شرح نظري العملي Pre-lab 5 Fruits (pharmacognosy 1) for Pharm-D General & Clinical students

1. Dr.
Assistant lecturer of Pharmacognosy,
Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University
Cairo (Egypt).
Pre-lab. 5
FRUITS
Introduction

2. Definition The fruit is the developed and ripened ovary or ovaries of a single flower or
whole inflorescence.
Ovule  Seed
Ovary Wall  Pericarp
Ovary  Fruit

3. Single flower Inflorescence
Remember !!!

4. Syncarpous
Multiple carpels
"fused" into a
single structure.
Multiple carpels
"free, unfused".
Monocarpous Apocarpous
One carpel.
Inflorescence
Remember !!!

5. Structure of the fruit
▪ The fruit consists of a swollen modified ovary wall, known as the pericarp, enclosing the
seeds arranged on the placenta.
▪ The pericarp consists of:
Epicarp (exocarp)
outer layer.
Mesocarp
Middle tissue.
Endocarp
inner most part.
Pericarp

6. Classification of fruits
SIMPLE AGGREGATE COMPOSITE
From single flower with
a single or Syncarpous ovary.
From single flower with
Apocarpous ovary.
From inflorescence .

7. DRY
INDEHISCENT
DEHISCENT SCHIZOCARPIC
(dry pericarp)
( splits open when ripe). (does not split open
when ripe).
(bi- or multilocular fruit,
splits into one-seed
indehiscent parts).

8. DRY
DEHISCENT
Follicle
Legume
Siliqua/Silique
Capsule
( splits open when ripe).
(dry pericarp)

9. DRY
DEHISCENT
Follicle
Legume
Siliqua/Silique
Capsule
monocarpellary
splits along one side only .
( splits open when ripe).
(dry pericarp)

10. DRY
DEHISCENT
Follicle
Legume
Siliqua/Silique
Capsule
monocarpellary
splits along one side only .
monocarpellary
splits along the two sides.
( splits open when ripe).
(dry pericarp)

11. DRY
DEHISCENT
Follicle
Legume
Siliqua/Silique
Capsule
monocarpellary
splits along one side only .
monocarpellary
splits along the two sides.
splits by two valves from base to
apex, and contains false septum
( splits open when ripe).
(dry pericarp)

12. DRY
DEHISCENT
Follicle
Legume
Siliqua/Silique
Capsule
monocarpellary
splits along one side only .
monocarpellary
splits along the two sides.
splits by two valves from base to
apex, and contains false septum
formed of 2 or more carpels
splits by 1. Valves 2. Lid. 3. pores.
( splits open when ripe).
(dry pericarp)
Valves Lid pores

13. INDEHISCENT
Achene
Grain
Nut
Cypsela
Samara
DRY
(does not split open
when ripe).
(dry pericarp)

14. INDEHISCENT
Achene
Grain
Nut
Cypsela
Samara
Monocarpellary
the pericarp free from the testa.
DRY
(does not split open
when ripe).
(dry pericarp)

15. INDEHISCENT
Achene
Grain
Nut
Cypsela
Samara
Monocarpellary
the pericarp free from the testa.
Monocarpellary
the pericarp fused with the testa.
DRY
(does not split open
when ripe).
(dry pericarp)

16. INDEHISCENT
Achene
Grain
Nut
Cypsela
Samara
Monocarpellary
the pericarp free from the testa.
Monocarpellary
the pericarp fused with the testa.
Similar to achene but pericarp is hard and woody.
DRY
(does not split open
when ripe).
(dry pericarp)

17. INDEHISCENT
Achene
Grain
Nut
Cypsela
Samara
Monocarpellary
the pericarp free from the testa.
Monocarpellary
the pericarp fused with the testa.
Similar to achene but pericarp is hard and woody.
Bicarpellary, unilocular one-seeded fruit, hairy pappus.
DRY
(does not split open
when ripe).
(dry pericarp)

18. INDEHISCENT
Achene
Grain
Nut
Cypsela
Samara
Monocarpellary
the pericarp free from the testa.
Monocarpellary
the pericarp fused with the testa.
Similar to achene but pericarp is hard and woody.
Bicarpellary, unilocular one-seeded fruit.
winged one-seeded fruit.
DRY
(does not split open
when ripe).
(dry pericarp)

19. SCHIZOCARPIC
.
Cremocarp
DRY
Bicarpellary bilocular
splits longitudinally into two one-seeded mericarps.
(bi- or multilocular fruit, splits into
one-seed indehiscent parts).
(dry pericarp)
Cremocarp

20. SCHIZOCARPIC
.
DRY
Cremocarp
Bicarpellary bilocular
splits longitudinally into two one-seeded mericarps.
(bi- or multilocular fruit, splits into
one-seed indehiscent parts).
(dry pericarp)
Mericarp Mericarp
Cremocarp

21. INDEHISCENT
DEHISCENT SCHIZOCARPIC
Follicle
Legume
Siliqua
Capsule
monocarpellary
splits along one side only .
monocarpellary
splits along the two sides.
splits by two valves from base to
apex, and contains false septum
formed of 2 or more carpels
splits by 1. Valves 2. Lid. 3. pores.
Achene
Grain
Nut
Cypsela
Samara
Monocarpellary
the pericarp free from the testa.
Monocarpellary
the pericarp fused with the testa.
Similar to achene but pericarp is hard and woody.
Bicarpellary, unilocular one-seeded fruit.
winged one-seeded fruit.
DRY
Cremocarp
(dry pericarp)

22. SIMPLE
DRY SUCCULENT
(fleshy pericarp)
(dry pericarp)

23. SIMPLE
SUCCULENT
Drupe Berry
Epicarp: leathery.
Mesocarp: fleshy.
Endocarp: hard & woody enclosing single seed.
Pericarp: is entirely fleshy
(endocarp is neither hard
nor lignified).
e.g. olive, apricot, peach, mango. e.g. Citrus fruits,
Cucumber, Tomato.
(fleshy pericarp)

24. SIMPLE
DRY SUCCULENT
Drupe Berry
(dry pericarp)
INDEHISCENT
DEHISCENT SCHIZOCARPIC
Follicle
Legume
Siliqua
Capsule
Achene
Grain
Nut
Cypsela
Samara
Cremocarp

25. Classification of fruits
SIMPLE AGGREGATE COMPOSITE
Of Achenes
Of Follicles

26. Classification of fruits
SIMPLE AGGREGATE COMPOSITE
Of Achenes
Of Follicles
Etaerio of achenes.
e.g. Strawberry.

27. Classification of fruits
SIMPLE AGGREGATE COMPOSITE
Of Achenes
Of Follicles
(Etaerio) of Follicles.
e.g. Star anise.
Etaerio of achenes.

28. Classification of fruits
AGGREGATE COMPOSITE
Of Achenes
Of Follicles
(Etaerio) of Follicles.
Etaerio of achenes.
Strobile
Sorosis
Syconus

29. Classification of fruits
AGGREGATE COMPOSITE
Of Achenes
Of Follicles
(Etaerio) of Follicles.
Etaerio of achenes.
Strobile
Sorosis
Syconus
Derived from a scaly
inflorescence called strobile.
e.g. Hops.

30. Classification of fruits
AGGREGATE COMPOSITE
Of Achenes
Of Follicles
(Etaerio) of Follicles.
Etaerio of achenes.
Strobile
Sorosis
Syconus
spike or spadex inflorescence.
e.g. Pineapple
Derived from a scaly
inflorescence called strobile.

31. Classification of fruits
AGGREGATE COMPOSITE
Of Achenes
Of Follicles
(Etaerio) of Follicles.
Etaerio of achenes.
Strobile
Sorosis
Syconus
spike or spadex inflorescence.
Derived from a scaly
inflorescence called strobile.
Succulent hollow receptacle.
e.g. Figs.

32. Umbelliferous Fruits

33. General Characters of Umbelliferous Fruits

34. 1. TYPE: schizocarpic fruits (cremocarps)
each Cremocarp split longitudinally
into two one-seeded mericarps
attached to carpophore.
General Characters of Umbelliferous Fruits

35. 1. TYPE: schizocarpic fruits (cremocarps)
each Cremocarp split longitudinally
into two one-seeded mericarps
attached to carpophore.
2. The apex of fruits is crowned with
conical structure named stylopod
(represent the remains of the style,
stigma, and nectary disc).
3. Each mericarp has a flat surface
(commissural or ventral surface), and
a rounded surface (dorsal surface).
commissural surface
commissural
surface
stylopod
Carpophore
General Characters of Umbelliferous Fruits

36. 2. The apex of fruits is crowned with
conical structure named stylopod
(represent the remains of the style,
stigma, and nectary disc).
3. Each mericarp has a flat surface
(commissural or ventral surface), and
a rounded surface (dorsal surface).
commissural surface
4. The surface of each mericarp is
characterized by the presence of:
• 5 1ry ridges (over vascular bundles)
• 4 2ry ridges (over vittae).
1ry
1ry
1ry
1ry 1ry
2ry
2ry
2ry 2ry
commissural
surface
stylopod
Carpophore
General Characters of Umbelliferous Fruits
1. TYPE: schizocarpic fruits (cremocarps)
each Cremocarp split longitudinally
into two one-seeded mericarps
attached to carpophore.