Welcome to the project dedicated to the remarkable Periodic Table of Elements! Prepare to embark on an exciting exploration of the building blocks of our universe through our comprehensive presentation.
Our presentation offers a captivating visual representation of the Periodic Table, showcasing the elements and their essential properties. Each element is presented with its atomic number, symbol, and atomic mass, providing a clear overview of the entire table.
Delve deeper into the presentation and unlock a wealth of knowledge about each element. Discover their unique characteristics, such as their physical and chemical properties, common uses, and even their historical significance. Engaging narratives and captivating illustrations bring the elements to life, making the learning experience both enjoyable and informative.
Whether you're a student, a science enthusiast, or simply curious about the elements that shape our world, our presentation on the Periodic Table will enlighten and inspire. Join us on this educational journey as we unravel the mysteries and marvels of the elements that surround us.
The history of the periodic table's development, the arrangement of the elements, and the reactivity of each group of elements will all be covered in this lecture.
Periodic classification of elements gr10, 2020-21MhdAfz
For more such informative content, go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/. This video will tell you about the history of periodic classification of elements. HOPE YOU ENJOY IT. NEXT POST ON: WHY DO WE WEIGH LESS ON THE MOON ?
For educational purposes only. No copyright intended to use the material. Credited the owner of the ppt. This is only for reference for the topic of Grade 8 Science in TNHS 2023-2024
The history of the periodic table's development, the arrangement of the elements, and the reactivity of each group of elements will all be covered in this lecture.
Periodic classification of elements gr10, 2020-21MhdAfz
For more such informative content, go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/. This video will tell you about the history of periodic classification of elements. HOPE YOU ENJOY IT. NEXT POST ON: WHY DO WE WEIGH LESS ON THE MOON ?
For educational purposes only. No copyright intended to use the material. Credited the owner of the ppt. This is only for reference for the topic of Grade 8 Science in TNHS 2023-2024
Classification of Elements: The electronic structure of the atom and the Modern Periodic Table
and Periodic Law. Variation of properties within period and groups. Usefulness and limitations of
Periodic Table.
Chapter - 5, Periodic Classification of Elements, Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter-5, Periodic Classification of Elements, Science Class10
CLASSIFICATION
DOBEREINER’S TRIAD
LIMITATIONS
NEWLAND’S LAW OF OCTAVES
CHARACTERISTICS OF LAW OF OCTAVES
LIMITATIONS OF NEWLANDS LAW OF OCTAVES
MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
PROPERTIES OF GROUPS STUDIED BY MENDELEEV
LIMITATIONS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
MERITS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
PROPERTIES OF MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
NOBLE GASES
POSITION OF ELEMENTS IN THE MODERN PERIODIC -TABLE
METALS
NON-METALS
METALLOIDS
TRENDS IN MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur & Teacher)
Periodic Classification of Elements and PeriodicityNEHANEHA67
PPT will cover all the history of periodic table and periodic properties of elements and their trends as well as Oxides, Halides, Hydrides and Position of Hydrogen
Welcome to our project dedicated to the fascinating world of plant growth and development! Get ready to explore the captivating journey of plants as they transform from seeds to mature organisms.
Our presentation offers a comprehensive overview of the various stages and processes involved in the growth and development of plants. Through engaging visuals, interactive animations, and clear explanations, we delve into the intricacies of plant life.
Discover the germination process, where seeds sprout and embark on their journey towards becoming plants. Learn about the crucial factors that influence plant growth, such as light, water, nutrients, and temperature. Understand how plants utilize photosynthesis to convert sunlight into energy and produce their own food.
Delve into the fascinating world of plant hormones, exploring their roles in regulating growth, flowering, and fruiting. Uncover the mechanisms behind tropisms, which are plant responses to environmental cues such as light and gravity.
Explore the diverse strategies plants employ to adapt to their environments, from the development of roots for nutrient uptake to the growth of leaves for photosynthesis. Learn about the fascinating interplay between genetic factors and environmental cues that shape plant form and function.
Whether you are a student, a gardener, or simply curious about the wonders of the plant kingdom, our presentation on plant growth and development will captivate and educate. Join us on this enlightening journey as we unravel the secrets and marvels of how plants grow and thrive in their diverse habitats.
Welcome to our project dedicated to the remarkable process of digestion and absorption in humans! Prepare to embark on an enlightening journey as we explore the intricate mechanisms behind the breakdown and absorption of nutrients in our bodies.
Our presentation offers a comprehensive overview of the digestive system, from the moment food enters the mouth to its final journey through the intestines. Through engaging visuals, informative diagrams, and clear explanations, we unravel the step-by-step process of digestion.
Discover how our teeth, saliva, and enzymes in the digestive tract work together to break down food into smaller molecules. Learn about the roles of the stomach, liver, pancreas, and small intestine in further digestion and nutrient extraction.
Dive into the fascinating world of absorption, where the nutrients derived from our food are transported from the intestines into our bloodstream. Explore the specialized structures and processes involved in absorbing carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
Uncover the significance of the gut microbiome, the diverse community of bacteria that resides in our digestive system, and its role in digestion and overall health.
Whether you are a student, a health enthusiast, or simply curious about the wonders of the human body, our presentation on digestion and absorption will enlighten and inspire. Join us on this educational journey as we unravel the mysteries and marvels of how our bodies extract vital nutrients from the food we consume
Classification of Elements: The electronic structure of the atom and the Modern Periodic Table
and Periodic Law. Variation of properties within period and groups. Usefulness and limitations of
Periodic Table.
Chapter - 5, Periodic Classification of Elements, Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter-5, Periodic Classification of Elements, Science Class10
CLASSIFICATION
DOBEREINER’S TRIAD
LIMITATIONS
NEWLAND’S LAW OF OCTAVES
CHARACTERISTICS OF LAW OF OCTAVES
LIMITATIONS OF NEWLANDS LAW OF OCTAVES
MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
PROPERTIES OF GROUPS STUDIED BY MENDELEEV
LIMITATIONS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE
MERITS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
MODERN PERIODIC LAW
PROPERTIES OF MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
NOBLE GASES
POSITION OF ELEMENTS IN THE MODERN PERIODIC -TABLE
METALS
NON-METALS
METALLOIDS
TRENDS IN MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur & Teacher)
Periodic Classification of Elements and PeriodicityNEHANEHA67
PPT will cover all the history of periodic table and periodic properties of elements and their trends as well as Oxides, Halides, Hydrides and Position of Hydrogen
Welcome to our project dedicated to the fascinating world of plant growth and development! Get ready to explore the captivating journey of plants as they transform from seeds to mature organisms.
Our presentation offers a comprehensive overview of the various stages and processes involved in the growth and development of plants. Through engaging visuals, interactive animations, and clear explanations, we delve into the intricacies of plant life.
Discover the germination process, where seeds sprout and embark on their journey towards becoming plants. Learn about the crucial factors that influence plant growth, such as light, water, nutrients, and temperature. Understand how plants utilize photosynthesis to convert sunlight into energy and produce their own food.
Delve into the fascinating world of plant hormones, exploring their roles in regulating growth, flowering, and fruiting. Uncover the mechanisms behind tropisms, which are plant responses to environmental cues such as light and gravity.
Explore the diverse strategies plants employ to adapt to their environments, from the development of roots for nutrient uptake to the growth of leaves for photosynthesis. Learn about the fascinating interplay between genetic factors and environmental cues that shape plant form and function.
Whether you are a student, a gardener, or simply curious about the wonders of the plant kingdom, our presentation on plant growth and development will captivate and educate. Join us on this enlightening journey as we unravel the secrets and marvels of how plants grow and thrive in their diverse habitats.
Welcome to our project dedicated to the remarkable process of digestion and absorption in humans! Prepare to embark on an enlightening journey as we explore the intricate mechanisms behind the breakdown and absorption of nutrients in our bodies.
Our presentation offers a comprehensive overview of the digestive system, from the moment food enters the mouth to its final journey through the intestines. Through engaging visuals, informative diagrams, and clear explanations, we unravel the step-by-step process of digestion.
Discover how our teeth, saliva, and enzymes in the digestive tract work together to break down food into smaller molecules. Learn about the roles of the stomach, liver, pancreas, and small intestine in further digestion and nutrient extraction.
Dive into the fascinating world of absorption, where the nutrients derived from our food are transported from the intestines into our bloodstream. Explore the specialized structures and processes involved in absorbing carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
Uncover the significance of the gut microbiome, the diverse community of bacteria that resides in our digestive system, and its role in digestion and overall health.
Whether you are a student, a health enthusiast, or simply curious about the wonders of the human body, our presentation on digestion and absorption will enlighten and inspire. Join us on this educational journey as we unravel the mysteries and marvels of how our bodies extract vital nutrients from the food we consume
Welcome to our project dedicated to exploring the captivating spectrum of light! Get ready for a visually stunning presentation that unravels the secrets of light and its colorful journey.
Our presentation offers an in-depth exploration of the spectrum of light, ranging from the familiar rainbow hues to the invisible realms beyond. Through vibrant visuals, interactive animations, and clear explanations, we guide you through the mesmerizing phenomenon of light dispersion.
Discover how white light can be separated into its constituent colors, forming a beautiful spectrum. Explore the properties of each color band, from the longest wavelength red light to the shortest wavelength violet light. Learn about the wavelengths, frequencies, and energies associated with different colors.
Delve into the fascinating science behind light, from the electromagnetic waves that carry it to the intricate workings of our eyes that perceive it. Understand how different materials interact with light, leading to phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and absorption.
Our presentation goes beyond the visible spectrum, delving into ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), and other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Uncover the applications of these regions, from UV sterilization to IR imaging and beyond.
Whether you are a student, a science enthusiast, or simply curious about the enchanting world of light, our presentation will captivate your senses and deepen your understanding. Join us on this enlightening journey as we unravel the diverse and awe-inspiring spectrum of light
Welcome to our poject dedicated to the Indian Union and its Legislature! Here, you will find a comprehensive presentation that sheds light on the functioning and significance of the Indian Union's legislative body.
Our presentation provides a thorough overview of the Indian Union's legislature, which is a fundamental pillar of India's democratic system. We delve into the structure and composition of the legislature, exploring the two houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).
Through engaging visuals, informative charts, and detailed explanations, we navigate through the legislative process, discussing the roles and responsibilities of parliamentarians, the formulation and passage of laws, and the significance of debates and discussions.
Additionally, we examine the relationship between the executive and the legislature, highlighting the checks and balances that exist within the Indian Union's governance system.
Whether you are a student, a researcher, or simply interested in understanding the intricacies of the Indian Union's legislative framework, our presentation offers a comprehensive and accessible resource. Join us on this enlightening journey to gain insights into the functioning and significance of the Indian Union's legislature, a vital aspect of India's democratic governance.
Hacking is a term that evokes intrigue and curiosity, often associated with unauthorized access to computer systems and malicious activities. However, it is crucial to understand that hacking encompasses a broader spectrum that includes ethical and legitimate practices as well.
Hacking, at its core, refers to the act of exploring and manipulating computer systems, networks, and software. It involves gaining knowledge, finding vulnerabilities, and discovering innovative solutions. Ethical hacking, also known as "white hat" hacking, involves using hacking skills to identify and patch security flaws, helping organizations strengthen their defenses.
On the other hand, "black hat" hacking refers to malicious activities carried out with criminal intent, such as unauthorized access, data theft, or disrupting systems. These actions are illegal and pose a significant threat to individuals, businesses, and governments.
Hacking is not confined to computers alone; it can extend to various realms, including social engineering, where psychological manipulation is employed to deceive individuals into revealing sensitive information.
To combat hacking, cybersecurity measures are essential. Organizations invest in robust security protocols, encryption, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. Ethical hackers play a crucial role in this realm, as they employ their skills to proactively identify vulnerabilities and help protect against potential threats.
While hacking can have negative connotations, it is important to recognize that it is a tool that can be used positively to enhance cybersecurity and technological advancements. Responsible use of hacking skills, coupled with strong ethical principles, ensures that hacking is a force for good in the digital landscape
Welcome to our project dedicated to the fascinating process of photosynthesis! Here, you will find a comprehensive presentation that unravels the wonders of this vital process that powers life on Earth.
Our presentation will take you on a journey through the intricate workings of photosynthesis. From the capture of sunlight by chlorophyll to the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, we will explore each step in an engaging and informative manner.
Through vivid visuals, interactive animations, and clear explanations, we aim to demystify the science behind photosynthesis and highlight its significance for both plants and the entire ecosystem. You will discover how plants utilize this process to produce food and release oxygen, sustaining life as we know it.
Whether you are a student, a teacher, or simply curious about the wonders of nature, our presentation on photosynthesis will enrich your understanding and appreciation of this fundamental biological phenomenon. Join us on this enlightening journey into the world of photosynthesis!
This presentation is on the topic of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to create glucose (sugar) and release oxygen. Leaves contain a pigment called chlorophyll that captures sunlight. This energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, which serves as food for the plant, while oxygen is released back into the air.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE MODERN PERIODIC
TABLE
● The shortcomings of the Mendeleev’s periodic table were overcome by
Henry Moseley and he put forward the Modern Periodic Table in which
the elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic
numbers
● Modern Periodic Law: The physical and chemical properties of all
elements are the periodic functions of their atomic number
● The properties of the elements are repeated after regular intervals
● Periodic table may be defined as the table in which the elements are
arranged in the increasing order of their atomic numbers
3. PERIODS AND GROUPS
P E R I O D S
● The horizontal rows of elements in a periodic table are called periods
● There are seven periods in the long form of the periodic table
● The first period consists of 2 elements called the shortest period
● The second and third periods consist of 8 elements called short periods
● The fourth and fifth periods contain 18 elements each and are called long periods
● In the modern periodic table, period six contains the lanthanide series which are
the rare earth elements, sixth period consists of 32 elements and it is the longest
period.
● Radioactive elements (actinides) present in period seven, seventh period is yet an
incomplete period
4. PERIODS AND GROUPS
G R O U P S
● The modern periodic table has eighteen vertical columns known as groups,
arranged from left to right in the order: IA, IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII
(three columns), IB, IIB, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA and Zero.
● A group is determined by the number of electrons present in the outermost
shell.
● Elements in groups 1, 2 and 13 to 17 are called normal elements. Reactive
metals are placed in groups 1 and 2.
● Elements in groups 3 to 12 are called transition elements. Transition elements
[metals] are placed in the middle.
● Group 18 at the extreme right contains noble or inert gases.
● Non-metals are placed in the upper right corner of the periodic table.
5. PROPERTY OF ELEMENTS
● The elements can be classified as: Representative/Normal elements, Transition
elements, Inert gases or Noble gases, Inner Transition elements which include
Lanthanides and Actinides
● The properties which reoccur after a regular interval in periodic table are called as
periodic properties and the phenomenon is called as periodicity
● The major cause for the periodicity is the reoccurrence of similar outer electronic
configuration.
● In a particular group the valence electrons remains the same and thus the valency
is also the same. Hence the properties are same.
● According to the Modern Periodic Law the properties of an element depends upon:
Atomic size, Metallic character, Non -metallic character, Ionisation energy, Electro
affinity, Electronegativity.
6. ALKALI METALS
● Highly electropositive in nature
● Good reducing agents
● Valency is +1
● They have low ionization potential
● They form metal halides
● Good conductors of electricity
● They have the largest atomic size in their periods
● They react vigorously with dilute acids and cold water to liberate
hydrogen.
● They’re reactivity increases on moving down the group. Aakanksha sakhare
7. (a) An element Z has atomic number 16. Answer the
following questions on Z: [i]. State the period and
group to which Z belongs. [ii]. Is Z a metal or a non-
metal?
(b) If an element A belongs to Period 3 and Group II,
then it will have
A]. 3 shells and 2 valence electrons
B]. 2 shells and 3 valence electrons
C]. 3 shells and 3 valence electrons
D]. 2 shells and 2 valence electrons[2014]
[2014]
8. (c) Give reasons for the following: Alkali metals
are good reducing agents.
(d) Which one of the following is not true of
metals?
A)Metals are good conductors of electricity.
B)Metals are malleable and ductile.
C) Metals form non-polar covalent compounds.
D)Metals will have 1 or 2 or 3 electrons in their
valence shell.
[2012]
Aakanksha sakhare
[2012]
9. Ionization potential (ionization energy) :
❏ The energy required to remove an electron from a neutral isolated
gaseous atom and convert it into a positively charged gaseous ion.
M(g) + I.E. → M+(g) + e-
❏ Unit of I.P. = eV
❏ Energy required to remove 1st electron - is called first I.P.
M → M+ + e- [ first I.P. is less ]
atom ion electron
❏ Energy required to remove 2nd electron - is called second I.P.
M+ → M++ + e- [second I.P. is more ]
Ishani Ravi Kabbur
10. ★ Atomic Size Increases ----- Ionization Potential Decreases
★ Nuclear Charge Increases ----- Ionization Potential
Increases
Ishani Ravi Kabbur
➢ Factors That Affect I.P.
❖ Trends in I.P.
Across a period: I.P. tends to increase as one moves from left to right
across a period.
Down a group: I.P. tends to decreases as one moves down a group.
11. Electron Affinity [E.A.]
❏ The amount of energy released when an atom in the gaseous state
accepts an electron to form an anion.
X + e- → X- + energy liberated
Atom electron anion [1st electron affinity]
❏ Unit of Electron Affinity = eV
★ Atomic Size Increases ------ Electron Affinity Decreases
A small atom takes up electrons more readily than a large atom.
★ Nuclear Charge Increases ----- Electron Affinity Increases
Increases the tendency of the atom to accept electrons.
Ishani Ravi Kabbur
12. ➢ Variation (trends) in electron affinity:
❏ In a period, i.e., from left to right the electron affinity
increases.
➢ Down a group:
❏ Moving from the top to the bottom in a group, causing a
net decrease in E.A.
❏ Inert gases have zero electron affinity due to their stable
electronic configuration.
Ishani Ravi Kabbur
13. Electronegativity-
★ The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the
shared pair of electrons towards itself is called
electronegativity.
Electronegativity values too depend on:
(i) Size of atom: The greater the size of the atom, the lesser the
electronegativity.
(ii) Nuclear charge: The greater the nuclear charge, the greater the
electronegativity.
Ishani Ravi Kabbur
14. Trends in electronegativity-
➢ Across a period:
❏ Electronegativity increases from left to right in a period.
➢ Down a group:
❏ Electronegativity decreases down a group.
★ Generally, metals show lower electronegativity as compared to non-
metals. Thus metals are electropositive and non-metals are
electronegative.
Ishani Ravi Kabbur
★ In periodic table-
★ Fluorine → most electronegative
★ Caesium → least electronegative
★ Noble gases have complete octet and hence do not
attract electrons to itself.
16. (i) Which element would be expected to have the highest
electronegativity?(2007)
(ii) What happens to the atomic size of elements on moving from top to bottom
of a group?(2008)
(iii) Which of the elements has the greatest electron affinity among the
halogens?(2008)
(iv) If an element has a low ionisation energy then it is likely to be
…………..(metallic / non-metallic). (2008)
(v) 1) Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba are group 2 metals. Which of these metals will form
ions most readily and why?
2) What property of an element is measured by electronegativity?
(2008)
Ishani Ravi Kabbur
17. (vi) Among Period-2 elements --
Lithium Carbon
Fluorine Neon
(2009)
(vii) Down the group, electron affinity……………(increases, decreases,
remains same)(2011)
(viii) Ionisation potential of the element increases across a period. Give
reason.(2012)
(ix) Give one words or phrase for: The amount of energy released when an
atom in the gaseous state accepts an electron to form an anion.(2014)
Ishani Ravi Kabbur
18. (x) Among the elements give below, the element with the least
electronegativity is:
(A)Lithium
(B)Carbon
(C)Boron
(D)Fluorine
(2015)
Ishani Ravi Kabbur