Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness originally termed "dementia praecox" which is characterized by distortions in cognition and affect. It involves positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms such as reduced emotional expression. It is diagnosed based on the presence of characteristic symptoms for at least six months and causes significant impairment in social and occupational functioning. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications as well as psychosocial interventions like therapy, social skills training, and supported employment.

1. Schizophrenia
Prepared by:
Orlando A. Pistan, MAEd
Psychology Instructor

2. “ Dementia Praecox ”
The original name for this
illness is “dementia
praecox” coined by Emil
Kraepelin, a German
psychiatrist in the late 19th
and early 20th century and
remains a guiding force for
modern investigators.

3. Schizophrenia
From the Greek words skhizein,
which means ‘to split’, and phren
which means ‘mind’.
Eugen Bleuler, a Swiss
psychiatrist, coined the term
“schizophrenia” in 1911. This
term is used to describe the
fragmented thinking of people
with the disorder. His term was
not meant to convey the idea of
split or multiple personality, a
common misunderstanding by
the public at large.

4. Schizophrenia : Definition
A chronic, more or less debilitating illness characterized by
deviations in cognition and affect, all of which have a
bizarre aspect.
Category of Disorder: Psychotic Disorders.

5. Comparison:
DSM IV
Diagnoses schizophrenia
into subtypes
Requires only 1 symptom
for diagnosis
DSM V
Diagnoses schizophrenia as
a whole
Requires at least 2
symptom for diagnosis

6. Diagnostic Criteria
A. Characteristic symptoms
B. Social and occupational dysfunction
C. Duration

7. Positive Symptoms
1. Delusion – a belief held with strong conviction despite
superior evidence to the contrary
2. Hallucination – a perception in the absence of external
stimulus that has qualities of real perception
3. Disorganized speech - incoherence of speech, word
salad
4. Disorganized behavior – inappropriate actions
5. Catatonic behavior – immobile, unresponsive

8. Negative Symptoms
Means removal of normal functioning.
Flat affect – inappropriate or lack in emotional
response
Alogia – decline or poverty in speech
Avolition – decline in motivation

9. Social and Occupational
Dysfunction
Significant portion of the time since the onset of the
disturbance, one or more major areas of
functioning such as work, interpersonal relations, or
self-care are markedly below the level achieved
prior to the onset (or when the onset is in
childhood or adolescence, failure to achieve
expected level of interpersonal, academic, or
occupational achievement).

10. Duration
Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at
least 6 months. This 6 month period must include
at least 1 month of symptoms (e.g., odd beliefs,
unusual perceptual experiences).

11. Types of Shizophrenia
Paranoid
Disorganized/Hebephrenic
Catatonic
Undifferentiated
Residual

12. Paranoid
Frequent auditory hallucination and
delusion.
 Persecutory hallucination
 Grandiose
 Jealousy
 Religiosity
 Somatization
 Dominated by absurd, illogical
delusions, frequently accompanied by
vivid hallucinations, impairment of
critical judgment and erratic,
unpredictable and dangerous
behaviors.

13. Disorganized/Hebephrenic
Fragmentary delusion and
hallucination
Flat affect
Disorganized speech
Inappropriate laughter
Obscene behavior
Usually occurs at an earlier age
than most other types.

14. Catatonic
Motor immobility, waxy flexibility
or stupor
Mutism
Echolalia – repetitive speech
Echopraxia – repetitive
movement
Becomes dangerous when
paced rapidly to becoming
extreme excited: shouting,
impulsive and frenzied behavior.

15. Undifferentiated
Hallucination
Delusion
Either 2 of the criteria for
paranoid, disorganized, and
catatonic are present
Commonly observed are
indication of perplexity,
confusion, emotional turmoil,
delusion of reference,
excitement, depression and fear.

16. Residual
Less occurrence of
positive symptoms.
More on negative
symptoms such as flat
affect, poverty of speech
and avolition.

17. Types of Delusions
1. Persecutory – like someone is always following or spying on you
2. Delusion of reference – the feeling that one who speaks is
pertaining to you
3. Grandiose delusion – overambitious, too much regard for one’s
self
4. Somatic delusion – belief that he is illed and he needs
medication
5. Erotomanic - the affected person believes that another person
is in love with him or her. This belief is usually applied to
someone with higher status or a famous person, but can also be
applied to a complete stranger.

18. Medication
Known antipsychotic drugs such as:
Lorazepam (typical)
Aripriprazole (atypical)
Clozapine (atypical)
Olanzapine (atypical)
Risperidone (atypical)
Haloperidol (typical)

19. Psychosocial Interventions
Individual therapy. Learning to cope with stress and
identify early warning signs of relapse can help people
with schizophrenia manage their illness.
Social skills training. This focuses on improving
communication and social interactions.
Family therapy. This provides support and education to
families dealing with schizophrenia.
Vocational rehabilitation and supported
employment. This focuses on helping people with
schizophrenia prepare for, find and keep jobs.

20. Schizophrenia
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