The document discusses various construction techniques involving concrete pile walls, specifically focusing on contiguous and secant piled walls for earth retention. It outlines the advantages of these methods, such as cost-effectiveness, low vibration during installation, and suitability for a variety of soil conditions. Additionally, it describes the construction process of secant piles, including the arrangement and mixing of concrete types to ensure structural integrity and minimize water ingress.

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Dr Hammida

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Earth Retaining Structures » Contiguous Piled Walls
Contiguous Piled Walls
A retaining wall construction method in which walls are constructed
with small gaps between adjacent piles. The size of the space is
determined by the nature of the soils.
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An increasingly popular method of creating basement spaces
for new build’s or inside existing buildings. Normal Augered or
Continuous Flight Auger piles are installed at an engineers pre
determined spacing's and depth. A capping beam is then
placed on top of the piles to link them together. Following this
the excavation of the internal space can begin.

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SECANT PILED WALLS
Secant Piled wall construction procedures:
1. Disposition of the wall location with the proper piles center-to-
center distances (the spacing, center to center, of Secant piles is a
matter for judgments by the piling contractor).
2. Guide walls are advisable for the formation of Secant Piles
construction to secure the wall alignment and reduce the
construction costs and timing.
3. The overlapping pile diaphragm wall is carried out by boring and
concreting the primary (female) plastic piles, with the proper
center-to-center distances.

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4. Secondary (male) piles are then bored at mid-distance between the
female piles, the boring equipment cutting a secant section from
them.
Male piles are bored through Female piles before the concrete has achieved
much of its strength; should this operation be delayed, wear on the cutting
edge to the casing is likely to be much increased.
1. When the whole area is completed; the pile diaphragm wall thick is
about the pile diameter for maximum and 80% of the pile as
minimum (subject to the overlapping distance).
2. Excavation starts and inner guide wall is demolished.
3. Spaced anchors or struts may be used to support Secant Piling
using steel waling members or in-situ concrete bearing pads.
When this case occurs, the excavation stops at these levelsto execute the proper
strutting (by means of anchors or horizontal struts …etc.)
Advantages of Secant Piled wall construction:
Secant Piled wall owes much of its later popularity to its
many advantages that will be pointed out.
1. Low costs and speed of construction for temporary and permanent
soil support where drilling conditions are conductive.
2. Clearness and comparative quietness of the installation process;
low level of vibration during piles installation.
3. Wide range of soil conditions in which CFA piles can be used ; soft
clay, granular soils, cohesive soils, intermediate (c-ф) soils and soft
rocks; e.g. soft marls and chalk and although mudstone as are
suitable.
4. Inclined walls in secant pilling may also be installed at a small
inclination to the vertical line.
5. The internal side of Secant Piled wall may be lined to have a
uniformity of finishing.

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6. The Secant Piled method also provides a waterproof wall, which
can be built to a considerable depth, in the range 30 to 40m, and
can cope with various types of obstruction.
7. Junction with the floor and raft slabs can be made with Secant Piled
walls using bend-out bars or bar connectors and polystyrene block
work secured to the reinforcement cage.
What are Secant Pile Walls?
Secant piles are constructed so that there is an intersection of
one pile with another. The usual practice is to construct
alternative piles along the line of the wall leaving a clear
space of a little under the diameter of the required
intermediate piles.
The exact spacing is determined by the construction
tolerances which can be achieved.
These initially placed piles do not have to be constructed to the same
depth as the intermediate piles which follow, depending on the way in
which the wall has been designed and reinforced.

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Concrete is added and before it has fully set the intermediate holes are
drilled along a parallel, but slightly offset, line so that the holes cut
into the first piles.
The intermediate piles are placed through a heavy
casing whose cutting edge is toothed and enables the
casing to cut into the concrete of the initial piles on
either side.
Subsequent concreting results in a continuous wall. The
concrete chosen will often have a slow rate of setting in order
to ease the problem of cutting one pile into another.
Schematic Plan View of a Secant Pile Wall

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A. Primary Pile (Female Pile)
B.
 The female pile will be constructed as the primary piles for the
secant pile wall. The primary pile will be filled with the specified
strength of mass concrete without any steel reinforcement.
B. Secondary Pile (Male Pile)
 The secondary pile will be constructed in between the primary
piles and overlap with the primary piles with the specified
strength of concrete after the reinforcement cages are lowered
into the bored hole. The secondary pile formed by cutting into the
primary piles to form the interlocking joint by using the specified
coring tools. The boring process for the secondary pile
 shall only commence upon initial set of the primary piles.
A secant wall is made up of several steps:
1. The initial step is to construct a guide wall to set up the
positioning of the secant pile wall.
2. Drill and Installation of the 1 meter temporary casing.
3. Drilling of the Primary Columns, 1,3,5,7, etc etc.
4. Concreting of Primary Columns.
5. Drilling of the Overlapping Secondary (Reinforced) Column, 2.4.6.
etc, etc.
6. Install the Steel Cage or I-Beam.
7. Concreting of Secondary Column.
8. Repeating the above steps.

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Secant Wall Piles
Alternate female piles are formed using a slow-gain (soft) concrete mix. The
installation sequence is normally to install 1 pile every other 3 piles.
After a sufficient curing period (2-4 days) and once each alternate pile is formed, the
reinforced 'male' piles are installed using a standard (hard) concrete mix. The male
and female piles overlap by approximately 75-100mm.
The secant between male and female piles ensures that water ingress is minimised
and fines wash-out is prevented. The interlocking secant wall is not watertight;
however water flow is greatly reduced. Similar pile sizes and retained heights to
contiguous piling can be offered.

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The secant piles wall consists of two types of piles:

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Piling - Contiguous, Interlocking and Secant
Bored cast in-situ piles are often used as an efficient and cost effective means of
constructing temporary or permanent retaining walls. Typically used in the
construction of new build basements, substructures in close proximity to existing
structures requiring restraint and where working space is limited. The techniques
avoids excessive excavation and assists in the control of ground movement.
Typically there are three types of bored pile in current use.
Contiguous

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Typically this technique is suitable to retain stiff and cohesive subsoils
and where ground water levels are below the eventual depth of
excavation.
Pile diameters range between 450mm and 900mm and are generally
installed at pile centres of between 500 and 1000mm respectively
thereby leaving gaps between the piles between 15 and 100mm.
Interlocking Piles

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Firm pile concrete
‘Firm’ primary pile concrete is a lower strength concrete that fills the gap between the
‘hard’ secondary piles. The concrete mix is designed to be soft enough to allow the
secondary pile to be cut into the adjacent piles.
Hard pile concrete
‘Hard’ secondary pile concrete is a reinforced concrete mix that is installed in
between the ‘soft or firm’ primary piles when forming a secant wall

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Secant wall made with grout through drill system

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Tangent Pile Wall

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Tangent pile walls are a variation of secant pile walls and soldier
pile walls. However, tangent pile walls are constructed with no
overlap and ideally one pile touches the other. Compared to secant
pile walls, tangent pile walls offer the following advantages:
1. Increased construction alignment flexibility.
2. Easier and quicker construction.
The main disadvantages of tangent pile walls are:
1. They are can not be used in high groundwater tables
without dewatering.
2. Each pile is independent from adjacent piles

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