Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. Emil Kraepelin originally identified the disorder in 1896 and called it "dementia praecox" but Eugene Bleuler renamed it "schizophrenia" in 1911 to emphasize the splitting of cognitive and affective functioning. There are two main types - reactive or acute schizophrenia which seems to be triggered by life events and has a better prognosis, and process schizophrenia which has a more gradual onset associated with social isolation. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, lack of emotions, and difficulty sustaining relationships.
Special Kinds of Hallucinations from Fish’s Clinical Psychopathology including functional, reflex extracampine and autoscopic hallucination, and patient’s attitude towards hallucination.
Special Kinds of Hallucinations from Fish’s Clinical Psychopathology including functional, reflex extracampine and autoscopic hallucination, and patient’s attitude towards hallucination.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling. this chart is all about medical aspects of schizophrenia .
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This slide contains information regarding Schizophrenia. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
Hallucination definition, explanation. Difference between true perception and hallucinations. Mental images. Pseudo-hallucinations. Causes of hallucinations. Types of hallucinations.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling. this chart is all about medical aspects of schizophrenia .
please comment
thank you
This slide contains information regarding Schizophrenia. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
Hallucination definition, explanation. Difference between true perception and hallucinations. Mental images. Pseudo-hallucinations. Causes of hallucinations. Types of hallucinations.
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that usually appears in late adolescence or early adulthood. Characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and other cognitive difficulties, schizophrenia can often be a lifelong struggle. In this article, we will cover the causes, symptoms, and treatment of schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is he severe psychotic disorder that affects thinking, emotions, cognition and behavior of an individual. It is majorly known as the perceptual disorder and recognized majorly due to most common illness which is diagnosed dual diagnosis. Psychotherapies, change in lifestyle and the pharmacological management is essentially followed up throughout the course of illness to reduce the symptoms and revert client back to normal. Schizophrenia is an broad spectrum having branched classification under the hood with various symptoms which are too narrowed for acute diagnosis and management.
Concept of Neurosis and Psychosis. Differences between these psychiatric disorders. It is an important topic for students belongs disciplines such as psychiatry, psychology, psychiatric nursing and psychiatric social work.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling. People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Schizophrenia
1. Schizophrenia- A group of disorders
characterized by loss of contact with reality,
marked disturbances of thought and perception,
and bizarre behavior. At some phase delusions or
hallucinations almost always occur.1
Schizophrenia is among the most debilitating and and complex of the psychoses.
Approximately 1% of the world population is afflicted with this mental illness.
"Emil Kraepelin first identified the illness in 1896
when he distinguished it from the mood disorders.
Kraepelin believed that all psychiatric disorders
were caused by organic factors, and his experience
suggested to him that the onset of the disease
occured early in the life of the individual. Hence,
he called it dementia praecox, which means a
premature deterioration of the brain." 1
Emil's thoughts were later disputed by many psychiatrists. One of these was Eugene
Bleuler, an eminent Swiss psychiatrist, who, in 1911 found that the onset of the
disease could in fact occur in the later years. He also reported that schizophrenia was
not characterized by the progressive deterioration over the life of the patient, but
rather that most patients, after an original severe deterioration, tend to stabilize and
remain at the same point in their psychosis for extended periods of time. Bleuler also
felt that in order to avoid any misunderstanding of the nature of the illness by the
now obvious misnomer attached to it, the disease would be much better served if it
was referred to as "schizophrenia." Bleuler invented the word by combining two
Greek words meaning "split" and "mind." This emphasized a splitting apart of the
patient's affective and cognitive functioning, which are heavily affected by the
disease.
Types
There are two types of schizophrenia accordingly enumerated Type I (Reactive or
Acute Schizophrenia) and Type II (Process Schizophrenia) :
Reactive or Acute Schizophrenia
Reactive schizophrenia is usually sudden and seems to be a reaction to some life
crisis. Since the premorbid history is usually good, when the disease does manifest
itself, it is in the early phases. Reactive schizophrenia is a more treatable form of the
illness than process or chronic schizophrenia.
2. Process Schizophrenia
Also reffered to as poor premorbid schizophrenia, this type is characterized by
lengthy periods of its development with a gradual deterioration and exclusively
negative symptoms. It doesn't seem to be related to any major life change or
negative event. Usually this type of schizophrenia is associated with "loners" who are
rejected by society, tend not to develop social skills and don't excel out of high
school.
Symptoms
Positive versus negative
The positive symptoms are things like bizarre behavior, hallucinations, or delusions.
Negative symptoms refer to the absence of any adjustive behavior in the important
areas of life, a chronic maladaptiveness, flatness of affect, and absence of developed
interpersonal relationships (social skills).
Paranoid versus nonparanoid
These symptoms are more easily defined as the presence of heavily paranoid
behavior or the absence thereof. The presence of paranoid symptoms early in the
disease apparently suggests a good prognosis. There is a relationship between
reactive schizophrenia and paranoid thinking.
Content of thought
The principal disturbance in the schizophrenic's thought processes is multiple
delusions. This is divided into two sub-categories, persecutory delusions (in which
the schizophrenic believes that he/she is being talked about, spied upon, or their
death being planned) and delusions of reference (which is when the schizophrenic
gives personal importance to completely unrelated incidents, objects, or people.
Other common delusions include thought broadcasting (they believe their thoughts
are visible to the outside world) and thought insertion, which is what most people
perceive schizophrenia as consisting of (their thoughts are not their own and are in
truth being inserted into their minds by some outside force). Other delusions, such
as believing oneself to be Jesus, may appear in extreme cases.
Form of thought
Either schizophrenics express their thoughts in a loose manner, where ideas shift
from one subject to another with seemingly no purpose, or "poverty of content,"
where communication is so vague, abstract, or repetitive, that it is meaningless to
3. the listener. Made up words or illogically stringed together phrases may appear in
writing or speech as well.
Perception
As we well know, the perception of the world is distorted in the experience of a
schizophrenic. This may occur with any of the afflicted's senses, but most often
appear as auditory, with voices in the patients head or commands from high
authorities which are obeyed at high risk to others or the patient themselves. Visual
hallucinations happen less often.
Affect
This symptom is easiest described as an excessive lack of corellation between what
an individual is saying and what emotion they are expressing (e.g. recounting an
experience of serious horror while chuckling).
Volition
Simply the occurence of paralyzation on the patient's will to act out on a decision by
their ambivalence.
Sense of self
Schizophrenics generally are not aware of their individuality to an extent that they
maintain a perplexity about who they are.
Relationship to the external world
Although obvious, most schizophrenics are so preoccupied with the effects of their
illness that they tend to be unavailable to others, which is reffered to as autism.
They don't notice the world that is happening before them.
Classes of Schizophrenia
Paranoid Schizophrenia - Patient displays the psychotic symptoms.
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia - Used when the patient's symptoms clearly point to
schizophrenia but are so clouded that classification into the different types of
schizophrenia is very difficult.
4. Residual Schizophrenia - Advised when an individual has been through at least one
episode of schizophrenia (6 months) but then "recover."
Schizophreniform Disorder - Best understood as a schizophrenic disorder that has
lasted for more than two weeks but less than six months. A less serious diagnosis, as
it has a likelihood for the patient to return as normal member of society.