leg
• in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, these jerks often occur upon waking
• the consumer remains conscious
III. ATONIC SEIZURE
• sudden loss of muscle tone
• the consumer goes limp and falls straight to the ground
• the consumer remains conscious or has a brief loss of consciousness
• eyelids droop, head nods
• jerking
• the seizure usually lasts less than 15 seconds, although some may last several
minutes
• the consumer quickly becomes conscious and alert again after the seizure
18. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
IV. TONIC-CLONIC SEIZURE
• the consumer cries out or groans loudly
• the consumer loses consciousness and falls down
• in the tonic phase, the consumer is rigid, their teeth clench, their lips may turn blue
because blood is being sent to protect their internal organs, and saliva or foam may drip
from their mouth; they may appear to stop breathing because their muscles, including
their breathing muscles, are stiff
• heart rate and blood pressure rise
• sweating
• tremor
• in the clonic phase, the consumer resumes shallow breathing; their arms and legs jerk
quickly and rhythmically; their pupils contract and dilate
• at the end of the clonic phase, the consumer relaxes and may lose control of their bowel
or bladder
• following the seizure, the consumer regains consciousness slowly and may appear
drowsy, confused, anxious, or depressed
20. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
V. MOTOR SEIZURE
• brief muscle contractions (twitching, jerking, or stiffening), often beginning in the face, finger,
or toe on one side of the body
• twitching or jerking spreads to other parts of the body on the same side near the initial site
• other motor seizures may involve movement of the eye and head
• the seizure begins the same way each time
• the consumer remains conscious
VI. SENSORY SEIZURES
• seeing something that is not there, such as shapes or flashing lights, or seeing something as
larger or smaller than usual
• hearing or smelling something that is not there
• feeling of pins and needles or numbness in part of the body
• the consumer remains conscious
21. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
VII. AUTONOMIC SEIZURES
• changes in heart rate
• changes in breathing
• sweating
• goose bumps
• flushing or pallor
• the consumer remains conscious
• strange or unpleasant sensation in the stomach, chest, or head
• changes in heart rate
• changes in breathing
• sweating
• goose bumps
• flushing or pallor
• the consumer remains conscious
22. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
VIII. PSYCHIC SEIZURES
• problems with memory
• garbled speech
• problems with memory
• garbled speech
• sudden emotions for no apparent reason, such as fear, depression, rage,
or happiness
• feeling as though they are outside their own body
• feelings of déjà vu, or knowledge of the future
23. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURE
• warning sign such as a feeling of fear or nausea
• loss of awareness
• confusion after the seizure
• loss of memory about events just before or after the seizure
• loss of awareness
• blank stare
• walking or running
• screaming, yelling, or thrashing, either from sleep or while awake
• automatisms such as mouth movements, picking at air or clothing, repeating
words or phrases
• confusion after the seizure
• loss of memory about events just before or after the seizure
24. MANAGEMENT
RECOGNIZING A SEIZURE
• How a seizure affects a person, and what it may look like
depends on the part of the brain that is involved in the seizure.
A seizure is caused by an electrical disturbance in the brain.
Seizures can vary in how they look depending on the consumer.
25. MANAGEMENT
RESPONDING TO SEIZURES
• If a person you are supporting is experiencing a seizure, respond the way
that you have been trained in your individual orientation to that person
and your First Aid training.
• ALWAYS FOLLOW THE INDIVIDUAL PERSON’S SEIZURE PROTOCOL.
• Each person served by DDD has an Individual Support Plan that includes a
listing of ”risks” that may affect the person. A person with seizures should
have a risk assessment that outlines specific steps to follow when this
person has a seizure.
26. MANAGEMENT
SOME GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR RESPONDING TO SEIZURES INCLUDE:
• For convulsive type seizures:
– (convulsive means the person has uncontrollable movement of the muscles)
– Stay calm and time the seizure.
– If the person is having a convulsive type seizure, loosen any tight clothing and
remove eyeglasses if they wear them.
– Clear the area of any potential hazards that could cause an injury to the consumer
such as hard, sharp, or hot objects, but do not interfere with their movements
– if you can do so safely, turn the person’s body to the side to permit the draining of
fluids.
– Something soft should be placed under the head.
– Stay with the person. Continue to monitor the person after the seizure.
– If the person is tired, assist him/her to a quiet comfortable place and allow time to
rest.
• For non‐convulsive type seizures
– (seizures that may involve the person’s senses or behavior, but that do not involve
convulsions.)
– Time the seizure.
– Be available if they need assistance.
27. MANAGEMENT
WHAT NOT TO DO DURING A SEIZURE:
• Do NOT attempt to stop the seizure!
• Do NOT restrain the person or try to hold them down in
any way!
• Do NOT force anything between their teeth or put
anything in their mouth!
• Do NOT give the person anything to eat or drink until
s/he has fully recovered consciousness!
28. MANAGEMENT
WHEN TO CALL 911:
• FOLLOW THE PERSON’S SEIZURE PROTOCOL
– If the person does not have a known seizure disorder call 911
– If the seizure or recovery is different than what is typical for that person, call 911
– If a seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes call 911! (unless you have been instructed
otherwise in the individual orientation to the person)
– If a person is having repeated seizures call 911
– If the person’s well being is in question, call 911
– If a person has trouble breathing after the seizure (lips or nail beds turning blue), call
911
– If a person is injured or seems to be in pain, call 911
– If you think the person’s health, well‐being, or life are in danger, call 911
29. MANAGEMENT
REPEATED SEIZURES
• Can be life‐threatening!
• CALL 911!
• Almost all seizures end naturally with no intervention within a few
minutes. The person may be tired and confused following a seizure and
need to sleep. If however a person does not completely recover from one
seizure before beginning another one, it’s possible that they are
experiencing status epilepticus, a life‐ threatening seizure. If in question,
call 911!
SUPPORTING A PERSON AFTER A SEIZURE
• Provide any needed first aid for minor injuries or call 911 if necessary
• Be calm, friendly and reassuring
• Help the person to an area where they can rest comfortably
• The person will is likely to be very tired. Allow them to rest. They may
sleep very deeply for a period of time following a seizure.
• The person may seem confused or disoriented following a seizure.
30. MANAGEMENT
AFTER A SEIZURE
• Once the seizure is over, and the person is safe and comfortable, you will
need to document some information about the seizure. When completing
your documentation of the seizure:
• Note the time the seizure started and ended
• Note the characteristics of the seizure
– Did the person lose consciousness?
– Were they incontinent?
– Did they experience convulsions?
– What body parts were involved?
– Was there a change in the coloring of the skin, or a blue tint to the lips or nail‐beds?
– What was the consumer’s condition following the seizure, i.e. were they confused, did
they have a headache, were they aware of their environment?
• When it is safe to do so, write a seizure report and/or incident report
following your agency’s policy.
• After a seizure, a person is often very tired. Assist them as necessary to a
place where they can rest.