Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotions, perception and behavior. It occurs in approximately 1% of the population and typically begins in young adulthood. Some key factors that may contribute to schizophrenia include genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, infections during pregnancy, drug use and stressful life events. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications, psychosocial therapies and social support. Nurses play an important role in managing symptoms, ensuring compliance with treatment, providing education and supporting rehabilitation.
hii guys this is my ongoing presentation from my speciality class i hope u guys lije that please so i hope it is been useful for u in ur specialities by getting little help with that
Dementia consists of verity of symptoms that suggest chronic dysfunction. Global impairment of intellect is the essential feature, manifested as difficulty with memory, attention, thinking, and comprehension
Approximately 15% of people with dementia have reversible illness if treatment is initiated before irreversible damage takes place.
hii guys this is my ongoing presentation from my speciality class i hope u guys lije that please so i hope it is been useful for u in ur specialities by getting little help with that
Dementia consists of verity of symptoms that suggest chronic dysfunction. Global impairment of intellect is the essential feature, manifested as difficulty with memory, attention, thinking, and comprehension
Approximately 15% of people with dementia have reversible illness if treatment is initiated before irreversible damage takes place.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
Symptoms: Compulsive behavior
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterised by unreasonable thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead to compulsive behaviours.
OCD often centres on themes such as a fear of germs or the need to arrange objects in a specific manner. Symptoms usually begin gradually and vary throughout life.
Treatment includes talk therapy, medication or both.
Consult a doctor for medical advice.
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home.
This a project for a high school AP Psychology course. This is a fictionalized account of having a psychological ailment. For questions about this blog project or its content please email the teacher Chris Jocham: jocham@fultonschools.org
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
Symptoms: Compulsive behavior
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterised by unreasonable thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead to compulsive behaviours.
OCD often centres on themes such as a fear of germs or the need to arrange objects in a specific manner. Symptoms usually begin gradually and vary throughout life.
Treatment includes talk therapy, medication or both.
Consult a doctor for medical advice.
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems and can decrease a person’s ability to function at work and at home.
This a project for a high school AP Psychology course. This is a fictionalized account of having a psychological ailment. For questions about this blog project or its content please email the teacher Chris Jocham: jocham@fultonschools.org
This is a very basic presentation for anyone who would like to have more information about schizophrenia. This was intended for the third year medical students. The criteria described are based on fourth edition of the DSM ( DSMIV). All these demarcations (types of) schizophrenia will be scrapped by the DSM V (this is the proposal as of now). But this could serve a historical puspose if seen after 2013.
A comprehensive slide on topic: schizophrenia. Compiled based on Newcastle University and NUMed Stage 5 learning outcomes in Mental Health module. Suitable for medical students and housemen who wish to revisit the topic. (Disclaimer: The diagnostic criteria ae based on ICD-10, so please check the latest version)
It's a types of mental disorder , in which person leave as alone & hallucination & delusion is common factor of the mental health disorder.
for more info visit@ mindtotalk.in
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
3. INTRODUCTION
A Greek word splited as:
SKCHIZO-To Divide
PHREN-Mind
Termed by kraplein in 1896 as ‘Dementia
Precox’
In 1908 Eugene bleuler coined it as
Schizophrenia
4. Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia occurs with regular
frequency nearly everywhere in the world
in 1 % of population and begins mainly in
young age (mostly around 16 to 25 years).
5. It is a psychotic condition characterized by
a disturbance in
thinking, emotions, volitions and faculties
in the presence of clear
consciousness, which usually leads to
social withdrawal
It is a type of functional psychosis
characterized mainly by disturbance in
thinking and associated disturbances in
psychomotor activity, affect, perception
and behavior.
7. SEX-Equal in both sexes
7) SOCIAL ISOLATION-Predisposed unstable
personal relationship
8) INTELLIGENCE
9) OVERCROWDING SLUMS
10) PRECIPITATION-Stress, regarding ineffective
disease, pregnancy, family problem, etc.
11) ENDOCRINE-Excess of dopamine dependent
neuronal activity in brain
12) ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER DISEASESMore common in temporal lobe epilepsy
6)
8. ETIOLOGY
The exact cause of schizophrenia is still
unknown
Still there are some factors that are
considered as risk factors.
10. Immunologic factors e.g. Viral exposure in
pregnancy.
High arousal level from stress , trauma, and
drugs e.g. bombardment.
Severe disease e.g. encephalitis.
Trauma from complication such as
obstetrical, head trauma, childhood accidents.
11. BIO CHEMICAL
INFLUENCES.
Theories
suggests
that
that
schizophrenia may be caused by an
excess
of
Dopamine
dependent
neuronal activity in the brain.
Abnormalities in the neurotransmitters
nor
epinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, an
d gamma-amino butyric acid and in the
neuroregulators such as prostaglandins
and endorphins have been suggested.
15. Absence of links between ideas, crowding and
poverty of ideas, flight of ideas
h) Word are linked without meaning(word salad)
g)
Emotional blunting or shallowness of affect
b. Inappropriate affect-patient laughs when he is
expected to cry and cries when he is expected
to laughs
c. Hypersensitiveness or insensitiveness of
feelings
d. Ambivalence-experience of 2 opposite of
feelings
a.
16. a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Irrelevant and inappropriate behavior
Awkward actions
Rowdy, violent, assaultive(a person has a physical
or verbal violence), agitation
Suicidal and homicidal tendencies
Criminal and sexual over activity, pervasive
Reduction of drive and desire to carry out routine
work
b) Avoiding mixing in family and friends
c) Reduced efficiency and activity
d) Feeling of passivity(mind and thoughts controlled
by outside force
a)
17. a)
b)
a)
b)
Hallucination –auditory and visual are
common, others are very rare.
Hallucinations are either structured(human or
animal voice) or unstructured(vague voices)
In catatonic, increased psychomotor
activity, stupor, negativism, stereotype, mutism,
verbegeration(repeating the same words)
Waxy flexibility
18. a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Excessive day dreaming and fantasy
Muttering
Spells of laughter and crying without reason
Childish behavior
Patient passes urine and stool in his clothes
and plays with has own excreta
Absent mindedness
Makes lot of mistakes in work
20. THE
ILLNESS OF AS A PHENOMENON OF
REGRESSION
E.G- Reversal to infantile and childhood
patterns of psychological living a state of
organization where reality does not exist.
Thus the patient attempt to resolve his
psychological conflicts by denying the
harsh and painful reality world and living
in a fantasy would full of pleasures
21. PHASES OF
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Phase I - The schizoid personality
Phase II-The prodromal phase.
Phase III-Schizophrenia—active phase.
Phase IV- Residual phase
23. PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA: Early onset
‘Paranoia’ means ‘delusional’
It occurs between 25-30 yrs
Seen more in males than females
Delusion of suspiciousness, persecution and
grandeur
Disorganization of speech and thought
Hallucinatory voices of threatening or
commanding, also voices of whistling and
laughs
A.
24.
Affect is usually of hostility, anger or
suspiciousness
Negative symptoms like flat affect, poverty of
speech and poor activity
Prognosis is good
25. B.
HEBEPHRENIC SCHIZOPHRENIA:Early and insidious onset
Occurs between the age of 20-25 yrs
Thinking disturbances
Regression
Childish behavior
Inappropriate affect
Somatic delusion
Unpredictable, giggling and silliness
Irrelevant
Poverty of ideas
Prognosis is poor
26. SIMPLE SCHIZOPHRENIA: Insidious and gradual course
Occurs between age of 15-20 yrs
More incidence in males
Disturbances in affect
Disturbances in thinking
Delusions and hallucinations are rare
Wandering aimlessly
Prognosis is poor
C.
27. CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA: Occurs between age of 20-25 yrs
Equal in both sexes
Disturbances of thinking, affect and behavior
Acute or sub-acute onset
Autism
Purposeless excitement and destructive
behavior
Delusion and hallucinations are common
Prognosis is good but reoccurs are common
D.
28. CATATONIC STUPOR: Absence of speech
Maintenance of rigid posture against efforts to
be moved
Negativism
Bizarre postures for longer period of time
Stuporous reaction towards surrounding
Ecolalia-mimicking of phrases and words
Echopraxia-mimicking of actions observed
Waxy flexibility
Ambitendency
E.
29. F.
G.
RESIDUAL SCHIZOPHRENIA:Emotional blunting
Eccentric behavior
Social withdrawal
A type of schizophrenia which has been at
least one episode in the past but without
prominent psychotic symptoms at present
UNDIFFERENTIATED SCHIZOPHRENIA:Late schizophrenia occurs after 40 yrs of age
Schizoaffective psychosis with symptoms of
depression and mania and also neurosis
Prognosis is poor.
30. CHILDHOOD OR JUVENILE
SCHIZOPHRENIA: Not common but seen between age of 5-10
yrs and 12-14 yrs
Onset is acute or gradual
Prognosis is poor
I. SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PSYCHOSIS: Symptoms of schizophrenia associated with
symptoms of depression and mania
H.
31. PSEUDO-NEUROTIC SCHIZOPHRENIA: Core of illness is schizophrenia but presenting
symptoms are suggestive of neurotic symptoms
like anxiety state, phobic reactions, obsessive
compulsive neurosis or hysteria
Treatment such as psychotherapy, abreactive
therapy or drug therapy is not satisfactory
Careful psychiatric examination done through
repeated interview, reveals the true nature of
illness
J.
32. Postschizophrenic Depression
A depressive episode, which may be
prolonged, arising in the aftermath of a
schizophrenic illness. Some schizophrenic
symptoms, either „positive“ or
„negative“, must still be present but they no
longer dominate the clinical picture.
These depressive states are associated
with an increased risk of suicide.
33. Duration of illness:Shorter duration carries better prognosis
2) Type of schizophrenia:Catatonic and paranoid type carries good
prognosis. simple, hebephrenic, juvenile, pseudoneurotic types do not carry good prognosis.
3) Personality:Non schizoid and stable
personality respond better
1)
34. 4)
5)
6)
Precipitating factor:Presence of precipitating factor carries
good prognosis.
Age:20-30 yrs of age carries better
prognosis than other ages.
Type of onset:Acute onset carries better prognosis
than gradual onset.
36. A.
TREATMENT
MODALITIES
PHARMACOTHERAPY:-
Conventional antipsychotics are now
used less frequently, because of
their only partial efficacy and
adverse effects.
The following are the drugs given to
non-compliant patients;
-Chlorpromazine:50100mg/day
-Fluphenazine decanoate:2025mg IM every 1-3 wks
-Haloperidol:5-20mg/day IM
-Trifluoperazine:1-5mg/day IM
37.
Commonly used atypical antipsychotics;
-Clozapine:25-450mg/day PO
-Resperidone:2-10mg/day PO
-Olanzapine:10-20mg/day PO
-Ziprasidone:20-80mg/day PO
Other drugs used in schizophrenia are mood
stabilizers, anti
depressants, benzodiazepines, etc.
38. B.
C.
D.
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY(ECT):Indications are catatonic stupor, catatonic
excitement
Severe side effects with drugs
Usually 8-10 ECT’s are required to be given
About 8-10 convulsions spread over a period
of 4-6 weeks
PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES:Cognitive therapy, group therapy, behavior
therapy, family therapy
PSYCHOSURGERY:Prefrontal leucotomy
41. Responsibility while dealing with disease
problem
Non compliance to management
Explain the management to patient shortly
or as you required.
Develop therapeutic relationship with the
patient.
Develop trust with the patient.
Listen any complain of patient carefully.
Don’t ignore anything that related to
drugs.
42. Set the diet according to the drugs.
Give medicine regularly
Check the blood level regularly to maintain
adequate drug level.
43. Impaired perception
•
Assess the level of orientation.
• Allow the patient to talk about
hallucination.
• Avoid reinforcing the hallucination.
• Avoid saying that you are wrong.
• Support the patient in initial stage by
saying that you are just thinking but the
reality is just opposite.
• Remove all the injurious thing.
• Diversion of activity.
44. Impaired sleep
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Asses the pattern of sleep.
Provide calm and quite environment.
Isolate the disturbing patient.
Provide a glass of warm milk before sleep.
Provide a warm bath before sleep.
Maintain a daily routine of sleeping and
awakening.
Put off the light in around at 100 clock every
day.
Provide comfort measure as pillow ,back rub.
Give p.r.n as prescribed.
45. Impaired Bowel and Bladder activity
•
Assess the type of alteration of b/b.
•
In case of constipation encourage high fiber diet
•
Increase fluid intake
•
Food Intake should be frequently.
•
Take the choice of food to patient.
•
Serve the food in attractive manner.
•
Encourage patient to take proper sleep or rest.
•
Encourage for light exercise or walking jogging.
•
If the patient not taking food than explain politely that food is
compulsory for recovery.
46. impaired thought process
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Assess the level of thought process.
Convey acceptance of the patient’s need for
false belief but that you do not share.
Do not argue .
Do not force.
Do not say you are wrong.
Use same language in front of patient.
Avoid physical contact in form of touch.
Avoid laughing ,whispering there.
Avoid competitive activities.
Reinforce focus on reality.
47. impaired physical activity
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Assess the level of activity pattern of patient.
Give high calories diet.
Remove all things near to bed.
Maintain calm and quite environment.
Avoid argument with the patient.
Give the medicine timely to maintain drug
level.
Avoid talking excessively.
Give some simple task to do the patient.
Encourage for light rest in day as well as night.
48. Anxiety.
•
•
•
Asses the level of anxiety.
Maintain therapeutic relationship.
Explain everything before doing .
• Hold the hand of patient if patient threatened (if
required).
• Explain queries of patient clearly.
• Don’t ignore patient .
• Stay with patient.
• Use same language in front of patient.
• Ask patient to explain his/her anxiety more and
more.
• Give tranquilizer as prescribed.
• Provide safe environment.
•
Use relaxation technique if possible.
49. Impaired orientation.
Assess the level of perception.
Provide a safe environment.
Ask the patient to express impaired
perception.
Help the patient to get oriented.
Focus on reality.
50. Impaired nutrition
•
•
•
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Assess the level of nutrition.
Provide calories according to activity.
Find out patient like and dis like.
Provide 6-8 glass water (if not contraindicated).
Maintain accurate record of intake and out put.
Supplement diet with vitamin and mineral.
Walk or sit with the patient.
Serve food attractively.
Instruct to relatives to take food with patient if
suspiciousness is there.
51. Impaired socialization.
Maintain therapeutic relationship with
patient.
Encourage patient to talk with other
people or patient.
Encourage to play with other patient.
Offer patient for group activity.
Give a positive reinforcement for
participation.
52. Other nursing problems
Impaired communication
Violent behaviour
withdrawn behaviour.
Self care deficit.
Impaired family coping.
53. OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS
Psychosis is defined as gross
impairment in reality testing, marked
disturbance in personality with impaired social
and occupational functioning and presence of
characteristic symptoms like delusions and
hallucinations.
55. Persistent delusional disorders
Non- bizarre type delusions
Persistent at least for 3 months
Absence of significant hallucinations
Absence of organic mental
disorders, schizophrenia and mood
disorder.
56. Acute and transient
psychotic disorders
Neither follow the course of schizophrenia
or mood disorders.
Abrupt, acute onset, and associated with
identifiable acute stress.
Several type of hallucinations, delusions
changing in both type and intensity from
day to day or within same day.
Emotional turmoil ( ecstasy to anxiety and
irritability)
Do not fulfill the criteria of schizophrenia.