i. The document defines various scientific units of measurement including the coulomb, ampere, volt, ohm, joule, watt, metre, and dioptre.
ii. It then provides information on the periodic table, describing periods and groups, properties of different types of elements (inert gases, normal elements, transition elements, inner transition elements) and locations of s-block, p-block and d-block elements.
iii. Key concepts in chemistry like oxidation, reduction, types of circuits and currents, lenses, properties of metals and non-metals, and processes like roasting and calcination are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the periodic table and how elements are classified based on their properties and position. It discusses the organization of elements into periods and groups based on their atomic number and valence electrons. Elements are classified into three main categories - metals, non-metals, and metalloids. Specific groups are highlighted including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, halogens, and noble gases; and their key properties and positions in the periodic table are described in 1-2 sentences each.
This document provides an overview of the modern periodic table. It discusses how the elements are organized by atomic number and chemical properties into periods and groups. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, can be hammered into sheets, and drawn into wires, while nonmetals do not share these properties. Valence electrons are the outermost electrons and influence chemical properties. Group 1 elements have 1 valence electron and form 1+ ions, with reactivity increasing down the group. Group 2 elements have 2 valence electrons and form 2+ ions, with reactivity also increasing down the group.
This document provides an introduction to the periodic table, including its history, structure, and trends. It describes how Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements into groups and periods based on their properties, with metals on the left, nonmetals on the right, and noble gases at the bottom. Groups are arranged horizontally and periods vertically. The location of an element determines its properties, like reactivity and atomic radius, following periodic trends. The periodic table is an important tool in chemistry that continues to be refined.
1. Dobernier's periodic table classified elements into triads based on atomic mass, but could only form three triads.
2. Newlands noticed that every eighth element had similar properties and classified them into octaves, but this only worked until calcium.
3. Mendeleev arranged elements by atomic mass and chemical properties, leaving gaps for undiscovered elements like gallium and germanium. His periodic table was a major improvement over previous classifications.
4. The modern periodic table arranges elements by atomic number, resolving issues with isotopes and incorrect element ordering. Properties are periodic based on electron configuration in the atom.
The document summarizes key aspects of the periodic table, including its discovery by Dmitri Mendeleev who predicted undiscovered elements, and the periodic law stating elements' properties repeat periodically with their atomic number. It describes the main categories of elements as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids, and explains parts of the periodic table including periods and groups. It provides details on each group's properties including electron configuration, reactivity, and shared physical traits.
Science presentation on periodic classification of elementsRubal Oborai
The document discusses the history and evolution of classifying elements in the periodic table. It describes early classification attempts by Lavoisier, Dobereiner, and Newlands. Mendeleev improved on these by arranging elements in order of atomic mass and leaving spaces for undiscovered elements. The modern periodic table arranges elements by atomic number into periods and groups, with elements in the same group having similar properties. It allows prediction of undiscovered elements and precise placement of isotopes and lanthanides/actinides.
Chemistry notes the periodic table powerpointssuser78180c
This document provides an overview of the periodic table, including its history and organization. It was invented by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869 to show recurring trends in the properties of the chemical elements. The periodic table arranges the elements horizontally by increasing atomic number and vertically into groups of elements with similar chemical properties. Key points covered include atomic symbols, families of elements including metals/nonmetals/metalloids and their properties, valence electrons, and periodic trends in properties across and down the table.
Periodic classification of elements by nandishShambu Nandish
1) The document discusses the periodic classification of elements, including early attempts by Dobereiner, Newlands, and Mendeleev.
2) Mendeleev organized the elements into a periodic table based on atomic mass and properties, leaving gaps for undiscovered elements.
3) Modern periodic law states that properties are a periodic function of atomic number, with elements in the same group having the same number of valence electrons.
This document provides an overview of the periodic table and how elements are classified based on their properties and position. It discusses the organization of elements into periods and groups based on their atomic number and valence electrons. Elements are classified into three main categories - metals, non-metals, and metalloids. Specific groups are highlighted including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, halogens, and noble gases; and their key properties and positions in the periodic table are described in 1-2 sentences each.
This document provides an overview of the modern periodic table. It discusses how the elements are organized by atomic number and chemical properties into periods and groups. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, can be hammered into sheets, and drawn into wires, while nonmetals do not share these properties. Valence electrons are the outermost electrons and influence chemical properties. Group 1 elements have 1 valence electron and form 1+ ions, with reactivity increasing down the group. Group 2 elements have 2 valence electrons and form 2+ ions, with reactivity also increasing down the group.
This document provides an introduction to the periodic table, including its history, structure, and trends. It describes how Dmitri Mendeleev organized the elements into groups and periods based on their properties, with metals on the left, nonmetals on the right, and noble gases at the bottom. Groups are arranged horizontally and periods vertically. The location of an element determines its properties, like reactivity and atomic radius, following periodic trends. The periodic table is an important tool in chemistry that continues to be refined.
1. Dobernier's periodic table classified elements into triads based on atomic mass, but could only form three triads.
2. Newlands noticed that every eighth element had similar properties and classified them into octaves, but this only worked until calcium.
3. Mendeleev arranged elements by atomic mass and chemical properties, leaving gaps for undiscovered elements like gallium and germanium. His periodic table was a major improvement over previous classifications.
4. The modern periodic table arranges elements by atomic number, resolving issues with isotopes and incorrect element ordering. Properties are periodic based on electron configuration in the atom.
The document summarizes key aspects of the periodic table, including its discovery by Dmitri Mendeleev who predicted undiscovered elements, and the periodic law stating elements' properties repeat periodically with their atomic number. It describes the main categories of elements as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids, and explains parts of the periodic table including periods and groups. It provides details on each group's properties including electron configuration, reactivity, and shared physical traits.
Science presentation on periodic classification of elementsRubal Oborai
The document discusses the history and evolution of classifying elements in the periodic table. It describes early classification attempts by Lavoisier, Dobereiner, and Newlands. Mendeleev improved on these by arranging elements in order of atomic mass and leaving spaces for undiscovered elements. The modern periodic table arranges elements by atomic number into periods and groups, with elements in the same group having similar properties. It allows prediction of undiscovered elements and precise placement of isotopes and lanthanides/actinides.
Chemistry notes the periodic table powerpointssuser78180c
This document provides an overview of the periodic table, including its history and organization. It was invented by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869 to show recurring trends in the properties of the chemical elements. The periodic table arranges the elements horizontally by increasing atomic number and vertically into groups of elements with similar chemical properties. Key points covered include atomic symbols, families of elements including metals/nonmetals/metalloids and their properties, valence electrons, and periodic trends in properties across and down the table.
Periodic classification of elements by nandishShambu Nandish
1) The document discusses the periodic classification of elements, including early attempts by Dobereiner, Newlands, and Mendeleev.
2) Mendeleev organized the elements into a periodic table based on atomic mass and properties, leaving gaps for undiscovered elements.
3) Modern periodic law states that properties are a periodic function of atomic number, with elements in the same group having the same number of valence electrons.
The document provides information about the periodic table and its development. It discusses how chemists group elements based on their properties, and how Mendeleev arranged the first periodic table by atomic mass, allowing him to predict properties of undiscovered elements. The modern periodic table arranges elements in order of atomic number, and elements within the same period have recurring physical and chemical properties. Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids are distinguished in the periodic table.
The document provides an overview of the modern periodic table, including how elements are arranged and classified. It discusses the atomic number and mass, groups and periods, and the three main classifications of elements as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Key groups like the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and noble gases are described based on their physical and chemical properties.
The document discusses the periodic table and its development. It describes how Dmitri Mendeleev created one of the first periodic tables in 1869 and arranged elements based on atomic mass, predicting properties of unknown elements. Later, Henry Moseley improved the table by arranging elements by atomic number. The modern periodic table still organizes elements by increasing atomic number and groups elements with similar properties together.
The document provides an overview of the development of the periodic table. It discusses early chemists like Lavoisier who compiled lists of known elements. In the 1860s, Newlands and Meyer began to notice patterns in properties of elements when arranged by atomic mass. Mendeleev later created the first periodic table by arranging elements in order of atomic mass with similar properties grouped together. This table had some issues resolved by Moseley in 1913, who arranged elements by atomic number, establishing the modern periodic table and periodic law.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on the periodic table submitted by a student named Sreekala T. It provides a brief history of how the periodic table developed from early classifications by scientists like Lavoisier, Dobereiner, and Newlands. It describes Mendeleev's periodic table and the improvements made in the modern periodic table, which arranges elements by atomic number instead of mass. Key aspects of the periodic table like periods, groups, valence electrons, and periodic trends in properties are summarized.
This presentation summarizes key concepts about the periodic table and periodic properties. It introduces Dmitiri Mendeleev and Henry Moseley, who developed the periodic table and periodic law. The periodic law states that when elements are arranged by increasing atomic number, elements with similar properties occur at regular intervals. Periodic properties discussed include atomic radius, ionization potential, electron affinity, and electronegativity, and how they vary across periods and groups in the periodic table.
Understand periods & groups
Identify s,p,d,f elements
Identify metals, semimetals, and nonmetals
Differentiate Families of elements
Atomic radius & Ionic Radiues
Learn Periodic Laws
The periodic table is arranged based on atomic number and properties repeat periodically. Early forms grouped elements based on atomic mass but Moseley found atomic number was key. The table is divided into periods and groups with trends in properties like atomic size decreasing left to right across periods and ionization energy increasing. Metallic character increases down groups and nonmetallic character increases right across periods. The periodic table organizes the elements and allows prediction of properties.
This document provides information about the periodic table and its development over time. It discusses how Dmitry Mendeleev discovered a pattern among the elements when arranged by atomic mass in 1869, creating the first periodic table. Later, Henry Moseley arranged the elements by atomic number, producing the modern periodic table. The document then describes the key components and organization of the periodic table, including periods, groups, and the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
The document summarizes key information about the periodic table of elements, including its organization of elements according to atomic number and properties. Elements are grouped into families with similar properties, and the periodic table can be used to predict chemical reactions and properties of elements. Different areas of the periodic table are described, including alkali metals, transition metals, noble gases, and more.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 5 on the periodic classification of elements:
1. Early scientists like Dobereiner and Newlands attempted to classify elements based on their properties but their systems did not comprehensively explain the trends.
2. Mendeleev organized the known elements into the first periodic table based on their atomic masses and properties, noting periodic trends. This helped predict new elements.
3. Modern periodic tables are organized by atomic number not mass, reflecting Moseley's discovery of each element's unique atomic number. Periodic trends exist in properties like size, valence, and metallicity across periods and groups.
The periodic table organizes the elements based on their atomic structure, especially the number of protons and electrons. Elements in the same column usually have similar properties because they have the same number of valence electrons. The periodic table can be used to predict an element's identity, properties, and reactivity based on its location on the table.
This document provides information on the periodic classification of elements. It discusses the early attempts at classifying elements, including Dobereiner's triads, Newlands' law of octaves, and Mendeleev's periodic table. It describes the key features and merits of Mendeleev's periodic table, including its ability to predict new elements. The document also outlines some defects in Mendeleev's table and discusses how the modern periodic table is based on atomic number rather than atomic mass according to the modern periodic law.
The document discusses elements and the periodic table, including the properties of protons, neutrons, and electrons; atomic structure; atomic number; valence electrons; periodic trends; electron configurations; and groups on the periodic table. It asks questions about the location of mass in an atom, gold's atomic number and protons/electrons, bromine's protons, why scientists don't create a periodic table of compounds, hydrogen and lithium's valence electrons, which group elements belong to, how electrons fill energy levels, electron dot diagrams for vanadium, periods and rows on the periodic table, and what element is represented by an atom cookie. It also reviews distinguishing chemical and physical properties/changes, conservation of mass, and experimental variables.
This document discusses the classification and properties of elements according to their position on the periodic table. It describes the three main groups of elements - metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Metals are shiny, conductive, malleable, and lose electrons to form positive ions. Nonmetals are dull, poor conductors, brittle, and gain electrons to form negative ions. Metalloids have some properties of both metals and nonmetals. Within these groups, elements are further classified based on their specific properties, such as alkali metals being very reactive and noble gases being stable and unreactive. Hydrogen and helium are also discussed as having unique behaviors compared to other elements.
This document is a lesson on groups and periods in the periodic table. It defines periods as rows from left to right, and groups as columns from top to bottom. Elements in the same group have similar properties because they have the same number of valence electrons. The lesson discusses special metal and nonmetal groups, including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, halogens, and noble gases. It provides examples of elements in each group and their properties. The document concludes with practice questions for students.
The document summarizes the history and importance of the periodic table of elements. It explains that early chemistry was disorganized until Dmitri Mendeleev published the first periodic table in 1869, arranging elements by atomic mass. Henry Moseley later improved on this by arranging elements by atomic number. The modern periodic table organizes all known elements and provides useful information about their properties and relationships.
this presentation is based on chapter one of class 10 (maharashtra board).. this includes description about how was the modern periodic table was made..
Periodic Trends chapter 3 of the class 11thaks2121980
The document summarizes trends in atomic properties across the periodic table. It explains that atomic size increases down a group as electrons are added to higher energy levels, which increases shielding. Atomic size also increases left to right as the atomic number increases, pulling the electrons closer. Ionization energy increases up and right as it becomes harder to remove electrons that are held more tightly by the larger atomic number and smaller atomic size. These periodic trends allow elements' properties to be predicted based on their position.
The document provides information about the periodic table and its development. It discusses how chemists group elements based on their properties, and how Mendeleev arranged the first periodic table by atomic mass, allowing him to predict properties of undiscovered elements. The modern periodic table arranges elements in order of atomic number, and elements within the same period have recurring physical and chemical properties. Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids are distinguished in the periodic table.
The document provides an overview of the modern periodic table, including how elements are arranged and classified. It discusses the atomic number and mass, groups and periods, and the three main classifications of elements as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Key groups like the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and noble gases are described based on their physical and chemical properties.
The document discusses the periodic table and its development. It describes how Dmitri Mendeleev created one of the first periodic tables in 1869 and arranged elements based on atomic mass, predicting properties of unknown elements. Later, Henry Moseley improved the table by arranging elements by atomic number. The modern periodic table still organizes elements by increasing atomic number and groups elements with similar properties together.
The document provides an overview of the development of the periodic table. It discusses early chemists like Lavoisier who compiled lists of known elements. In the 1860s, Newlands and Meyer began to notice patterns in properties of elements when arranged by atomic mass. Mendeleev later created the first periodic table by arranging elements in order of atomic mass with similar properties grouped together. This table had some issues resolved by Moseley in 1913, who arranged elements by atomic number, establishing the modern periodic table and periodic law.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on the periodic table submitted by a student named Sreekala T. It provides a brief history of how the periodic table developed from early classifications by scientists like Lavoisier, Dobereiner, and Newlands. It describes Mendeleev's periodic table and the improvements made in the modern periodic table, which arranges elements by atomic number instead of mass. Key aspects of the periodic table like periods, groups, valence electrons, and periodic trends in properties are summarized.
This presentation summarizes key concepts about the periodic table and periodic properties. It introduces Dmitiri Mendeleev and Henry Moseley, who developed the periodic table and periodic law. The periodic law states that when elements are arranged by increasing atomic number, elements with similar properties occur at regular intervals. Periodic properties discussed include atomic radius, ionization potential, electron affinity, and electronegativity, and how they vary across periods and groups in the periodic table.
Understand periods & groups
Identify s,p,d,f elements
Identify metals, semimetals, and nonmetals
Differentiate Families of elements
Atomic radius & Ionic Radiues
Learn Periodic Laws
The periodic table is arranged based on atomic number and properties repeat periodically. Early forms grouped elements based on atomic mass but Moseley found atomic number was key. The table is divided into periods and groups with trends in properties like atomic size decreasing left to right across periods and ionization energy increasing. Metallic character increases down groups and nonmetallic character increases right across periods. The periodic table organizes the elements and allows prediction of properties.
This document provides information about the periodic table and its development over time. It discusses how Dmitry Mendeleev discovered a pattern among the elements when arranged by atomic mass in 1869, creating the first periodic table. Later, Henry Moseley arranged the elements by atomic number, producing the modern periodic table. The document then describes the key components and organization of the periodic table, including periods, groups, and the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
The document summarizes key information about the periodic table of elements, including its organization of elements according to atomic number and properties. Elements are grouped into families with similar properties, and the periodic table can be used to predict chemical reactions and properties of elements. Different areas of the periodic table are described, including alkali metals, transition metals, noble gases, and more.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 5 on the periodic classification of elements:
1. Early scientists like Dobereiner and Newlands attempted to classify elements based on their properties but their systems did not comprehensively explain the trends.
2. Mendeleev organized the known elements into the first periodic table based on their atomic masses and properties, noting periodic trends. This helped predict new elements.
3. Modern periodic tables are organized by atomic number not mass, reflecting Moseley's discovery of each element's unique atomic number. Periodic trends exist in properties like size, valence, and metallicity across periods and groups.
The periodic table organizes the elements based on their atomic structure, especially the number of protons and electrons. Elements in the same column usually have similar properties because they have the same number of valence electrons. The periodic table can be used to predict an element's identity, properties, and reactivity based on its location on the table.
This document provides information on the periodic classification of elements. It discusses the early attempts at classifying elements, including Dobereiner's triads, Newlands' law of octaves, and Mendeleev's periodic table. It describes the key features and merits of Mendeleev's periodic table, including its ability to predict new elements. The document also outlines some defects in Mendeleev's table and discusses how the modern periodic table is based on atomic number rather than atomic mass according to the modern periodic law.
The document discusses elements and the periodic table, including the properties of protons, neutrons, and electrons; atomic structure; atomic number; valence electrons; periodic trends; electron configurations; and groups on the periodic table. It asks questions about the location of mass in an atom, gold's atomic number and protons/electrons, bromine's protons, why scientists don't create a periodic table of compounds, hydrogen and lithium's valence electrons, which group elements belong to, how electrons fill energy levels, electron dot diagrams for vanadium, periods and rows on the periodic table, and what element is represented by an atom cookie. It also reviews distinguishing chemical and physical properties/changes, conservation of mass, and experimental variables.
This document discusses the classification and properties of elements according to their position on the periodic table. It describes the three main groups of elements - metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Metals are shiny, conductive, malleable, and lose electrons to form positive ions. Nonmetals are dull, poor conductors, brittle, and gain electrons to form negative ions. Metalloids have some properties of both metals and nonmetals. Within these groups, elements are further classified based on their specific properties, such as alkali metals being very reactive and noble gases being stable and unreactive. Hydrogen and helium are also discussed as having unique behaviors compared to other elements.
This document is a lesson on groups and periods in the periodic table. It defines periods as rows from left to right, and groups as columns from top to bottom. Elements in the same group have similar properties because they have the same number of valence electrons. The lesson discusses special metal and nonmetal groups, including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, halogens, and noble gases. It provides examples of elements in each group and their properties. The document concludes with practice questions for students.
The document summarizes the history and importance of the periodic table of elements. It explains that early chemistry was disorganized until Dmitri Mendeleev published the first periodic table in 1869, arranging elements by atomic mass. Henry Moseley later improved on this by arranging elements by atomic number. The modern periodic table organizes all known elements and provides useful information about their properties and relationships.
this presentation is based on chapter one of class 10 (maharashtra board).. this includes description about how was the modern periodic table was made..
Periodic Trends chapter 3 of the class 11thaks2121980
The document summarizes trends in atomic properties across the periodic table. It explains that atomic size increases down a group as electrons are added to higher energy levels, which increases shielding. Atomic size also increases left to right as the atomic number increases, pulling the electrons closer. Ionization energy increases up and right as it becomes harder to remove electrons that are held more tightly by the larger atomic number and smaller atomic size. These periodic trends allow elements' properties to be predicted based on their position.
Welcome to the project dedicated to the remarkable Periodic Table of Elements! Prepare to embark on an exciting exploration of the building blocks of our universe through our comprehensive presentation.
Our presentation offers a captivating visual representation of the Periodic Table, showcasing the elements and their essential properties. Each element is presented with its atomic number, symbol, and atomic mass, providing a clear overview of the entire table.
Delve deeper into the presentation and unlock a wealth of knowledge about each element. Discover their unique characteristics, such as their physical and chemical properties, common uses, and even their historical significance. Engaging narratives and captivating illustrations bring the elements to life, making the learning experience both enjoyable and informative.
Whether you're a student, a science enthusiast, or simply curious about the elements that shape our world, our presentation on the Periodic Table will enlighten and inspire. Join us on this educational journey as we unravel the mysteries and marvels of the elements that surround us.
The periodic table evolved over time as scientists discovered more useful ways to organize the elements. Elements are organized into blocks according to their electron configurations, with trends in properties like atomic radius occurring from period to period and group to group. Atomic radius generally decreases left to right as nuclear charge increases, and increases down a group as the outer orbital size increases. Ionic radius follows similar trends but is smaller for positive ions and larger for negative ions due to electron gain or loss.
The document provides information about the periodic table of elements. It discusses the historical development of the periodic table from Dobereiner's triads to Mendeleev and Meyer independently developing the first periodic tables. It then explains key features of the modern periodic table including periods and groups, representative elements, metals and nonmetals, and trends in properties like reactivity, metallic character, and atomic radius across periods and down groups. Several activities are provided to help students understand these concepts and trends through sorting and classifying elements.
For educational purposes only. No copyright intended to use the material. Credited the owner of the ppt. This is only for reference for the topic of Grade 8 Science in TNHS 2023-2024
1. Dmitri Mendeleev created one of the first periodic tables by arranging the elements in order of increasing atomic mass. He noticed that elements seemed to repeat properties every eighth element.
2. Mendeleev arranged the elements into groups with similar properties and left gaps for elements that had not yet been discovered. The periodic table was later reorganized by atomic number.
3. The periodic table is arranged into rows called periods and columns called groups. Each element square provides the symbol, name, atomic number and other properties. Valence electrons are important for determining chemical properties and are indicated by the group number.
1. The document discusses the development and importance of the periodic table of elements. It traces the periodic table back to Dobereiner's triads in 1817 and covers contributions by scientists like Newlands, Meyer, Mendeleev and Moseley that led to the modern periodic table.
2. The periodic table organizes elements into vertical columns called groups with similar properties and horizontal rows called periods. Elements are classified based on their atomic structure and properties like reactivity and atomic radius that vary periodically with atomic number.
3. The periodic table is useful for predicting chemical behaviors and properties of elements based on their location in the table. It provides an organized framework for understanding the relationships between elements and how their properties change
1. The document discusses the development and importance of the periodic table of elements. It traces the periodic table back to Dobereiner's triads in 1817 and covers contributions by scientists like Newlands, Meyer, Mendeleev and Moseley that led to the modern periodic table.
2. The periodic table organizes elements by atomic number and groups elements with similar properties together. It shows trends like atomic radius decreasing across periods and increasing down groups. The position of an element in the table can reveal information about its chemical properties and reactivity.
3. The document emphasizes that the periodic table is an essential tool for understanding and predicting the behavior of elements and their compounds. It provides a systematic organization of all
chemistry matter and changes the periodic tableAmelHanafi3
The periodic table evolved over time as scientists discovered more useful ways to organize the elements. John Newlands proposed arranging elements by atomic mass and noticed properties repeated every eighth element, known as the law of octaves. Meyer and Mendeleev connected atomic mass to properties and Mendeleev predicted undiscovered elements. Moseley rearranged the table by atomic number, resulting in the modern periodic table with periodic repetition of properties. The modern table contains element names, symbols, atomic numbers, and masses, arranged in groups and periods.
The document summarizes the development and key features of the periodic table. It traces how early scientists like Newlands and Mendeleev organized the elements and developed periodic trends. The modern periodic table is arranged by atomic number and contains metals, nonmetals, and metalloids organized into blocks and groups. Elements in the same group have similar properties due to their electron configurations, and properties vary periodically according to trends like atomic radius and ionization energy.
The document summarizes key aspects of the periodic table, including its structure, historical development, and trends in elemental properties. It explains that the periodic table arranges elements in rows and columns based on atomic number and properties. Mendeleev and Moseley helped develop the modern periodic table by arranging elements based on atomic mass and charge. Elements are classified as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based on their physical and chemical properties, which vary predictably within and between groups and periods.
The document discusses the development and organization of the periodic table. It describes how scientists like Newlands, Meyer, and Mendeleev contributed to organizing the elements. Key features of the modern periodic table are that elements are arranged by atomic number in periods and groups. Elements have characteristic properties based on their position and electron configuration.
Class 11 chapter 3 Cassification of elements and periodicity in properties pptgopikagopan16
The document discusses periodic trends in properties of elements including atomic and ionic radii and ionization energy. It states that atomic radii decreases and ionization energy increases moving left to right across a period as nuclear charge increases. Atomic radii increases down a group as new shells are added and electrons are farther from the nucleus. Ionic radii follow similar trends as atomic radii. Ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom.
The document discusses the development and key features of the periodic table. It describes how early scientists like Newlands, Meyer, and Mendeleev organized the elements based on properties like atomic mass and predicted new elements. Moseley later showed atomic number was fundamental. The modern periodic table is organized into rows (periods) and columns (groups) based on electron configuration. Elements in the same group have similar properties due to their valence electrons. The document outlines trends in properties like atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity across periods and down groups.
1. Early chemists attempted to classify elements based on similarities in their properties, including Dobereiner who grouped elements into triads and Newlands who arranged them in octaves based on increasing atomic mass. However, these classifications had limitations as they could not accommodate all known elements.
2. Mendeleev organized the periodic table with elements arranged in order of increasing atomic mass and proposed that elements with similar properties would fall into the same groups. His periodic table allowed for predictions of unknown elements and became widely accepted.
3. Modern periodic tables are based on atomic number rather than mass and include additional periodic trends like atomic size, metallic character, and valency that help explain elements' properties. The current 18-
1. Early chemists like Dobereiner and Newlands attempted to classify elements based on their properties, but their systems had limitations as they could not accommodate all known elements.
2. Mendeleev organized the known elements into the first periodic table based on their atomic masses and properties, allowing elements with similar properties to be grouped together. He also predicted new elements, and his table became the basis for modern classifications.
3. The modern periodic table is arranged by atomic number rather than atomic mass. Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons and similar properties, while periods correspond to the filling of electron shells as atomic number increases from left to right.
Ch 5.1,5.2 organizing elements & the periodic tableArt Pagar
The document summarizes key aspects of the periodic table, including how Mendeleev organized the elements and used the periodic table to predict undiscovered elements. It describes the modern periodic table as arranging elements by atomic number in rows called periods and columns called groups, with elements in the same group having similar properties due to their electron configurations. The document also discusses atomic structure including atomic number and mass, and classifies elements as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based on their physical and chemical properties.
THE PRESENTATION IS ABOUT THE PERIODIC TABLE, PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS, METALLOIDS AND TRENDS OF METALS AND NON-METALS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE.
This document is about integration as part of the HSC maths part one curriculum. It contains information on integration and invites the reader to continue learning more about the topic by clicking on the link provided. Integration is a key concept in calculus used to find the area under a curve or between curves.
This document provides a comprehensive reference of important algebraic, trigonometric, logarithmic, and derivative formulae for the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) board exam. It includes over 100 formulae across various mathematical domains to assist exam preparation. Key formulae covered include trigonometric identities, logarithmic properties, derivatives of basic functions, and algebraic manipulations of exponents and radicals.
This document contains a list of past year question papers and practice materials for the Maharashtra State 10th Standard Examination (SSC) across various subjects, including English, Science, Maths (Algebra, Geometry, Arithmetic Progressions), History & Political Science. Sample papers, solved papers and additional practice questions are provided for subjects like Science, Algebra and Geometry to help students prepare for the SSC 10th board exams.
This document contains 39 questions about various topics in history, including imperialism, European colonization of Asia and Africa in the late 19th century, the establishment of the League of Nations after World War 1, the rise of fascism in Germany and militarism in Japan, the founding of the United Nations after World War 2, the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union, developments in computer technology, and the process of globalization. The questions range from definitions and short descriptions to explanations of political, economic, and social changes and events over the past centuries.
The document is about the periodic table and properties of elements. It contains questions about:
- How the modern periodic table improved upon Mendeleev's table by eliminating anomalies.
- Identifying metals, nonmetals, and metalloids among the first 20 elements.
- Defining atomic size and how it varies within periods and groups.
- Predicting properties of element X based on its atomic number of 17.
- Calculating valency from electronic configuration and explaining trends in the periodic table.
This document provides a list of chemistry concepts and terms to define, examples of different types of chemical reactions, questions to answer about chemical equations and reactions, and explanations requested for several chemistry topics. Key points covered include defining oxidation, reduction, redox, and other types of reactions. Questions address the purpose of chemical equations, examples of redox and corrosion reactions, and reasons for certain chemical storage and painting practices.
This document provides information about acid-base chemistry including definitions of terms like acids, bases, indicators, and saponification. It asks the reader to name carboxylic acids, give scientific reasons for uses of sodium bicarbonate and baking powder, and answer questions about how acids and bases react, the uses of various substances like bleaching powder and washing soda, and properties of substances like salt. It also asks about indicators, the pH scale, water of crystallization, and the importance of pH in everyday life.
The document contains questions about electromagnetism, including defining terms like magnetic field, solenoid, electric motor, and Fleming's rules. It asks the reader to distinguish between electric motors and generators, and provide scientific reasons for safety practices involving electricity. Detailed explanations are requested on topics like electric motors, generators, short circuits, galvanometers, factors affecting magnetic fields, applications of electric motors, precautions involving electricity, forces on conductors in magnetic fields, uses of magnetism in medicine, domestic electric circuits, and earthing.
Science and technology question papers 2AMIN BUHARI
This document provides content on various topics related to science and technology. It includes chapters on elements, chemical reactions, acid-base chemistry, electricity, electromagnetism, light, metals and non-metals. Each chapter contains questions in various formats like fill in the blanks, true/false, matching, short answer, long answer etc. to test understanding of the topic. It aims to help students prepare for science exams with solutions provided.
This document contains questions and topics from various subjects related to commerce and management studies. It includes questions on the features, types, advantages/disadvantages and procedures related to different business organizations, accounting, finance, economics, secretarial practice, transport, banking, insurance, warehousing, social responsibility and communication. The document also provides sample question papers on these topics from subjects like organization of commerce and management, economics, secretarial practice, English and science.
This document contains 33 math word problems and their solutions related to topics like probability, arithmetic sequences, quadratic equations, and their roots. The problems involve finding sample spaces, probabilities of events, determining the nature of roots, forming quadratic equations based on given roots, and other algebra concepts.
This document contains 23 problems involving journal entries for various bill of exchange transactions. The problems cover scenarios such as acceptance of bills, discounting of bills, renewal of bills, dishonoring of bills, and retirement of bills. Journal entries are required to be made in the books of the drawer, drawee, payee or discounting bank as per the transactions described in each problem. Formats for bills of exchange are also provided.
The document contains 39 questions related to final accounts of partnership firms. Each question provides the trial balance of a partnership firm on a given date and requires the preparation of trading and profit & loss accounts for the year ended on that date and the balance sheet as on that date. Some questions also provide additional information or adjustments to be considered while preparing the required financial statements. The questions cover a range of years from 1996 to 2014 and include information on partner's capital and profit/loss sharing ratios for each firm.
The document contains 39 problems involving preparing final accounts (trading account, profit and loss account, and balance sheet) from trial balance information provided for various partnerships. The problems include adjustments, additional information, and preparation of accounts for years ranging from 1996 to 2014. The document tests the ability to prepare final partnership accounts from trial balances.
Omtex classes accounts notes with solutionAMIN BUHARI
This document contains 39 problems related to accounting for bills of exchange. The problems cover various transactions involving bills such as drawing bills, accepting bills, discounting bills, renewal of bills, retirement of bills, and dishonoring of bills. Journal entries are required to be made for the transactions in the books of the parties involved such as the drawer, acceptor, and endorser of the bills.
This document contains 18 problems involving journal entries for various bill of exchange transactions. The problems cover scenarios such as bills being dishonored, renewed with partial payment and interest, discounted with banks, and retired before maturity with discounts. Journal entries are required to be made in the books of the drawer, drawee, or endorser of the bills as per the terms of each transaction.
The document contains 26 paragraphs that provide the balance sheets of various partnerships. Each paragraph describes a partnership with two partners who share profits and losses in specified ratios, and provides the balance sheet for that partnership as of a given date, usually March 31st of a particular year. The balance sheets follow a standard format showing assets, liabilities, and capital accounts of the partners.
This document contains 23 problems involving journal entries for various bill of exchange transactions. The problems cover scenarios such as acceptance of bills, discounting of bills, renewal of bills, dishonoring of bills, and retirement of bills. Journal entries are required to be made in the books of the drawer, drawee, payee or discounting bank as per the transactions described in each problem. Formats for bills of exchange are also provided.
This document provides a list of chemistry concepts and terms to define, examples of different types of chemical reactions, questions to answer about chemical equations and reactions, and explanations requested for several chemistry topics. It covers common chemistry concepts like chemical and word equations, reactants and products, types of chemical reactions including redox, decomposition, and neutralization reactions. Physical and chemical changes are also addressed.
This document contains a list of past year question papers and practice materials for the Maharashtra State 10th Standard Examination (SSC) across various subjects, including English, Science, Mathematics (Algebra, Geometry, Arithmetic Progression), History & Political Science. Sample papers, solved papers, and homework sheets are provided for subjects like Science, Algebra, Geometry, Probability, and more to help students prepare for the SSC 10th board exams.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Science revision
1.
2. •Charge – The coulomb
•Current – The ampere
•Potential Difference - The Volt
•Resistance - The ohm
•Resistivity – The ohm metre
•Energy – The joule
•Power – The watt
•Focal length – The metre
•Power of a lens – The dioptre.
3. Periods
Groups
i. The horizontal rows of elements
in the modern periodic table are
called as periods.
ii. There are seven periods in the
modern periodic table.
iii. The period number indicates the
number of electronic shells present
in an atom of every element
belonging to that period.
iv. Elements show gradual variation
in chemical properties along a
period.
i. The vertical columns of elements
in the modern periodic table are
called as groups.
ii. There are eighteen groups in the
modern periodic table.
ii. There are eighteen groups in the
modern periodic table.
iii. The group number indicates the
number of electrons in the
outermost shell of an atom of
every element belonging to that
group.
iv. Elements belonging to a
particular group show strong
resemblance in their chemical
4. Mendeleev's periodic table
Modern periodic table
i. In Mendeleev's periodic
table, elements were
arranged in an increasing
order of atomic weight.
ii. In Mendeleev's periodic
table there were 8 groups.
iii. In Mendeleev's periodic
table isotopes of same
elements were given different
positions.
iv. A correct position could
not be assigned to hydrogen
in the Mendeleev's periodic
table.
i. In Modern periodic table,
elements are arranged in an
increasing order of atomic
numbers.
ii. In modern periodic table,
there are 18 groups.
iii. In Modern periodic table
isotopes of same elements are
given same positions.
iv. Hydrogen has been placed
at the top of group I in
modern periodic table.
5. Inert gas elements
Normal elements
i. In the atoms of Inert gas
elements all the shells are
completely filled including
the outermost shell.
ii. These elements are placed
in zero group (group 18) of
modern periodic table.
iii. These elements have
stable electronic
configuration and hence,
they are chemically inactive.
iv. Their valency is zero.
i. In the atoms of Normal
elements only the outermost
shell is incompletely filled.
ii. These elements are placed
in groups 1 and 2 on the left
side and 13 to 17 on the right
side of modern periodic table.
iii. These elements do not
have stable electronic
configuration and hence,
they are chemically active.
iv. They normally show one
type of valency.
6. Normal Elements
Transition Elements
i. In the atoms of Normal
elements only the outermost
shell is incompletely filled.
ii. These elements are placed
in groups 1 and 2 on the left
side and 13 to 17 on the right
side of modern periodic table.
iii. They are included in s –
block and p – block of
modern periodic table.
iv. They normally show one
type of valency.
i. In the atoms of these
elements the last two shells
are incompletely filled.
ii. These elements are placed
in groups 3 to 12 in the
middle of the modern
periodic table.
iii. They are included in d –
block of modern periodic
table.
iv. They show variable
valency.
7. Transition elements
Inner transition elements
i. In the atoms of these
elements the last two shells
are incompletely filled.
ii. These elements are placed
in groups 3 to 12 in middle of
the modern periodic table.
iii. They are included in d –
block of the modern periodic
table.
i. In the atoms of these
elements the last three shells
are incompletely filled.
ii. These elements are placed
in two additional rows (i.e.
lanthanides and actinides)
called series, placed at the
bottom of the modern
periodic table.
iii. They are included in f block of modern periodic
table.
8. s – block elements
p – block elements
i. In modern periodic
table the groups 1 and 2
are included in s – block.
ii. These includes alkali
metals and alkaline earth
metals.
iii. They have 1 or 2
electrons in the last
shell.
i. In modern periodic
table the groups 13 to 17
and the zero group
elements are included in
p – block.
ii. These includes metals,
non – metals and
metalloids.
iii. They have 3 to 8
electrons in the last
shell.
9. Oxidation
Reduction
i. The chemical
reaction in which
reactants gain
oxygen or lose
hydrogen is called
oxidation.
ii.A reducing agent
undergoes
oxidation.
i. The chemical
reaction in which
reactants gain
hydrogen or lose of
oxygen is called
reduction.
ii.An oxidising agent
undergoes
reduction.
10. Voltmeter
Ammeter
i. A voltmeter is used to i. An ammeter is used to
measure the potential
measure the current in
difference between two
a circuit.
points.
ii.An ammeter is
ii.A voltmeter is
connected in series
connected in parallel to with the conductor, the
the conductor across
current through which
which the potential
is to be measured.
difference is to be
iii.An ammeter has a
measured.
very low resistance.
iii.A voltmeter has a very
high resistance.
11. Direct current
Alternating current
i. Direct current flows
i. Alternating current
only in one direction.
reverses its direction
ii.It cannot be used for
periodically with time.
large scale of electricity ii.It is used in household
of household purpose.
electrical appliances
iii.The frequency is zero.
such as an electric
heater, and electric
iron, a refrigerator, etc.
iii.The frequency of
alternating current in
India is 50 Hz.
12. Real image
Virtual image
i. A real image is formed i. A virtual image is
when the light rays
formed when the light
starting from an object
rays starting from an
meet after reflection or
object appear to meet
refraction.
after reflection or
ii.It can be projected on a refraction.
screen.
ii.It cannot be projected
iii.It is inverted with
on a screen.
respect to the object.
iii.It is erect with respect
to the object.
13. Convex lens
Concave lens
i. A convex lens has
i. A concave lens has
its surfaces bulging
its surfaces curved
outward.
inward.
ii.It is thicker in the
ii.It is thicker at the
middle than at the
edges than in the
edges.
middle.
iii.It can form a real
iii.It can form only a
image as well as
virtual image.
virtual image.
14. Metals
Non – metals
i. Metals have a lustre.
i. Non – metals have no
ii. They are generally good
lustre. Exception : Iodine
conductors of heal and
and diamond.
electricity.
ii. They are bad conductors of
iii.They are generally solids at
heal and electricity.
room temperature.
Exception: Graphite
Exception : Mercury and
iii.They are generally gases
Gallium are liquids.
and solids at room
iv.Metals form basic oxides.
temperature. Exception :
Bromine is a liquid.
iv.Non – metals form acidic or
neutral oxides.
15. Roasting
Calcination
i. In this process, the ore i. In this process, the ore
is heated strongly in
is heated strongly in
the presence of air.
the limited supply of
ii.In this process,
air.
sulphide ore is
ii.In this process,
converted into metal
carbonate ore is
oxide.
converted into metal
iii.During this process
oxide.
SO4 is given out.
iii.During this process
CO2 is given out.
16. Saturated hydrocarbons
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
i. In saturated hydrocarbons,
the carbon atoms are linked
to each other only by a
single covalent bonds.
ii. They contain only single
bond.
iii.These compounds are
chemically less reactive.
iv.Substitution reaction is a
characteristic property of
these hydrocarbons.
v. Their general formula is
CnH2n+2.
i. In unsaturated
hydrocarbons, the valencies
of carbon atoms are not
fully satisfied by single
covalent bonds.
ii. They contain carbon to
carbon double or triple
bonds.
iii.These compounds are
chemically more reactive.
iv.Addition reaction is a
characteristic property of
these hydrocarbons.
v. Their general formula is
CnH2n or CnH2n - 2.
17. Open chain
hydrocarbons
Closed chain
hydrocarbons
i. A hydrocarbon in
i. A hydrocarbon in
which the chain of
which the chain of
carbon atoms is not
carbon atoms is
cyclic is called the open present in a cyclic form
chain hydrocarbon.
or ring form is called
ii.All aliphatic
the closed chain
hydrocarbons contain
hydrocarbons.
open chains.
ii.All aromatic
hydrocarbons contain
closed chains.
18. Stomach
Small intestine
i. The stomach is the
broadest part of the
alimentary canal.
ii.Glands present in the
stomach wall produce
gastric juice.
iii.There is acidic
medium in the
stomach.
iv.Food gets partially
digested in the
stomach.
i. The small intestine is
the narrowest part of
the alimentary canal.
ii.Glands present in the
intestinal wall produce
intestinal juice.
iii.There is alkaline
medium in the small
intestine.
iv.Food gets completely
digested in the small
intestine.
19. External respiration
Internal respiration
i. External respiration is also
called breathing.
ii. It is a physical process.
iii.It takes place in the
respiratory tract.
iv.The gaseous exchange
between external
atmosphere and the blood
takes place during external
respiration.
v. Oxidation of food does not
occur during external
respiration.
i. Internal respiration is also
called cellular respiration.
ii. It is a biochemical process.
iii.It takes place in the
mitochondria inside the
cell.
iv.The gaseous exchange
between the blood and
tissues occurs during inter
respiration.
v. Oxidation of food occurs
during internal respiration
releasing energy.
20. Arteries
Veins
i. Arteries are blood vessels
which carry blood away from
the heart.
ii. Arteries are thick walled,
elastic blood vessels.
iii.The blood flow in arteries is a
rapid and is under higher
blood pressure.
iv.Arteries are situated deep
inside the body.
v. Arteries do not have valves.
vi.Except for pulmonary artery
all the arteries carry
oxygenated blood.
i. Veins are blood vessels which
carry blood towards the
heart.
ii. Veins are thin walled blood
vessels.
iii.The blood flow in veins is
slower and is under lesser
blood pressure.
iv.Veins are situated
superficially (Apparently) in
the body.
v. Veins have valves to prevent
back flow of the blood.
vi.Except for pulmonary vein all
the veins carry deoxygenated
blood.
21. Atria
Ventricles
i. Atria are the upper
chambers of the heart.
ii. Atria are receiving
chambers as they receive
the blood.
iii.Atria have comparatively
thinner walls.
iv.Superior and inferior vena
cavae enter into right
atrium.
v. Pulmonary veins enter into
the left atrium.
i. Ventricles are the lower
chambers of the heart.
ii. Ventricles are driving
chambers as they sent the
blood the body.
iii.Ventricles have
comparatively thicker
walls.
iv.Pulmonary artery leaves
from right ventricle.
v. Aorta leaves from the left
ventricle.
22. Growth dependent
movements in plants
i. Growth dependent
movements result in the
growth of plants.
ii. Growth dependent
movements are also called
tropic movements.
iii.Growth dependent
movements are in response
to light, water, chemical
stimuli, gravity, etc.
Growth independent
movements in plant.
i. Growth independent
movements do not result in
the growth of plants.
ii. Growth independent
movements are also called
nastic movements.
iii.Growth independent
movements are in response
to touch or for capturing
prey or liberating the
seeds.
23. Central nervous
system
Peripheral nervous
system
i. The central nervous
system is located in
the central part of the
body.
ii. It is composed of
the brain and the
spinal cord.
i. The peripheral
nervous system is
located on the
peripheral parts of the
body.
ii. It is composed of
cranial nerves and
spinal nerves.
24. Cerebrum
cerebellum
i. The cerebrum is the
part of the forebrain.
ii. The cerebrum is
concerned with thinking
and interpreting sensory
information.
iii. The cerebrum stores
memory.
i. The cerebellum is the
part of the hindbrain.
ii. The cerebellum is
concerned with
coordination of voluntary
movements and
maintaining the balance.
iii. The cerebellum does
not store memory.
25. Nervous control in
animal
i. Nervous control of the
body is done with the
help of neurons.
ii.Nervous system is
concerned with the
nervous control.
iii.Nervous impulses are
rapid.
iv.Nervous impulses are
of shorter duration.
Chemical control in
animal
i. Chemical control of the
body is done through
hormones.
ii.Endocrine system is
concerned with the
chemical control.
iii.Hormonal actions are
slower.
iv.Hormonal actions are
of longer duration, i.e.
long lasting.
26. Multiple fission
Regeneration
i. Multiple fission is a
type of asexual
reproduction.
ii. In multiple fission,
division of the nucleus
takes place.
iii. Multiple fission is
carried out by the
repeated division of the
cytoplasm, e.g. Amoeba.
i. Regeneration cannot be
called reproduction
process. It is an
accidental process.
ii. In regeneration
division of the nucleus
may not take place.
iii. Regeneration is
carried out by specialized
cells in the body. e.g.
Planaria.
27. Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
i. Asexual reproduction is the
process in which only one cell
divides into two.
ii. Only one parent participates in
asexual reproduction.
iii. Only mitosis takes place at the
time of asexual reproduction.
iv. The process of fertilization and
formation of zygote do not take
place in asexual reproduction.
v. Somatic cells are involved in the
asexual reproduction.
i. Sexual reproduction is the
process in which two cells fuse
with each other.
ii. Two parents belonging to two
different sexes participate in the
sexual reproduction.
iii. Both mitosis and meiosis take
place at the time of sexual
reproduction.
iv. The process of fertilization and
zygote formation are the
important steps in sexual
reproduction.
v. Germ (Reproductive) cells are
involved in the sexual
reproduction.
28. Mitosis
Meiosis
i. Mitosis is a type of cell division
that takes place in the somatic
cells.
ii. In mitosis the chromosome
number dies not change.
iii. It is also called equational
division as the cells produced
contain the same number of
chromosomes as that of the
parent cell.
iv. Mitosis occurs at the time of
asexual reproduction such as
binary fission. It also takes place
at the time of growth and sexual
reproduction.
i. Meiosis is a type of cell division
that takes place in the germ
cells.
ii. In meiosis the chromosome
number is reproduced to half.
iii. It is also called reduction
division as the cells produced
contain half the number of
chromosomes.
iv. Meiosis occurs at the time of
sexual reproduction during
gamete formation.
29. Testis
Ovary
i. Testis is an essential
gonad in male.
ii.Testis produces
sperms.
iii.Testis secretes
testosterone.
iv.Testis is located
outside the body in the
scrotum.
v. Testis does not have
sperms at the time of
the birth of a boy.
i. Ovary is an essential
gonad in female.
ii.Ovary produces eggs.
iii.Ovary secretes
estrogen.
iv.Ovaries are located
inside the lower
abdomen.
v. Ovary has immature
eggs at the time of the
birth of a girl.
30. Monohybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
i. Crosses involving a
i. Crosses involving two
single pair of alleles are pairs of alleles are
called monohybrid
called dihybrid crosses.
crosses.
ii.Dihybrid crosses yield
ii.Monohybrid crosses
a phenotypic ratio of
yield a phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1 in the F2
of 3:1 in the F2
generation.
generation.
iii.Genes are assorted to
iii.Genes are not assorted form new combinations
to form new
of characters.
recombination of
characters.
31. Dominant characters
Recessive characters
i. The characters that are
expressed in the F1
generation are called
dominant character.
ii. Tall habit and red colour of
the flower in pea plants are
dominant characters.
iii.Dominant character is
expressed in the presence of
one or both the dominant
genes.
iv.Dominant characters cannot
be masked by recessive
characters.
i. The characters that are not
expressed in the F1
generation are called
recessive characters.
ii. Dwarf habit and white
colour of the flower in pea
plants are recessive
characters.
iii.Recessive characters is
expressed only when both
the recessive alleles of a
gene are present.
iv.Recessive characters can be
masked by dominant
characters.
32. Phenotype
Genotype
i. Phenotype refers to the
outward appearance of an
individual such as shape,
colour, sex, etc.
ii. Phenotype can be observed
directly in an individual.
iii.Individuals resembling
each other may or may not
have the same genotype.
iv.The phenotypic ratio
obtained in the F2
generation of a
monohybrid cross is 3:1.
i. Genotype refers to the
genetic composition of an
individual.
ii. Genotype can be
determined from ancestry
of an individual.
iii.Individuals possessing the
same genotype usually
have the same phenotypic
expression.
iv.The genotypic ratio
obtained in the F2
generation of a
monohybrid cross is 1:2:1.
33. Homologous organs
Analogous organs
i. Homologous organs show
same structural plan.
ii. Functions performed by
the homologous organs are
different.
iii. Homologous organs
explain the common ancestry
in the evolution.
iv. Forelimb of a man, front
leg of a bull, wing of a bird,
fin of a whale are all
homologous organs.
1. Analogous organs show
different structure in
different animals.
ii. Functions performed by
the analogous organs are
always the same.
iii. analogous organs explain
the common adaptation due
to common habitats.
iv. Wing of a bird and wing of
an insect, tail fin of a lobster
and tail flukes of whale are
analogous organs.
34. Sucrose (Sugar)
Water
Glucose (Fructose)
Iron
Sulphur
Iron Sulphide
Carbon dioxide
Carbonic acid
Tricalcium Aluminate
Concrete
Plaster of Paris
Gypsum
Carbon (Coke)
Calcium Carbonate
Copper Sulphate
Zinc
Copper chloride
Silver Bromide
Potassium iodide
C12H22O11
H2O
C6H12O6
Fe
S
FeS
CO2
H2CO3
3CaO.Al2O3
CaO.Al2O36H2O
CaSO4.H2O
CaSO4.2H2O
C
CaCO3
CuSO4
Zn
CuCl2
AgBr
KI