SECONDARY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN 8624 UNIT 7 AIOU

2. SECONDARY EDUCATION
IN
PAKISTAN
Unit - 7
Ahsan Ullah Baloch
Mphil Education

3. Objectives of this Unit
• Explain the nature of secondary education.
• Describe and identify the national aims of education.
• Identify the targets and achievements of Sixth-Five Year Plan (1983–1988).
• Get the understanding of Perspective Plan (1988–2003).
• Identify the targets and achievements of Seventh Five-Year Plan (1988–93).
• Identify the Eighth Five-Year Plan (1993–98).
• Identify the aims and objectives of National Education Policy (1998–2010)
at secondary level.

4. Nature of Secondary Education
• The secondary level of education generally serves a dual purpose as a terminal stage for a
large number of students and as a preparatory stage for higher education for others. For
this nature of secondary stage, the courses & curricula cater to these dual requirements.
Therefore, Secondary Education pattern would include:
• Shift to Scientific, Technical and Vocational Education:
• Emphasis in to achieve a ratio of 40:60 between the general streams on the one hand and
the science, technical and vocational streams on the other.
• Science & Mathematics:
• Teaching of science & mathematics, an essential part of all form of SE must improve
through necessary changes in curricula, adequate laboratories & improving teaching
methodologis.

5. Nature of Secondary Education
• Equitable Development:
• To maintain a minimum standard of facilities and teaching staff in all schools, the
emphasis is on equitable development of all SS according to a well-designed plan.
• National Training Scheme:
• Students who don't go into SE or drop out from schools, non-formal avenues of training
provided as part or full-time vocational training for acquiring various employable skills.
• Future Plan Targets:
• During future plan periods additional facilities of SE (IX-X) be created for increasing
enrollment. Mainly in fields of science, technical education, agriculture, service trades &
home economics.

6. NationalAims
of Education and their Realization
(National Education Policy 1979)

7. National Aims of Education and their Realization
(National Education Policy 1979)
Aims
&
Implemectation
Strategies
• To make the Quranic principles and Islamic practices an
integral part of curricula so the future generation of Pakistan as a
true practicing Muslim.
• To meet the basic learning needs of children in terms of
learning tools and contents.
• To expand basic education qualitatively and quantitatively by
providing maximum opportunities for free access of every child
to education.
• To ensure that all boys and girls desirous of entering secondary
education as basic right because of availability of the schools.
same objectives of
National
Educational Policy
1998–2010.

8. National Aims of Education and their Realization
(National Education Policy 1979)
Aims
&
Implemectation
Strategies
Cont...
• Emphasis on diversification so as to transform system from the
supply-oriented to demand-oriented so they become productive
& useful citizens for +ve contributions as members of society.
• Make curriculum development a continuous process & make
arrangements for developing a uniform system of education.
• To prepare students for the world of work, as well as for
entering professional and specialized education.
• To increase the effectiveness of the system by institutionalizing
in-service training of teachers, teacher trainers and educational
administrators; to upgrade the quality.

9. National Aims of Education and their Realization
(National Education Policy 1979)
Aims
&
Implemectation
Strategies
Cont...
• Develop a framework for policy, planning & development of
teacher education programs, both in-service and pre-service.
• Develop opportunities for technical & vocational education
for producing trained manpower, as needs of industry &
economic development goals.
• Improve quality of technical education to enhance the chances
of employment of technical & vocational education graduates
by moving from supply-based to demand-driven system.
• Popularize IT among children, prepare them for next century,
emphasizing different roles of computers & employing IT in
planning & monitoring of educational programs.

10. National Aims of Education and their Realization
(National Education Policy 1979)
Aims
&
Implemectation
Strategies
Cont...
• To encourage the private sector to enroll a percentage of poor
students giving them a possibility of free education.
• To achieve excellence in the different fields of higher education
by introducing new disciplines and emerging sciences in
universities, and to create new centres of advanced studies,
research and extension.
• To upgrade the quality of higher education by bringing the
teaching, learning and research processes in line with
international standards.

11. National Aims of Education and their Realization
(National Education Policy 1979)
Recommendations for Secondary education
• 2000 new secondary institutes will have opened
& converted 1000 middle schools into secondary
institutes
• In curriculum of SE new subject will have added
• Scope of SE will have intended so that students
take part in productive activities
• SE will have considered from 9 class to 2nd year
• what else will you recommend.......?

12. NationalAims of Education and their Realization
(National Education Policy 1979)
Features
of
Recommendation
• Masjid schools
 It was planned in national educational policy that in masjid
schools, masjid will have opened in these schools along with
other subjects of primary education. Moreover it was
decided to open 5000 masjid schools.
• Religious education
 Arabic will have compulsory up to 8th class. It will have
taught as a compulsory subject.
• Mohallah schools
 It was recommended to open Mohallah schools for those
girls that could not get admissions in formal educational
institutes. For this purpose 5000 school were opened.

13. NationalAims of Education and their Realization
(National Education Policy 1979)
Features
of
Recommendation
• Women education
 Establish separate women university, main point was to get
attention of women towards education.
• Village workshop schools
 Recommended in policy: to open workshops schools for those
children who leave study. Main purpose was to enable them to
earn their livelihood.
• Establishment of private institutions
 In national policy, establishment of private institute were
allowed: in this way education of inhabitants of country will
have increased.
Cont...

14. NationalAims of Education and their Realization
(National Education Policy 1979)
Features
of
Recommendation
• Special education
 It is also recommend in policy that central government will have
prepared plans for the education of blinds, handicap able. Such
person will have prepared to earn their livelihood.
• Medium of instruction
 It was planned in policy that all English medium school that get
government aids will consider Urdu language as a medium of
instruction.
Cont...

15. NationalAims of Education and their Realization
(National Education Policy 1979)
IMPACT
of
Recommendation
• Clear foundation of education
 In national educational policy Islamic Ideology of life was considered as
base of education.
• University Grant Commission
 Give university grant commission to university to solve their problems
and government would bear expenses of university.
• Islamic madrasa
 National policy decided that those people who were held for public
services that have certificate from Islamic Madrasa, in this way benefits
of madras increased and preached Islam.
• Urdu language
 All official work will performed in Urdu language.
• Teacher welfare
 Residential colony was constructed for rural teachers. For getting
external & internal education scholarship was given to teachers.

16. NationalAims of Education and their Realization
(National Education Policy 1979)
Mile Stones
achieved by
Policy
• The medium of instruction was switched to Urdu in Gov.
Sc.
• Private schools were allowed for English as medium of
instruction.
 This led to the operation of two different systems of education
within the country, one for those who could afford private
education, and one for the rest of the nation. This two tier
system contributed to a widening socio-economic inequity with
the consequent feeling of injustice and resentment.
• The private sector was encouraged to open schools.
• The funding of universities was made through the Federal
government
Cont...

17. Lesson from
the Sixth Five Year Plan
(1983–1988)

18. The Sixth Five Year Plan
(1983–1988)
• 6th Five Year Plan proclaimed:
– “Education is the most vital investment for any program of
socio-economic development. Its neglect can cost
generations.
– “Thirty-five years after independence, Pakistan has
a literacy rate below 25% and less than half the
primary schools going age children are in schools.

19. The Sixth Five Year Plan
(1983–1988)

20. The Sixth Five Year Plan
(1983–1988)

21. 6thT
P
a
la
rg
nets & Achievements

22. 6thT
P
a
la
rg
nets & Achievements
Government of Pakistan 1990

23. Major Components of the Programme
• Utilization of mosques to accommodate Classes I to III of new schools and
over-crowded existing schools.
• Provision of school buildings both for existing and shelter less schools and
for classes IV and V after completing class III from mosque schools.
• Construction of sheds/buildings in urban areas to supplement the space
available in the mosques for opening new schools.
• Introduction of the system of mixed enrolment in all new and existing
schools in classes I to III.
Lesson from (1983–1988)
The Sixth Five Year Plan
file:///C:/Users/fouzi/Downloads/plans-150518174403-lva1-app6891.pdf

24. Major Components of the Programme
• Provision of separate girls schools wherever mixed enrolment is not
possible.
• Provision of two teachers in each mosque school including the Imam, and
one teacher each for class IV and V in all schools against the present
system of one or two teachers for all five classes.
• Creation of a separate implementation agency for primary education at
Federal, provincial and subsequent levels.
Lesson from (1983–1988)
The Sixth Five Year Plan
file:///C:/Users/fouzi/Downloads/plans-150518174403-lva1-app6891.pdf

25. • Although the sixth plan achievements were lower than the targets,
yet considerable progress was made in the education sector.
• In case of literacy, there was only a three percentage point increase
and the strategy of mass literacy through functional programmes for
adult did not achieve the results and the short-cut methods employed
to improve literacy were expensive.
• Apparently, the increase in literacy rate during the Sixth plan was
via primary education route.
Lesson from (1983–1988)
The Sixth Five Year Plan

26. Perspective Plan (1988–2003)
• Purpose:
– to provide a long term economic & social policy framework
• Within the longer term perspective, there existed areas which needed to
be addressed in the short-term
– population control, the eradication of illiteracy, the elimination of load-
shedding, development of appropriate technologies, reduction of the budgetary
and balance of payment imbalances, improvement in the savings performance,
complete control over water logging and salinity, the introduction of structural
changes conducive to efficient growth and the creation of more employment
opportunities, particularly for the educated unemployed.

27. Perspective Plan (1988–2003)
Objectives:
– reduce population growth rate from 3.1% in 1987-88 to 2.6 % by
2003;
– eradicate illiteracy among youth by the end of the 8th Plan, through
full enrolment of the primary age population;
– to provide the entire population with access to clean water;
– to provide telephones to about 50 % of the population;

28. Perspective Plan (1988–2003)
Objectives:
– to provide a Rural Health Centre (RHC) for each Union Council;
– to gradually extend the level of health care facilities such as
ambulances with a radio and radio links;
– to increase the installed capacity for power generation to fully
meet growing demand; and
– to provide town development schemes, to accommodate the rapidly
growing urban population.

29. Lesson from
the Seventh Five Year Plan
(1989–1993)

30. The Seventh Five Year Plan
(1989–1993)
• “improving the physical as well as human resource infrastructure by
providing buildings to shelterless schools, and by adding class rooms in
overcrowed schools.
• provide simple and locally manufacture furniture in all new primary
schools. Primary school teachers will be give salaries to match their
qualifications.
• The Plan proposed to provide every child in the age group of 5 to 9 access
to a school within a radius of 1.5 kilometers

31. The Seventh Five Year Plan
(1989–1993)
Objectives of Seventh Five Year Plan
• Broaden the resource base for education.
• Universalize access to primary education
• Substantially improve training and vocational training facilities.
• Improve the quality of education at all levels and in particular of university
education.

32. The Seventh Five Year Plan
(1989–1993)

33. The Seventh Five Year Plan
(1989–1993)

34. The Seventh Five Year Plan
(1989–1993)

35. The Seventh Five Year Plan
(1989–1993)

36. The Seventh Five Year Plan
(1989–1993)
Annual enrolment in technical/vocational and
general education after matriculation

37. The Seventh Five Year Plan
(1989–1993)

38. The Seventh Five Year Plan
(1989–1993)

39. The Seventh Five Year Plan
(1989–1993)

40. Lesson from
the Eighth Five Year Plan
(1993–1998)

41. Eighth Five Year Plan
(1993–1998)
• Universal access to primary education for all boys and girls
• Removing gender, and rural-urban imbalances. Qualitative
improvements of physical infrastructures, curricula (by making the
courses demand-oriented), textbooks, teacher training programmes,
and examination system at all levels of education.
• a primary school will be established for a settlement of more than
300 population
• Activity oriented instructional material will be developed and
provided to teachers to make the learning process interesting
plans-150518174403-lva1-app6891.pdf

42. Eighth Five Year Plan
(1993–1998)
• primary school level will be minimized by reducing the dropout rate and
improving the efficiency of the system through better supervision and with
the involvement of local community
• highest priority will be given to opening of girls primary schools in all such
villages where there is a boys school but no girls school,”
• “To increase the girls participation, textbooks will be provided free of cost
to all girls of grade I in the rural areas,”
• Quality of teachers will be improved through better pre-service and in-
service training
plans-150518174403-lva1-app6891.pdf

43. Eighth Five Year Plan
(1993–1998)

44. Eighth Five Year Plan
(1993–1998)
Source: http://www.scribd.com/doc/51147046/Five-Years-Plans-of-Pakistan#scribd

45. Eighth Five Year Plan
(1993–1998)
Source: http://www.scribd.com/doc/51147046/Five-Years-Plans-of-Pakistan#scribd

46. Eighth Five Year Plan
(1993–1998)

47. Eighth Five Year Plan
(1993–1998)

48. National Educational
Policy
1998–2010

49. National Educational Policy 1998–2010
Aims
• Education is a powerful catalyzing agent which provides mental, physical,
ideological, and moral training to individuals, so as to enable them to have
full consciousness of their mission, of their purpose in life & equip them to
achieve that purpose. Within context of Islamic perception, education is an
instrument for developing attitudes of individuals in accordance with values of
righteousness to help build a sound Islamic society.
• Quaid e Azam MAJ laid down a set of aims that provided guidance to all
education endeavors in the country. This policy, too has inspiration & guidance
from those directions and the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The
policy cannot put this in a better way than Quaid’s words. These desires of
Quaid e Azam have been reflected in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic
of Pakistan.

50. National Educational Policy 1998–2010
1. teachings of the Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory, in order to
encourage & facilitate learning of Arabic languages, and to secure correct
and exact printing and publishing of the Holy Quran.
2. to promote unity and observance of the Islamic moral standards.
3. Provide basic necessities of life, such as food, clothing, housing,
education, and medical relief, for all such citizens; irrespective of the sex,
caste, creed, or race; as are permanently or temporarily unable to earn
their livelihood on account of infirmity, sickness, or unemployment.
4. Remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education
within minimum possible period.
Aims

51. National Educational Policy 1998–2010
5. Enable people of different areas; through education, training, agricultural,
and industrial development and other methods; to participate fully in all
the forms of national activities, including employment in the services of
Pakistan.
6. Reduce differences in income and earnings of the individuals, including
persons in various classes of the services of Pakistan.
7. Steps shall be taken to ensure full participation of women in all spheres of
national life.
Aims

52. National Educational Policy 1998–2010
Secondary Education
Conceptual Framework
• Proper development of the personality of the student is important.
• Adequate preparation to enter the world of work as well as pursuit
of higher education.
• Access to secondary education specially for female population,
meeting the requirements of students from elementary education.
• Improved quality of teachers both in terms of academic and
professional accomplishment.

53. National Educational Policy 1998–2010
Secondary Education
Conceptual Framework
• Creating balance between science & humanities teachers,
especially in female institutions by amending recruitment rules &
providing incentives, wherever necessary.
• Keeping in view our own past experiences and that of other
countries, the whole question of integrating technical and
vocational education with secondary education needs to be re-
examined. The new trends emerging in the world need to be
taken seriously.

54. National Educational Policy 1998–2010
Secondary Education
Physical Targets
The participation rate at secondary level is 32%, which will be raised
to 48% by providing new teachers and increasing the number of
schools as given in the following table:
1996-97 2001-2002
Participation rate at the
secondary level 29.7% 48%
Participation rate at the
higher secondary level 11% 13%
Number of secondary schools 11,000 18,000
Number of secondary schools
teachers 160,000 216,000

55. Question?