Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders involve distortions in perception of reality and impairments in thinking, behavior, and emotion. The term schizophrenia was coined in 1908 and refers to a "split mind." Common types include paranoid schizophrenia, characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations, and disorganized schizophrenia with loose and disordered thinking. Positive symptoms add characteristics like delusions and hallucinations, while negative symptoms remove characteristics and result in flattened affect and lack of motivation. Biological and environmental factors may contribute to the development of psychotic disorders.
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
Mental Health Nursing
Psychiatric Nursing
Dr. Rahul Sharma
Associate Professor
H.O.D. of Mental Health Nursing
Ph. D Coordinator
Seedling School of Nursing,
Jaipur National University, Jaipur
mood disorders presentation is focused on mania, its definition, ICD -10 classification, stages of mania, its clinical features, etiology, medical management and nursing management.
Mania is a facet of type I bipolar disorder in which the mood state is abnormally heightened and accompanied by hyperactivity and a reduced need for sleep.
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder. People with this disorder experience distortions of reality, often experiencing delusions or hallucinations.
The exact cause of schizophrenia isn't known, but a combination of genetics, environment and altered brain chemistry and structure may play a role.
Schizophrenia is characterised by thoughts or experiences that seem out of touch with reality, disorganised speech or behaviour and decreased participation in daily activities. Difficulty with concentration and memory may also be present.
Treatment is usually lifelong and often involves a combination of medications, psychotherapy and coordinated speciality care services.
Mental Health Nursing
Psychiatric Nursing
Dr. Rahul Sharma
Associate Professor
H.O.D. of Mental Health Nursing
Ph. D Coordinator
Seedling School of Nursing,
Jaipur National University, Jaipur
mood disorders presentation is focused on mania, its definition, ICD -10 classification, stages of mania, its clinical features, etiology, medical management and nursing management.
Mania is a facet of type I bipolar disorder in which the mood state is abnormally heightened and accompanied by hyperactivity and a reduced need for sleep.
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder. People with this disorder experience distortions of reality, often experiencing delusions or hallucinations.
The exact cause of schizophrenia isn't known, but a combination of genetics, environment and altered brain chemistry and structure may play a role.
Schizophrenia is characterised by thoughts or experiences that seem out of touch with reality, disorganised speech or behaviour and decreased participation in daily activities. Difficulty with concentration and memory may also be present.
Treatment is usually lifelong and often involves a combination of medications, psychotherapy and coordinated speciality care services.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling. People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment.
Schizophrenia is a significant mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally & it may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning. Through this period Anti psychotic & Psycho social treatment improve the condition.
Today Schizophrenia awareness week starts. (From 22 May 2022 to 28th May 2022). Theme for this year is "Connecting with Hope". I have tried my best to cover everything about schizophrenia a type of severe mental illness.
schizophrenia is most common psychiatric condition characterized by disturbance in thinking, emotion and volition with presence of clear consciousness.
Similar to Schizophrenia & other psychotic disorders (20)
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
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CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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2. Schizophrenia
The broad category of schizophrenia includes a set of disorders
in which individuals experience distorted perception of reality
and impairment in thinking, behavior, affect, and motivation.
Clear consciousness and intellectual capacity are usually
maintained although certain cognitive deficits may evolve in the
course of time.
The term schizophrenia was coined in 1908 by the Swiss
psychiatrist Eugene Bleuler.
The word was derived from the Greek “ schizo” (split) and
‘phren’ (mind).
3. Common Misconception…
People who have schizophrenia do not have
multiple personalities or a split personality
They are split from reality – cannot tell what is
real and what is not…
Eugen Bleuler (1857–1939) coined the term
"Schizophrenia" in 1908
4. Psychosis/Scizophrenia
Psychosis is severe mental condition disorder in which there is
disorganization of the personality, deterioration in social
functioning and loss of contact with, or distortion of reality.
There may be evidence of hallucinations and delusional
thinking. Psychosis can occur with or without presence of
organic impairment.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic condition characterized by a
disturbance in thinking, emotions, volitions, and faculties in the
presence of clear consciousness, which usually leads to social
withdrawal.
6. Psychosis
Some of the different types of psychosis include:
• Schizophrenia
• Schizoaffective disorder (Manic Depression)
• Delusional disorder
• Substance-induced psychosis
• Dementia and Delirium
• Bipolar disorder (manic depression)
• Major Depressive Disorder
• Postpartum psychosis
• Psychosis due to a general medical condition:
7. Neurosis
Some of the different types of Neurosis include:
• Depression
• Obsessive-compulsive disorders
• Somatoform disorders (Hysteria, conversion, dissociation)
• Anxiety Disorders
• PTSD
8. Schizophrenia
Development of Schizophrenia occurs in four phases
The Pre-morbid Phase: It indicates social malfunctioning,
social withdrawal, irritability, and antagonistic thoughts and
behaviour. It has a pre-morbid personality of shyness, poor peer
relationship, poor academic performance, antisocial behaviour
(According Sadock & Sadock 2007)
The Prodromal Phase: Occurrence of certain symptoms of
illness. It is marked by the change from the pre-morbid
functioning and extend up to the onset of psychotic symptoms.
It usually range from few months or 2 to 5 years.
9. Schizophrenia
Development of Schizophrenia occurs in four phases
Schizophrenia: Prominent psychotic symptoms.
Residual Phase: Schizophrenia characterized by periods of
remission and exacerbation. The symptoms may be prominent
or not. Impaired role functioning and flat affect is observed.
10. Epidemiology of Schizophrenia
0.3 to 0.7% is the prevalence in general population.
Moreover equally prevalent in men and women but 1.4 times
more frequently in males than females
Peak age of onset for men is 20 to 28 years and 26 to 32
years in women.
More common for low socio economic groups.
In India every year 268.903/100000 people are affected. (as
per WHO statistics 2000)
The prognosis of Psychosis rely upon the type of symptoms,
age of onset and treatment adherence.
11. Predisposing / Etiology / Risk factors of Schizophrenia
The cause of schizophrenia is still uncertain.
Biological Factors; Genetics and twins.
12. Predisposing / Etiology / Risk factors of Schizophrenia
Biochemical Factors; Dopamine Hypothesis
• Schizophrenia is caused by an excess of dopamine dependant
neuronal activity in the brain. This excess activity leads to
increases release of dopamine, increased receptor sensitivity
to dopamine and number of dopamine receptors.
• Pharmacological studies show that the use of amphetamines
which is a stimulant to increase dopamine levels produce
schizophrenia symptoms. Antipsychotics such as haloperidol
and chlorpromazine block the dopamine receptors thus
reducing the symptoms of schizophrenia.
13. Predisposing / Etiology / Risk factors of Schizophrenia
Biochemical Factors; Dopamine Hypothesis
• Post-mortem studies of brain of persons who had
schizophrenia show increased number of dopamine receptors.
• The area affected by dopamine are mesolimbic pathway,
mesocortical pathway, nigrostriatal pathway, tuberinfundibular
pathway.
• Mesolimbic pathway: connects midbrain to limbic system.
Deals with memory, emotions, arousal and pleasure. Excess
activity can cause hallucinations and delusions.
14. Predisposing / Etiology / Risk factors of Schizophrenia
• Mesocortical pathway: midbrain to cortex. Deals with
cognition, social behaviour, planning, problem solving,
motivation etc. Diminished activity can cause anhedonia, flat
affect lack of motivation which are the negative symptoms of
schizophrenia.
• Nigrostriatal pathway: substantia nigra (midbrain) to basal
ganglia (cerebral hemisphere). It controls the motor control.
Increased activity can cause psychomotor symptoms.
• Tuberinfundibular pathway: hypothalamus to pituitary gland.
Affects endocrine functions such as digestion, metabolism,
sexual arousal, hunger etc.
16. Predisposing / Etiology / Risk factors of Schizophrenia
Biochemical Factors; Other Factors/hypothesis
• According to various research studies other neurotransmitters
and neuroregulators such as norepinephrine, serotonine,
acetylcholine, glutamate (Hashimoto in 2006 ), GABA and
prostaglandins also predispose schizophrenia.
Physiological Factors:
• Viral Infection: According to Sadock and Sadock in 2007
prenatal exposure to influenza can cause schizophrenia.
Another study indicate infections of CNS during childhood can
cause schizophrenia at later stage of life.
17. Predisposing / Etiology / Risk factors of Schizophrenia
Physiological Factors:
• Neurostructural theories: Research suggest the improper
development of prefrontal cortex and limbic cortex in case of
schizophrenia. Imaging study shows decreased brain volume,
larger lateral and third ventricle, atropy of frontal lobe,
cerebellum and limbic structure etc, in case of schizophrenic
patients.
• Some studies reported that physical conditions such as
epilepsy (temporal lobe), birth trauma, head injury,
huntington's disease, tumour, CVA etc, in childhood may
cause schizophrenia.
18. Predisposing / Etiology / Risk factors of Schizophrenia
Psychological Factors;
• Developmental theories: regression to the oral stage, improper use of
defence mechanism such as denial and projection, inadequate ego
development, superego dominance, regressed ID behaviour can
cause schizophrenia.
• Family Theories: faulty mother child relationship such as
overprotection and domineering cause poor ego development.
Hostile/unfriendly behaviour of parents and poor parent child
relationship can cause symptoms of schizophrenia in child.
• In fact, these psychodynamic theories does not hold any credibility as
on date since more evident biological factors are ruled out by different
researchers as the causative factors of schizophrenia.
19. Predisposing / Etiology / Risk factors of Schizophrenia
Environmental Influences;
• Socio-cultural factors: Lower socio economic class
experience more symptoms of schizophrenia because of
poverty, inadequate nutrition, absence of prenatal care, few
resources for stress management, lifestyle and feeling of
hopelessness.
• Stressful Life events: There is no scientific evidence to
indicate the relationship between stress and psychotic
disorders. But few studies have shown that stress may
contribute to the severity of illness. It can precipitate psychotic
problems and it can exacerbate the condition and increase the
20. Classification of Schizophrenia/Psychotic disorders
Name of the condition ICD - 10
Classificat
ion
DSM V
Classificati
on
Schizotypal (Personality) Disorder F 21 303.22
Delusional Disorders F 22 297.1
Brief Psychiatric Disorders F 23 298.8
Schizophreniform disorders F 20.81 295.40
Schizophrenia F 20 ---
Paranoid Schizophrenia F 20.0 ---
Hebephrenic Schizophrenia F 20.1 ---
Catatonic Schizophrenia F 20.2 ---
21. Classification of Schizophrenia/Psychotic disorders
Name of the condition ICD - 10
Classification
DSM V
Classification
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia F 20.3 ---
Post Schizophrenic Depression F 20.4 ---
Residual Schizophrenia F 20.5 ---
Simple Schizophrenia F 20.6 ---
Schizoaffective disorders F25.9 295.90
Substance/Medication induced
Psychotic disorder
F 25.1 295.70
Unspecified Schizophrenia & other
Psychotic disorders.
F 29 298.9
23. Classification of Schizophrenia/Psychotic disorders
Delusional disorder: Presence of delusions at least for a month, but
with no accompanying hallucinations, thought disorder, mood
disorder, or affect disorders. They are;
1. Erotomanic Type: Presence of Erotomania in which a person
believes that another person (typically of higher social status) is in
love with them. They may follow, contact, hide or pursue to obtain it.
2. Grandiose Type: Delusion Of Grandiosity.
3. Jealous Type: Delusion of jealousy in which the person doubts the
sexual partner for being unfaithful.
4. Persecutory type: more common. Delusion of persecution
5. Somatic Type: Somatic delusion of being sick.
6. Mixed Type.
24. Brief psychotic disorder. A sudden onset of psychotic
symptoms for short duration which may
include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or
behaviour. These symptoms last at least 1 day but less than 1
month. Catatonic features also may be shown.
Schizotypal personality disorder. They are odd or eccentric
and usually have few close relationships. They may also
misinterpret others' motivations and behaviours and develop
significant distrust of others.
Classification of Schizophrenia/Psychotic disorders
25. Schizophreniform disorder. The symptoms
of schizophrenia are present for a significant portion of the time
within a one-month period or may last up to 6 months.. The
symptoms of both Schizophrenia & Schizophreniform can
include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and
social withdrawal. While impairment in social, occupational, or
academic functioning is required for the diagnosis of
schizophrenia, in schizophreniform disorder an individual's level
of functioning may or may not be affected. While the onset of
schizophrenia is often gradual over a number of months or
years, the onset of schizophreniform disorder can be relatively
rapid.
Classification of Schizophrenia/Psychotic disorders
26. Schizoaffective disorder. Schizoaffective disorder is a chronic
mental health condition characterized primarily by symptoms of
schizophrenia, such as hallucinations or delusions, and
symptoms of a mood disorder, such as mania and depression.
The client may appear depressed with psychomotor retardation
and suicidal ideation or symptoms include euphoria, grandiosity
and hyperactivity.
Psychosis associated with substance use or medical
conditions. Presence of prominent hallucinations and delusions
attributable to substance intoxication. The symptoms are more
severe and excessive than that is usually associated with
withdrawal symptoms.
Classification of Schizophrenia/Psychotic disorders
27. Schizophrenia.
Paranoid Schizophrenia: The word paranoid means
delusional. It is the common type of schizophrenia. Intact
cognitive skills and affect. Do not show disorganized
behaviour. Delusions such as Grandeur, persecution,
reference (self), jealousy. Hallucinations such as auditory. The
best prognosis of all types of schizophrenia
Hebephrenic Schizophrenia: Early in onset and poor pre-
morbid personality. The marked features are thought
disorders, incoherence, severe loosening of association and
social impairment. Delusions and hallucinations are
fragmentary and changeable. Worst prognosis of all subtypes.
Classification of Schizophrenia/Psychotic disorders
28. Schizophrenia.
Catatonic Schizophrenia: is characterized by marked
disturbance of motor behaviour. This may take form of
catatonic stupor, catatonic excitement and mixed. In case of
excited catatonia it shows restlessness, agitation, excitement,
increased speech production, loosening of association. In case
of catatonic stupor it shows mutism, rigidity, negativism,
stupor, echolalia, echopraxia, waxy flexibility and automatic
obedience. With suitable and effective treatment, the
symptoms can be controlled and the affected individuals can
lead a better quality of life.
Classification of Schizophrenia/Psychotic disorders
29. Schizophrenia.
Residual Schizophrenia: There should be at least one episode
of schizophrenia in the past but without prominent psychotic
symptoms at present. The symptoms include emotional blunting,
eccentric behaviour, illogical thinking and social withdrawal.
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia: No other subtypes are
satisfied.
Simple Schizophrenia: Similar to residual schizophrenia but no
history of early episode. It is early and insidious onset with
symptoms of wandering, hypochondriasis and aimless activity.
Post Schizophrenic Depression: Similar to Schizoaffective
Classification of Schizophrenia/Psychotic disorders
30. Psychopathology of Schizophrenia
According to Bleuler;
Due to different predisposing factors there is loosening of
association which is the primary and fundamental disturbance.
Through the loosened links in the chains of association
instinctual desired and unconscious wishes can intrude into
the consciousness of the patient.
His repressed complexes gain the mastery and can entirely
rule his life and behaviour.
There is disruptions and distortions of personality.
31. Psychopathology of Schizophrenia
According to Bleuler;
Withdrawn from the reality whenever opposed to the impulses
of his complexes.
Primary symptoms occur (weak will power, emotional stiffness,
and ambivalence.)
Secondary symptoms occur (Delusions, hallucinations and
catatonic symptoms.)
32. Psychopathology of Schizophrenia
According to Berze in 1914;
Due to organic damage caused by the predisposing factors
insufficient thought and low psychic activity occur.
The lowered mental activity prevent the person from making
distinction of reality and imagination.
Delusional ways of thinking, hallucinations and other
associated symptoms occur.
Commonly affected mental functions are disturbance in
thinking, volition, perception, emotions and catatonic
symptoms.
33. The dynamics of schizophrenia using transactional
model of stress adaptation.
Precipitating Event (Any event sufficiently
stressful to threaten an already weak ego)
Predisposing Factors (Genetic influences,
biochemical, birth defects, prenatal exposure to
viral infections, abnormal brain structure,
physical problems)
Cognitive appraisal: Personal interpretation of the
situation and possible reactions to it
34. The dynamics of schizophrenia using transactional
model of stress adaptation.
Primary: Perceived threat to self concept or
physical integrity
Secondary: because of weak ego strength,
patient is unable to use effective coping
mechanisms effectively rather they use
maladaptive mechanisms such as denial,
regression etc.
35. The dynamics of schizophrenia using transactional
model of stress adaptation.
Quality of response
Adaptive Maladaptive
Initial psychotic episode or exacerbation of
schizophrenic symptoms
Hallucinations, delusions, social isolations,
violence, inappropriate affect, bizarre behaviour,
apathy, autism.
36. Clinical Features of Schizophrenia
Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
“Positive” symptoms refer to characteristics that are added to
someone’s state of being.
“Negative” symptoms, in contrast, are characteristics that are
removed from the person’s state of being.
The difference between positive and negative symptoms of
schizophrenia is what they do to the person who is living with
schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia positive symptoms create distortions and new ways
of experiencing the world, while schizophrenia negative symptoms
take things away.
37. Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Content of thought
Delusions: different types such as persecution, grandeur,
reference, control, somatic etc.
Religiosity: Excess obsession of religious ideas and
behaviour.
Paranoia: Extreme suspiciousness
Magical thinking: a strong belief that one’s thought can
control a specific situation or people as seen in children.
38. Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Form of thought
Associative looseness: speech unrelated each other
Neologisms: new words
Clang associations: choosing words by sounds
Word salad: group of words with no logical connection
Circumstantiality: unnecessary details in speech before returning
to the point of communication.
Tangentiality: person never return back to the point of
communication.
Mutism
Preservation: repetition of same words or ideas in response to
different questions.
39. Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Perception
Hallucinations: auditory, visual, tactile, gustatory, olfactory
Illusions
Sense of Self
Echolalia: repeat the words that one hear
Echopraxia: repeat the action that one see
Depersonalization: unstable personal identity
40. Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Affect
Inappropriate affect: emotional tone is incongruent with the
circumstances.
Flat Affect: voiding of emotion tone or its expression
Apathy: Lack of interest in the matters/environment.
Volition
Inability to initiate goal directed activity
Emotional ambivalence: coexistence of opposite emotions
towards same object.
Deteriorated appearance: neglecting personal grooming
41. Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Interpersonal Functioning
Impaired social interaction
Social isolation
Psychomotor Behaviour
Anergia
Waxy Flexibility
Posturing
Associated Features
Anhedonia
Regression