seed A plant part derived from a fertilized ovule , so it is mature fertilized ovule. Function: -To insure the continuation and distribution of the plant. ------------- Structure of the ovule ---------------- Markings on the testa -------------- Types of ovules -------------- الجوز المقيئ Nux Vomica - Macroscopical Characters - Microscopical Characters - T.S. - Powder (M.D.E) - Active Constituents - Tests of identity - Uses -------------------------------------------- بذر الكتان Linseed - Macroscopical Characters - Microscopical Characters - T.S. - Powder (M.D.E) - Active Constituents - Tests of identity - Uses -------------------------------------------- بذر الخروع Castor seed

1. By:
Mahmoud Sallam
Faculty of pharmacy, Azhar
University
(Nux vomica , Linseed &
Castor)

2. 
 A plant part derived from a fertilized
ovule , so it is mature fertilized ovule.
Function:
-To insure the continuation and distribution
of the plant.
seed

3.  Coats or protective integuments: composed of either
one (testa) or two coats (outer testa and inner tegmen).
 Micropyle (pore): present at the apex, from which the
pollen tubes begin their way to embryo sac.
 Nucellus: central mass composed of collapsed
parenchyma, it is bigger in size in some mature seeds
forming the perisperm e.g., cardamom.
 Embryo sac: is a large cell in the nucellus containing the
ovum.
Structure of the ovule

4. 
Figure
microp
yleOuter
integ.Inner
integ.nucell
usEmbryo
sacchalaza
funicle
synergi
des ovum
1ry endosperm nucleus
Antipodal cells

5. 
1. Hilum: A scar left by the removal of funiculus (stalk) from
seed.
2. Chalaza: Position at base of the nucellus where the
vascular strand of the stalk branches.
3. Micropyle: A small hole in the seed coat, serving to
transport water during germination.
4. Raphe: Vascular strand in anatropous and amphitropous
seeds where the stalk grows on one side of the ovule .
Markings on the testa:

6. 
Typesofovules
Atropous
(orthotropous,er
ect)
Anatropous
(inverted 180º)
Amphitropou
s
(inverted 90º)Campylotrop
ous
(curved
Types of ovules

7. 
 The ovule is erect or straight.
 The funicule, nucellus and micropyle are on a straight
line.
 The micropyle is at the opposite side of the hilum.
 No raphe.
 Not common.
 e.g. Nux vomica.
micropyle
funicule
nucellus

8. 
 The ovule is completely inverted on its stalk (180º).
 The micropyle close to the hilum with the chalaza
at the opposite end.
 The raphe extends along the whole length of the
ovule.
 Most common.
 e.g. linseed.
Chalaza
hilummicropyle

9. 
 The ovule is partly inverted on its stalk (90º).
 The hilum , chalaza and micropyle are widely
separated with hilum between chalaza and
micropyle.
 The raphe runs only from hilum to chalaza (1/2 raphe).
 e.g. colchicum.
micropychalaza
Hilum

10. 
 The nucellus and coats of one side develop very rapidly
while the development of other side is almost arrested
resulting in a curved nucellus.
 The hilum, chalaza and micropyle are together at one
end.
 No raphe.
 e.g. solanaceous seeds.
Campylotropous
(curved nucellus)
hilum chalazamicropyle

11. 
 It is the dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.
 Family: Loganiaceae.
‫املقيئ‬ ‫ز‬‫الجو‬Nux Vomica

12. 
 Shape: disc or button-shaped.
 20-25 mm in diameter and 4 mm in thickness.
 Surface: covered with numerous short hairs radiating from the center
(satiny sheen appearance).
 Seed: albuminous.
 ovule: atropous.
 Hilum: appears as raised circular scar at the center of either surfaces.
 Micropyle: appears as a small prominence at the apex of the seed.
 In the dry seed the hilum & micropyle are connected by a raised ridge
,mainly due to crossed hairs (frequently been mistaken for the raphe).
Macroscopical
Characters: h.
m.

13. 
 Endosperm: horny and greyish, followed by a lens shaped
cavity enclosing the embryo.
 Embryo: - small and white, present at the micropyle.
- Consisting of 2 cordate-like cotyledons.
 odourless when dry and very bitter in taste.

14. 1. Seed coat: is formed of one coat:
- Epidermis: The cells extend to form trichomes, each
with 10 lignified thickened longitudinal internal ribs.
- Hyaline layer (hypoderm): a layer of collapsed cells.
2. Endosperm: composed of thick-walled cellulosic
parenchyma. The walls are mainly hemicellulosic, the
protoplasm of adjacent cells is joined with very fine
protoplasmic threads (plasmodesma ). The cells
contain fixed oil and aleurone grains (only globoids).
3. Embryo: The cells are small and contain fixed oil and
aleurone grains.
Microscopical
Characters:

15. 
T.S.
trichome
Epidermis
Hypoderm
EndospermCognosy4all.blogspot.com

16. 
1. Thick-walled, lignified epidermal cells
(showing pits in S. V.).
2. Numerous lignified ribs of hairs.
3. Thick-walled endosperm cells containing
aleurone grains and fixed oil globules.
4. No starch or calcium oxalate.
Powder (M.D.E):
(S.V.) (T.V.)

17.  Epidermal cells
Lignified ribs

18. 
 Alkaloids (2.5 %) mainly strychnine and brucine.
 Glycosides (loganin).
Active Constituents:

19. 
1. A transverse section or powder mounted with Mandalin's
reagent, a pink-violet colour is produced in the
innermost part of endosperm (indicating the presence of
strychnine).
2. A mount of transverse section or powder in nitric acid
shows an orange-red colour especially in the outermost
part of the endosperm (indicating the presence of
brucine).
Tests of identity:

20. 
 Has been used as a bitter tonic, improving appetite and
digestion.
 Increases blood pressure and may be used as a circulatory
stimulant.
 May be used as a respiratory stimulant in certain cases of
poisoning.
 Spinal cord stimulant (only used in experimental research) .
Uses:

21. 
It is the dried ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum.
Family: Linaceae.
‫الكتان‬ ‫بذر‬Linseed

22. Shape: elongated , ovoid , flattened , acute at one
end and rounded at the other.
Surface: smooth, finely pitted.
Seed: albuminous.
Ovule: anatropous.
Hilum & micropyle: present in small depression at
the acute end . The raphe is a yellowish ridge
extending from the acute end to the rounded end.
Macroscopical
Characters:

23. 
Endosperm: thin.
Embryo: - straight, consisting of two large
cotyledons & a radicle directed towards the
micropyle.
L.S.T.S.

24. 
1. Testa:
- Epidermis: polygonal tabular cells with thin
anticlinal walls filled with stratified mucilage.
- Hypodermis: 1-2 layers of collenchyma.
2. Tegmen:
- Sclereid layer: single layer of small lignified
elongated sclereids.
- Hyaline layer: a layer of collapsed parenchyma
(outer cells are elongated and perpendicular
to the sclereid layer).
- Pigment layer: polygonal flattened cells,
containing dark brown mass of pigments.
Microscopical
Characters:
I- Seed coats:

25. 
 Thin-walled parenchyma cells filled
with oil globules and aleurone grains
(globoids & crystalloids).
II- Endosperm & Embryo:
Aleurone grains
are protein reserve food in the form
of grains, they vary generally in size,
shape and complexity
from a plant to another.

26. 1. Mat-like structure: sclereid cells
crossed with the elongated
parenchyma of the hyaline later.
2. Thick-walled, elongated cells of
sclerenchyma layer.
3. Dark brown fragments of pigment cells.
4. Epidermal cell containing mucilage.
5. Fragments of endosperm and embryo
cells.
Powder (M.D.E):

27. 
Pigment layer

28. 
Fixed oil (30-40% consisting mainly of linoleic and
linolenic acids).
Proteins (25%).
Mucilage (6%).
Cyanogenic glycoside Linamarin.
Active Constituents:

29. 1. Guignard paper test:
- The freshly crushed seeds are moistened with water, hang a strip of
filter paper moistened with Guignard’s reagent (Na picrate, yellow)
over the flask , stopper.
Brick-red colour (due to ↑ HCN)
- Na picrate is reduced by Hydrocyanic acid into Na picramate.
Tests of identity:
Water bath
37ºC, 30 min.
2. Ruthenium Red: Red color (acidic mucilage)

30. 
Guignard paper test:

31. 
1) Demulcent (in cough mixtures).
2) Bulk Laxative.
3) Anti-inflammatory as a poultice (crushed seeds).
4) Linseed oil is a drying oil used in paintings (easily
oxidized and dried → thin film on the walls).
5) Linseed cake is a valuable cattle food.
Uses:

32. 
‫ع‬‫و‬‫الخر‬‫بذر‬Castor seed
It is the dried ripe seeds of Ricinus communis.
Family: Euphorbiaceae.

33. 
A fleshy outgrowth arising from the micropyle of
the seed.
Caruncle
Caruncle

34. 
about 50 %fixed oil and about 26 %proteins.
The cake left after the expression of the oil
contains about 0-2 % ricinine , ricin ( highly toxic).
Active Constituents:

35. 
Thank you