The document summarizes a study that administered Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) to 608 individuals aged 17-65 from four communities in Serbia. It found that on average participants solved 48 of 60 matrices, equivalent to an IQ of 93 based on American norms from 1993, or an estimated IQ of 88 after adjusting for differences in norms over time and populations. There were no significant differences found between Muslims and Christians or males and females in the sample. The study aims to further examine IQ scores in the Balkan region and Serbia based on previous research finding lower average IQs there compared to other parts of Europe.
The Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT) was conceived by Raymond B. Cattell in 1920s. It is a nonverbal instrument to measure your analytical and reasoning ability in the abstract and novel situations. The test includes mazes, classifications, conditions and series. Such problems are believed to be common with all cultures. That’s the reason that the testing industry claims it free from all cultural influences.
Please let me know if you are interested to purchase CFIT.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
The Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT) was conceived by Raymond B. Cattell in 1920s. It is a nonverbal instrument to measure your analytical and reasoning ability in the abstract and novel situations. The test includes mazes, classifications, conditions and series. Such problems are believed to be common with all cultures. That’s the reason that the testing industry claims it free from all cultural influences.
Please let me know if you are interested to purchase CFIT.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
Nexus between Socio-demographic Characteristics and Risk of Hypertension amon...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular
diseases among others remain the highest burden of mortality globally. The diseases are largely caused by four
modifiable risk factors such as tobacco consumption, alcohol intake, physical inactivity and poor dietary. This
study aimed to examine the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and the risk of hypertension
among older adults in selected Southwest Nigeria. A total number of 1,296 respondents were selected across
three Southwest Nigeria such as Lagos, Ogun and Oyo States using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data was
analyzed using a Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR). Socio-demographic characteristics such asage,
education and state of residence remain the factors significantly related to the risk of hypertension among older
adults in Southwest Nigeria. The study recommended that the government at both federal, state and local should
improve on the policy and program interventions that will increase awareness of risk factors for NCDs so as to
reduce the burden of NCDs in Nigeria.
KEY WORDS: Socio-demographic Characteristics, Hypertension, Older Adults
Ishac Diwan- Paris Sciences et Lettres
Michele Tuccio- University of Southampton
Jackline Wahba- University of Southampton
ERF Workshop on The Political Economy of Contemporary Arab Societies
Beirut, Lebanon 24-25, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
Survey research is difficult in Afghanistan. Violence, illiteracy in both urban and rural areas, cultural constraints, and access to family and women in particular have all been faced by D3 Systems in the process of building a self-sustaining national survey operation in Afghanistan. Grown from an organization capable of simple urban polls of Kabul in 2003 to multistage, nationally representative random survey samples today, D3’s partially-owned subsidiary called the Afghan Center for Socio-Economic Research is a vibrant, busy company conducting research every day throughout Afghanistan. This paper focuses on the various challenges faced by ACSOR operating in Afghanistan. Findings from the 2006 and 2007 nationwide probability samples completed by ACSOR for the Asia Foundation’s Annual Reports on Afghanistan and D3’s research on women’s issues will be included. Particular emphasis will be placed on issues of education, armed violence, lack of familiarity with research, cultural restrictions on women, ethno-linguistic fragmentation, and outdated population data. General results of the D3 Women in Muslim Countries and Asia Foundation surveys are discussed with emphasis on trends across time related to international development issues as they relate to survey research. Among these are human security as Afghans perceive it, the status of women in Afghan society, and education and awareness of democratic practices like public opinion polling among Afghans nationwide. Trends are demonstrated empirically with the Asia Foundation tracking data and supplemented with findings from recent reporting by D3 and the Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Error detection in census data age reportingcimran15
Age is an important demographic variable that must be carefully considered in all demographic survey. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the age reporting in Census data. The study gave an estimate of age misrepresentation in the Nigeria 2006 Population and Housing Census Data.
The data used in this study was obtained from the 2006 Population and Housing Census Priority Table, Volume(III)published by the National Population Commission, Abuja, Nigeria, in April
2010.
Age heaping and digit preference were measured using modified Whipple's index and Myers index. Age Sex accuracy was also measured using the United Nation's age-sex accuracy index.
The reported Whipple's index for both sexes was 251 indicating presence of age heaping and it also showed age heaping at terminal digit 0 and 5 as 268 and 233 respectively. The Myers index had an overall index of 50.9, 49 for male and 52.82 for female population.
The evaluation of Nigeria 2006 Population and Housing Census Data based on the technique applied in this study indicates that the data is of poor quality as a result of the presence of age heaping and digit preference in recorded ages. Therefore modern methods such as a systematic data management system, compulsion to register birth, and standard smoothing techniques are thereby recommended for future data collection.
UCL women's group presentation final versionBelinda Brown
Belinda Brown from the Gender Equity Network explores the possibility that gender equality policies designed to correct gender imbalances at the top of academia may be obscuring far more serious inequalities occurring further down
In the fall of 2002, at the request of Concerned Citizens for Topeka, a group of researchers from Washburn University began a research project designed to gain some understanding of how people experience discrimination in Topeka, Kansas.
The research team developed a survey instrument and a set of guiding questions that would appropriately glean the data desired. The survey instrument was mailed to every third registered voter on that list. A total of 18,000 surveys were mailed.
In addition to survey data, the research team collected qualitative data at nine town hall meetings over the course of nine weeks (one in each city council district). The qualitative data summarized in this report came from written responses added to the survey instrument and a series of open-ended questions asked by the research team during the town hall meetings.
Washburn University Study of Discrimination in Topeka by
Richard B. Ellis, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Human Services
Michael Birzer, Ph.D, Assistant Professor Criminal Justice
Tiffany Norris-Miller, BAS, Human Services
Renee Kahler, BAS, Human Services
Travis Barnhart, Student, Social Work
Prevalence and Services in Countries outside of Europe and North AmericaBronwyn Orsatti
Wonderful Presentation found at
http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/school-of-education/special-programs-and-centers/regional-autism-center/repository/files/NNaquviprevalenceoutsideUS.pdf
Substance Abuse among Adolescents: 2. Prevalence and Patterns of Cigarette sm...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Nexus between Socio-demographic Characteristics and Risk of Hypertension amon...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular
diseases among others remain the highest burden of mortality globally. The diseases are largely caused by four
modifiable risk factors such as tobacco consumption, alcohol intake, physical inactivity and poor dietary. This
study aimed to examine the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and the risk of hypertension
among older adults in selected Southwest Nigeria. A total number of 1,296 respondents were selected across
three Southwest Nigeria such as Lagos, Ogun and Oyo States using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data was
analyzed using a Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR). Socio-demographic characteristics such asage,
education and state of residence remain the factors significantly related to the risk of hypertension among older
adults in Southwest Nigeria. The study recommended that the government at both federal, state and local should
improve on the policy and program interventions that will increase awareness of risk factors for NCDs so as to
reduce the burden of NCDs in Nigeria.
KEY WORDS: Socio-demographic Characteristics, Hypertension, Older Adults
Ishac Diwan- Paris Sciences et Lettres
Michele Tuccio- University of Southampton
Jackline Wahba- University of Southampton
ERF Workshop on The Political Economy of Contemporary Arab Societies
Beirut, Lebanon 24-25, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
Survey research is difficult in Afghanistan. Violence, illiteracy in both urban and rural areas, cultural constraints, and access to family and women in particular have all been faced by D3 Systems in the process of building a self-sustaining national survey operation in Afghanistan. Grown from an organization capable of simple urban polls of Kabul in 2003 to multistage, nationally representative random survey samples today, D3’s partially-owned subsidiary called the Afghan Center for Socio-Economic Research is a vibrant, busy company conducting research every day throughout Afghanistan. This paper focuses on the various challenges faced by ACSOR operating in Afghanistan. Findings from the 2006 and 2007 nationwide probability samples completed by ACSOR for the Asia Foundation’s Annual Reports on Afghanistan and D3’s research on women’s issues will be included. Particular emphasis will be placed on issues of education, armed violence, lack of familiarity with research, cultural restrictions on women, ethno-linguistic fragmentation, and outdated population data. General results of the D3 Women in Muslim Countries and Asia Foundation surveys are discussed with emphasis on trends across time related to international development issues as they relate to survey research. Among these are human security as Afghans perceive it, the status of women in Afghan society, and education and awareness of democratic practices like public opinion polling among Afghans nationwide. Trends are demonstrated empirically with the Asia Foundation tracking data and supplemented with findings from recent reporting by D3 and the Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Error detection in census data age reportingcimran15
Age is an important demographic variable that must be carefully considered in all demographic survey. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the age reporting in Census data. The study gave an estimate of age misrepresentation in the Nigeria 2006 Population and Housing Census Data.
The data used in this study was obtained from the 2006 Population and Housing Census Priority Table, Volume(III)published by the National Population Commission, Abuja, Nigeria, in April
2010.
Age heaping and digit preference were measured using modified Whipple's index and Myers index. Age Sex accuracy was also measured using the United Nation's age-sex accuracy index.
The reported Whipple's index for both sexes was 251 indicating presence of age heaping and it also showed age heaping at terminal digit 0 and 5 as 268 and 233 respectively. The Myers index had an overall index of 50.9, 49 for male and 52.82 for female population.
The evaluation of Nigeria 2006 Population and Housing Census Data based on the technique applied in this study indicates that the data is of poor quality as a result of the presence of age heaping and digit preference in recorded ages. Therefore modern methods such as a systematic data management system, compulsion to register birth, and standard smoothing techniques are thereby recommended for future data collection.
UCL women's group presentation final versionBelinda Brown
Belinda Brown from the Gender Equity Network explores the possibility that gender equality policies designed to correct gender imbalances at the top of academia may be obscuring far more serious inequalities occurring further down
In the fall of 2002, at the request of Concerned Citizens for Topeka, a group of researchers from Washburn University began a research project designed to gain some understanding of how people experience discrimination in Topeka, Kansas.
The research team developed a survey instrument and a set of guiding questions that would appropriately glean the data desired. The survey instrument was mailed to every third registered voter on that list. A total of 18,000 surveys were mailed.
In addition to survey data, the research team collected qualitative data at nine town hall meetings over the course of nine weeks (one in each city council district). The qualitative data summarized in this report came from written responses added to the survey instrument and a series of open-ended questions asked by the research team during the town hall meetings.
Washburn University Study of Discrimination in Topeka by
Richard B. Ellis, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Human Services
Michael Birzer, Ph.D, Assistant Professor Criminal Justice
Tiffany Norris-Miller, BAS, Human Services
Renee Kahler, BAS, Human Services
Travis Barnhart, Student, Social Work
Prevalence and Services in Countries outside of Europe and North AmericaBronwyn Orsatti
Wonderful Presentation found at
http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/school-of-education/special-programs-and-centers/regional-autism-center/repository/files/NNaquviprevalenceoutsideUS.pdf
Substance Abuse among Adolescents: 2. Prevalence and Patterns of Cigarette sm...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
1. Data on the Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices from four Serbian samples<br />J. Philippe Rushton<br />a,<br />*<br />, Jelena Cˇ vorovic´<br />b<br />a<br />Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C2<br />b<br />Serbian Academy of Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia<br />a r t i c l e i n f o<br />Article history:<br />Received 9 September 2008<br />Received in revised form 18 November 2008<br />Accepted 21 November 2008<br />Available online 31 December 2008<br />Keywords:<br />Serbs<br />Progressive matrices<br />IQ scores<br />Cross-national comparisons<br />a b s t r a c t<br />Previous studies have found the mean IQs for countries in the Balkans such as Serbia, Croatia, Romania,<br />Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey range from 89 to 94. This is lower than the mean IQ of 100 for other<br />European countries. To examine this issue further, we tested 608 17–65-year-olds (418 males; 190<br />females) from four different communities in the Republic of Serbia over a two-year period using the<br />Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices. Analyses showed that an average of 48 of the 60 matrices was<br />solved (SD = 10), which is at the 31st percentile on the 1993 American standardization, equivalent to<br />an IQ of 93. If an adjustment is made for the increase in American norms of two IQ points a decade from<br />the 1993 standardization to the date of the study (2007 = 14 years), the Serbian IQ is reduced to 90. If a<br />further reduction is made of two IQ points because the American IQ is 98 due to the inclusion of African<br />Americans with a mean IQ of 85, the final best estimate of the Serbian IQ is 88. There were no significant<br />differences between Muslims and Christians or males and females.<br /> 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<br />1. Introduction<br />As the trend toward a more global economy continues, national<br />differences in cognitive performance are likely to become more<br />salient. The IQs of 113 different countries from 620 studies<br />(N = 813,778) have been tabulated and the world average IQ found<br />to be 90 (Lynn, 2006; Lynn & Vanhanen, 2006). East Asians<br />(Chinese, Japanese and Koreans) obtained the highest mean IQ at<br />105. Europeans followed with an IQ of 100. Some ways below these<br />were South Asians and North Africans (IQ 85), followed by subSaharan Africans (IQ 70). All these IQs were calculated in relation<br />to a mean IQ in Britain of 100 (SD = 15). The national IQs correlated<br />positively from .40 to .80 with variables such as gross domestic<br />product, adult literacy, life expectancy, level of democratization,<br />and quality of life indicators (Lynn & Vanhanen, 2006; Templer,<br />2008).<br />The mean IQ for the Balkan countries of Serbia, Croatia,<br />Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey were 89, 90, 94, 93, 92,<br />and 90, respectively, which gives a lower mean (IQ = 91) than the<br />IQ of 100 for the rest of Europe (Lynn, 2006). These studies were<br />conducted on subjects of different ages using different instruments<br />in different countries and yet resulted in similar conclusions. The<br />IQ of 89 for Serbia came from a study of 76 15-year-olds using<br />the Colored Progressive Matrices (Moyles & Wolins, 1973). The<br />IQ of 90 for Croatia came from a study of 299 13–16-year-olds<br />using the Standard Progressive Matrices (Sorokin, 1954). The IQ<br />of 94 for Romania came from a study of 300 6–10-year-olds using<br />the Colored Progressive Matrices (Zahirnic et al., 1974). The IQ of<br />93 for Bulgaria came from two studies, one of 215 adults and the<br />other of 1456 11–17-year-olds, both using Cattell’s culture fair test<br />(Buj, 1981; Lynn, Plaspalanova, Stetinsky, & Tzenova, 1998, respectively). The IQ of 92 for Greece came from five studies based on a<br />total of 2568 children and adults using five different tests. The IQ<br />of 90 for Turkey came from three studies based on a total of<br />2544 7–12-year-olds using the Dominoes and Draw-a-Man tests<br />and the Standard Progressive Matrices (Kagitcibasi, 1972; Sahin<br />& Duzen, 1994; Ucman, 1972).<br />Finer-grain analyses tend to validate these findings. For example, when the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) carried out studies of the attainments in<br />mathematics and science in 2000 of representative samples of<br />15-year-olds in 40 countries, the correlations with national IQs<br />was .88 (Lynn & Vanhanen, 2006; Rindermann, 2007). The OECD<br />studies, known as the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), also showed lower scores in the Balkans. For example,<br />on the 2003 PISA mathematics test, standardized with a mean of<br />500 and SD of 100, Europe as a whole scored 499, whereas Serbia,<br />Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey scored 437, 439, 449, and 424,<br />respectively.<br />Why should the IQ scores and educational attainments be lower<br />in the Balkans than elsewhere in Europe? Lynn (2006) suggested<br />that one explanation is that the people in this region are a hybrid<br />population who comprise a genetic mix between Europeans and<br />Muslim Turks. This latter group has a mean IQ of 90 and belong<br />to the population group designated South Asians/North Africans<br />0191-8869/$ - see front matter 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<br />doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.020<br />* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 519 661 3685.<br />E-mail address: rushton@uwo.ca (J. Philippe Rushton).<br />Personality and Individual Differences 46 (2009) 483–486<br />Contents lists available at ScienceDirect<br />Personality and Individual Differences<br />j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . co m / l o c a t e / p a i din the genetic linkage trees identified by Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi,<br />and Piazza (1994). In a review of nearly 100 studies carried out<br />on this population group, Lynn found their mean IQ is less than<br />90. In the Balkans such a mixed population might have evolved because of the occupation of large territories in southeast Europe by<br />Turkey for a number of centuries during the time of the Ottoman<br />Empire (1521–1919). This brought about a mixing of Turkish and<br />European genes and a lowering of the IQ scores in the region. People of mixed-race have often been found to score intermediate to<br />the two parental populations in IQ (Rushton, 2008).<br />However, several critics contend that national IQ measures are<br />virtually ‘‘meaningless” and so unlikely to be reliable or valid (e.g.,<br />Barnett & Williams, 2004; Hunt & Sternberg, 2006). It is important,<br />therefore, to collect more data to assess the reliability of the national IQs to see if past findings can be replicated. In the present<br />paper, we test the hypothesis of a lower IQ in the Balkans with<br />new data from the Republic of Serbia using the Raven’s Progressive<br />Matrices. Because Lynn’s (2006) review found that Muslim countries average a lower IQ than European countries, we also test<br />the hypothesis of Muslim/non-Muslim IQ differences within Serbia. Similarly, because Lynn and Irwing (2004) and Irwing and Lynn<br />(2005, 2006)) found that women average four IQ points lower than<br />men, we also test the sex difference hypothesis.<br />2. Method<br />2.1. Overview<br />The purpose of this study is to examine general mental ability in<br />608 adults ranging in age from 17 to 65 years from four communities in Serbia to extend the national IQ data base because the only<br />previous study of Serbian IQ was on 15-year-olds. We also test for<br />any Muslim/non-Muslim and male/female differences.<br />2.2. Participants<br />The sample characteristics and test scores are shown in Table 1.<br />The first three data sets (N = 204) were gathered in 2006–2007<br />from Novi Pazar, a city and municipality located in the Sandzˇak region of Southern Serbia as part of an ongoing series of anthropological fieldwork studies involving extensive personal interviews (e.g.,<br />Rushton, Cˇ vorovic´, & Bons, 2007; Cˇ vorovic´, 2004; Cˇ vorovic´,<br />Rushton, & Tenjevic, 2008). The fourth data set (N = 404) is from<br />Belgrade.<br />According to the 2002 census data, the population of the municipality of Novi Pazar numbered 85,996 people and was composed<br />of 65,593 Bosniaks (Serbian Muslims) and 17,559 Eastern Orthodox Christians. The city of Novi Pazar had a population of 54,604<br />and is the main economic and cultural centre of the Sandzˇak region. The town of Tutin, around 44 km from the city of Novi Pazar,<br />is a mix of rural and urban areas with 16,000 people, of who 98%<br />are Muslims. Finally, Belgrade, the country’s capital, has a population of 1.6 million people, comprising 3.6% of the territory of Serbia<br />and 21% of the Serbian population. It is the central economic hub of<br />the country and the capital of Serbian culture, education and science, and is 97% Orthodox.<br />2.3. Instruments<br />The Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) test is probably the most well-known, most researched, and most widely used<br />of all culture-reduced testes. Its popularity is evident from the fact<br />that it has been used in well over 1000 studies (Raven, Raven, &<br />Court, 1998). It measures reasoning ability, general intelligence<br />and Spearman’s g (Jensen, 1998; Raven et al., 1998). The SPM consists of 60 diagrammatic puzzles, each with a missing part which<br />the test taker attempts to identify from several options. To ensure<br />sustained interest and freedom from fatigue, each problem is<br />boldly presented, accurately drawn, and, as far as possible, pleasing<br />to look at. No time limit is set and all testees are allowed to complete the test. Reliability and validity remain high across a wide<br />variety of populations. Retest reliabilities with an interval of<br />approximately one year between administrations are between<br />.(83 and .93 (Raven et al., 1998.<br />2.4. Procedures<br />The participants were recruited through contact with various<br />community organizations such as mosques, churches, political parties, and school administrators. In the Novi Pazar samples, about<br />80% were legally employed but many others earned income via<br />black market activity. About 62% had completed high school and/<br />or gone to college compared to 55% for the national average. In<br />the Belgrade sample, except for the 18-year-old high school students, all were employed, with regular average income around<br />40,000 dinars per month (about USD 750), which makes them about<br />average for the country as a whole, or slightly higher than average<br />(the average salary in Serbia was 33,000 dinars per month, higher in<br />Belgrade). For the 18-year-olds, several schools were selected from<br />all parts of Belgrade, including the suburbs. Participants were not<br />paid for their participation, but small gifts such as coffee for adults<br />and candy for children were given to participants who were contacted by the second author (JC) who went door to door and/or to<br />administrators who facilitated contact with the participants. A relaxed attitude was conveyed by the investigator who followed procedures that had worked well in a previous study by the authors<br />with Serbian Roma (<br />ˇCvorovic´ et al., 2008). For example, the subjects<br />were told the author was carrying out a research project on the<br />characteristics of the people in the region. In order to avoid pressure<br />and gain a maximum score, no time limit was placed on completing<br />the test. The following information was recorded for the present<br />study: age, sex, religion, and residence community.<br />2.5. Data analysis<br />Not included in the analyses reported here are the data also collected on 159 individuals from Novi Pazar who had been administered the Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM; Raven, Court, &<br />Table 1<br />Sample characteristics and test scores.<br />Sample Age Males Females Sex combined IQ<br />N Mean SD N Mean SD N Mean SD<br />Novi Pazar Christians 22–60 40 48 9 27 44 8 67 46 9 83<br />Novi Pazar Muslims 17–60 48 44 10 15 47 10 63 44 10 84<br />Tutin Muslims 22–65 41 54 5 33 49 7 74 52 6 97<br />Belgrade Christians 17–50 289 47 8 115 48 7 404 47 8 90<br />484 J. Philippe Rushton, J. Cˇ vorovic´ / Personality and Individual Differences 46 (2009) 483–486Raven, 1995). The CPM is an ‘‘easier” test. It consists of 36 items<br />and is made more attractive and less difficult by being in color. It<br />has the effect of spreading out the scores of the bottom 20% of<br />the general population. The CPM is typically given to young children, mentally impaired adolescents, and the elderly, and had been<br />used in a previous study by the authors with the Serbian Roma<br />(Rushton et al., 2007; Cˇ vorovic´ et al., 2008). After the CPM was<br />found to be easy for most of the participants, the SPM was substituted. When the CPM scores were converted to SPM scores using<br />the Manual’s conversion table (Raven et al., 1998, p. 71, Table<br />SPM 4), they gave much lower scores for these adults, perhaps because of ceiling effects (SPM equivalents = 41 vs. 48; percentiles = 10th vs. 31st; IQs = 81 vs. 93). Hence, the analyses<br />reported here are limited only to those participants who completed<br />the SPM (N = 608).<br />3. Results<br />Table 1 shows the number of correct responses for each of the<br />four samples (out of 60), separately for males, females, and then<br />sex-combined, as well as the age ranges, sample sizes, percentile<br />equivalents from the 1993 American standardization (Raven<br />et al., 1998, p. 77, Table SPM 13), and IQ equivalents. The average<br />for the total sample of 608 is 48 items correct, which is at the<br />31st percentile with an IQ equivalent of 93. If an adjustment is<br />made for the increase in American norms of two IQ points a decade<br />(Lynn, 2006, p. 5) from the standardization of 1993 to the approximate date of the Serbian study (2007 = 14 years), the Serbian IQ is<br />reduced to 90. If a further reduction is made of two IQ points because the American IQ is 98 due to the inclusion of African<br />Americans with a mean IQ of 85 (Lynn, 2006, p. 5), the final best<br />estimate of the Serbian IQ is 88. There were no sex or religious differences (males = 90, females = 90; Muslims = 91, Christians = 89;<br />Fs < 1.00, ns).<br />4. Discussion<br />The results showed three points of interest. First, the Serbian IQ<br />of 93 obtained in this study on adults using the Standard Progressive Matrices (or 88 after correction for the secular trend and use of<br />American norms), is very similar to the IQ of 89 obtained in the one<br />previous study in Serbia by Moyles and Wolins (1973) on 15-yearolds using the Colored Progressive Matrices. The IQ results also accord with those on the other ages and tests reviewed in Section 1.<br />As such, the results refute any claim that the previous national IQ<br />data for the Balkans are not replicable or generalizable. This is<br />important to establish given the controversial nature of this kind<br />of research. A second finding is that no differences were to be observed between Muslims and Christians. This implies that the lower IQ scores found for the Muslim countries (Lynn, 2006; Lynn &<br />Vanhanen, 2006) is a racial characteristic and not due to religion<br />per se. Third, no differences were found between men and women<br />in either means or standard deviations.<br />Why should the IQ scores and educational attainments be lower<br />in the Balkans than elsewhere in Europe? One hypothesis raised in<br />Section 1 is that the people in this region are a hybrid population,<br />comprising a genetic mix between the European Christians and the<br />Turkish Muslims who, like other South Asian/North African populations, average an IQ of less than 90. In the Balkans such a mixed<br />population might have occurred because of the occupation of large<br />territories in southeast Europe by Turkey for a number of centuries<br />during the time of the Ottoman Empire (1521–1919). In support of<br />this hypothesis is that in Greece, which was also occupied by the<br />Turks for 200 years, the contemporary Turkish and Greek populations are genetically quite similar as shown by Cavalli-Sforza<br />et al. (1994) in their genetic linkage trees. Greeks were found to<br />be more closely related to Iranians and other southwest Asian peoples than they were to Italians, Danes, and the English. This genetic<br />similarity is also apparent for intelligence, for which the IQ of 90 in<br />Turkey is in the range of 85–94 for Serbia, Croatia, Romania,<br />Bulgaria, and Greece.<br />Another possible explanation for the lower IQ in the Balkans is<br />selective migration and attrition during the long decades of war<br />and occupation by Ottoman, Nazi, and Communist regimes. It is<br />typically the elites who are most able to flee and/or who bear<br />the brunt of political executions (Weyl, 1967). This appears to have<br />been true during the Balkan Wars, beginning with the Serbian defeat on the field of Kosovo in 1389, where a great killing wiped out<br />the nobility and knights and left the Serbs as a peasant nation<br />(Stavrianos & Stoianovich, 1963). Similarly, communist persecution was aimed largely at the property owning classes (Weyl,<br />1967).<br />More research is called for. The present study’s limitations are<br />those found in many other studies of national IQs. For example,<br />the sampling was far from ideal in terms of representativeness of<br />either populations, gender balance, or test materials, although it<br />is worth noting that both the Novi Pazar and Belgrade samples<br />averaged slightly higher in years of education, level of employment, and earnings than the national average. A question for the<br />future is whether these differences in IQ scores are related to other<br />life-history and demographic features of the population (Rushton,<br />1985; Templer, 2008; Cˇ vorovic´, 2004).<br />Even a few years ago, reporting a mean IQ of 90 for any population group would have been considered not only an absurdity but<br />also an injustice (Nell, 2000). Yet new empirical work continues to<br />accumulate finding that the world mean IQ is 90, and that mean<br />IQs of 70–90 are typical of many regions of the world (Lynn,<br />2006; Lynn & Vanhanen, 2006). Mean IQs as high as 100 are seldom<br />found outside of European and East Asian population groups. It is<br />of interest to find a slightly lower score in Southeastern Europe.<br />References<br />Barnett, S. M., & Williams, W. (2004). National intelligence and the Emperor’s new<br />clothes. Contemporary Psychology, 49, 389–396.<br />Buj, V. (1981). Average IQ values in various European countries. Personality and<br />Individual Differences, 2, 168–169.<br />Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., Menozzi, P., & Piazza, A. (1994). The history and geography of<br />human genes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.<br />ˇCvorovic´, J. (2004). Sexual and reproductive strategies among Serbian Gypsies.<br />Population and Environment, 25, 217–242.<br />ˇCvorovic´, J., Rushton, J. P., & Tenjevic, L. (2008). Maternal IQ and child mortality in<br />222 Serbian Roma (Gypsy) women. Personality and Individual Differences, 44,<br />1604–1609.<br />Hunt, E., & Sternberg, R. J. (2006). Sorry, wrong numbers: An analysis of a study of a<br />correlation between skin color and IQ. Intelligence, 34, 137–139.<br />Irwing, P., & Lynn, R. (2005). Sex differences in means and variability on the<br />progressive matrices in university students: A meta-analysis. British Journal of<br />Psychology, 96, 505–524.<br />Irwing, P., & Lynn, R. (2006). Is there a sex difference in IQ scores? Nature, 442,<br />31–32.<br />Jensen, A. R. (1998). The g factor. Westport, CT: Praeger.<br />Kagitcibasi, C. (1972). Application of the D-48 test in Turkey. In L. J. Cronbach & P. J.<br />D. Drenth (Eds.), Mental tests and cultural adaptation (pp. 223–231). The Hague,<br />Netherlands: Mouton.<br />Lynn, R. (2006). Race differences in intelligence. An evolutionary analysis. Augusta, GA:<br />Washington Summit Books.<br />Lynn, R., & Irwing, P. (2004). Sex differences on the progressive matrices: A metaanalysis. Intelligence, 32, 481–498.<br />Lynn, R., Plaspalanova, E., Stetinsky, D., & Tzenova, B. (1998). Intelligence in<br />Bulgaria. Psychological Reports, 82, 912–914.<br />Lynn, R., & Vanhanen, T. (2006). IQ and global inequality. Augusta, GA: Washington<br />Summit Books.<br />Moyles, E. W., & Wolins, M. (1973). Group care and intellectual development.<br />Developmental Psychology, 4, 370–380.<br />Nell, V. (2000). Cross-cultural neuropsychological assessment: Theory and practice.<br />London: Erlbaum.<br />Raven, J. C., Court, J. H., & Raven, J. (1995). Raven manual: Coloured progressive<br />matrices. Oxford, England: Oxford Psychologists Press.<br />J. Philippe Rushton, J. Cˇ vorovic´ / Personality and Individual Differences 46 (2009) 483–486 485Raven, J., Raven, J. C., & Court, J. H. (1998). Raven manual: Standard progressive<br />matrices. Oxford, England: Oxford Psychologists Press.<br />Rindermann, H. (2007). The g-factor of international cognitive ability comparisons:<br />The homogeneity of results in PISA, TIMSS, PIRLS, and IQ-tests across nations.<br />European Journal of Personality, 21, 667–706.<br />Rushton, J. P. (1985). Differential K theory: The sociobiology of individual and group<br />differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 441–452.<br />Rushton, J. P. (2008). Testing the genetic hypothesis of group mean IQ differences in<br />South Africa: Racial admixture and cross-situational consistency. Personality<br />and Individual Differences, 44, 768–776.<br />Rushton, J. P., Cˇ vorovic´, J., & Bons, T. A. (2007). General mental ability in South<br />Asians: Data from three Roma (Gypsy) communities in Serbia. Intelligence, 35,<br />1–12.<br />Sahin, N., & Duzen, E. (1994). Turkish standardization of Raven’s SPM. In Proceedings<br />of the 23rd international congress of applied psychology. Madrid, Spain. Cited in<br />Lynn (2006).<br />Sorokin, B. (1954). Standardization of the progressive matrices test. Unpublished<br />report. Cited in Lynn (2006).<br />Stavrianos, L. S., & Stoianovich, T. (1963). The Balkans since 1453. New York: Holt,<br />Rinehart & Winston.<br />Templer, D. I. (2008). Correlational and factor analytic support for Rushton’s<br />differential K life-history theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 45,<br />440–444.<br />Ucman, P. (1972). A normative study of the Goodenough–Harris drawing test on a<br />Turkish sample. In L. J. Cronbach & P. J. D. Drenth (Eds.), Mental tests and cultural<br />adaptation (pp. 365–370). The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton.<br />Weyl, N. (1967). Aristocide as a force in history. Intercollegiate Review, 3, 237–245.<br />Zahirnic, C., Girboveanu, M., Onofrei, A., Turcu, A., Voicu, C., Voicu, M., et al. (1974).<br />Etolonarea matricelor progressive colorate Raven. Revista de Psihologie, 20,<br />313–321.<br />486 J. Philippe Rushton, J. Cˇ vorovic´ / Personality and Individual Differences 46 (2009) 483–486<br />