This document provides information on algae, including their key characteristics, habitats, structures, and modes of reproduction. Some key points:
- Algae are chlorophyll-bearing thallophytes that can be unicellular or multicellular. They live in aquatic and moist habitats.
- Their structures range from single-celled to complex multicellular forms. Reproduction can occur vegetatively or sexually through spores and gametes of different types depending on the species.
- They are found in a variety of aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Different algal groups are named based on their specific habitats, such as aquatic, edaphic, aerial, cryophytic, symbiotic, endozoic
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
General Account of Chlorophyta & Charophytashamroz7700
Chlorophyta
=> habitat => plant body => pigments
=> reproduction => some speices of chlorophyta
Charophyta
=> habitat => plant body
=> reproduction => some speices of charophyta
This lecture is about classification of algae. In this presentation outline of Fritsch's and Smith's classifications are given. Helpful for B. Sc. students.
Chlorophyta: (Green Algae) The Phylum of Kingdom Protista. zairaakbar
Chlorophyta is a division of lower plants that basically comprises of green algae. This article comprises of accurance, shapes of thallus, reproduction, colony formation, fertilization and life cycle. of chlorophyta.
General Account of Chlorophyta & Charophytashamroz7700
Chlorophyta
=> habitat => plant body => pigments
=> reproduction => some speices of chlorophyta
Charophyta
=> habitat => plant body
=> reproduction => some speices of charophyta
This lecture is about classification of algae. In this presentation outline of Fritsch's and Smith's classifications are given. Helpful for B. Sc. students.
Chlorophyta: (Green Algae) The Phylum of Kingdom Protista. zairaakbar
Chlorophyta is a division of lower plants that basically comprises of green algae. This article comprises of accurance, shapes of thallus, reproduction, colony formation, fertilization and life cycle. of chlorophyta.
The topic discussed in the slides are the Thallophyta with more emphasis on the characteristic of the members of the Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae & Rhodophyceae. Their characteristic features, asexual & sexual reproduction and their economic importance have been discussed
if you want to be a champion in the kingdom Animalia, then it is best for you .
this slide show covers all important features , characteristics of organisms under kingdom animalia
This ppt has been made by Xanthophyceae also known as yellow green algae. It occupies second position in algae classification by F.E Fritsch. It is classified into four orders. It contain xanthophyll in large amount that gives it yellow colour, hence it is commonly know as yellow green algae.
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
This slide contains all the basic information about classes and divisions of Algae with proper representation of perfect examples with their pictures in the slide. Also included the slide of Algal Blooms and their adverse effects.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. ALGAE
• ALGAE ARE CHLOROPHYLL BEARING THALLOPHYTES IN WHICH THE SEX
ORGANS ARE WITHER UNICELLULAR OR MULTICELLULAR AND NOT
PRESENTED BY STERILE ENVELOP.
• ALGAE – DERIVED – ALGA: WASHED AWAY PLANTS ON SEA WEEDS
• CAN ABLE TO PRODUCE MANY CELLED SEX ORGANS.
• NO STERILE CELL IN SEX ORGANS EXCEPT CHARA.
• STUDY OF ALGAE – ALGOLOGY OR PHYCOLOGY.
• PHYCOLOGY – GREEK WORD PHYCOS – MEANING SEA WEEDS.
• FIRST INTRODUCED BY LINNAEUS IN 1754.
3. SALIENT FEATURES OF ALGAE
• LIVE IN MOIST AND AQUATIC HABITATS.
• UNICELLULAR OR MULTICELLULAR.
• PLANT BODY IS THALLOID.
• PRESENCE OF CHLOROPHYLL AND OTHER PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS IN
CHROMATOPHORES.
• AUTOTROPHIC IN NUTRITION.
• CELLS MAY BE UNINUCLEATE OR MULTINUCLEATE.
• CELL WALL RICH IN CELLULOSE.
• CELLS MOTILE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF FLAGELLA OR CILIA.
4. • RESERVE FOOD – STARCH
• REPRODUCTION –
- PRIMITIVE ALGAE – VEGETATIVE METHODS
- HIGHER FORMS – SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – MOTILE ZOOSPORES
• IN UNICELLULAR – ENTIRE ORGANISMS ACTS AS A GAMETES
• IN MULTICELLULAR – GAMETE PRODUCED FROM UNICELLULAR AND
MULTICELLULAR GAMETANGUIM( NO STERILE JACKET)
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - ISOGAMOUS, ANISOGAMOUS AND
OOGAMOUS
• ZYGOTE FORM A THICK WALL TO FORM AN OOSPORES
5. HABITS AND HABITATS OF ALGAE
• ON THE BASIS OF HABITATS IN WHICH ALGAE ARE GROWING, THERE ARE SEVEN
GROUPS –
AQUATIC ALGAE
EDAPIHC ALGAE
AERIAL ALGAE
CRYOPHYTIC ALGAE
SYMBIOTIC OR ENDOPHYTIC ALGAE
ENDOZOIC ALGAE
PARASITIC ALGAE
6. AQUATIC ALGAE
• ALSO CALLED AS HYDROPHILOUS ALGAE
• SUBMERGED OR FREE – FLOATING
• LIVING IN FRESH WATER – PONDS, RIVERS, SPRINGS ETC.
• SOME IN SALT WATER – SEAS AND OCEANS
• STILL WATER – PONDS, POOLS ETC EG: ZYGNEMA, OEDOGONIUM
ETC.
• RUNNING WATER – EG: VACHERIA AND CLADOPHORA
7. TYPES OF AQUATIC ALGAE
I. BENTHIC ALGAE
• ALGAE WHICH ARE FOUND ATTACHED TO ANY SUBSTRATUM IN
THE BOTTOM OF WATER BODIES
• IT IS ALSO CALLED AS BENTHOPHYTES
• EG. CHARA, NITTELLA, CLADOPHORA ETC.
8. II) EPATIC ALGAE
• ALGAE WHICH ARE FOUND ATTACHED TO THE SUBSTRATA ALONG
THE SHORE
• IT IS ALSO CALLED AS EPACTIPHYTES
• EG. OEDOGONIUM, SPIROGYRA ETC.
III) THERMOPHILIC ALGAE
• ALGAE WHICH LIVES IN HOT SPRINGS AT AROUND 55 DEGREE C AND
ABOVE
• IT IS ALSO CALLED THERMOPHILIC ALGAE OR THERMOPHYTES
• EG. OSCILLATORIA SPS.
9. EDATHIC ALGAE
• ALGAE WHICH ARE LIVING IN OR ON THE MOIST SOILS
• ALSO CALLED EDAPHOPHYTIC OR TERRESTRIAL ALGAE
• SOME SPS. LIVE IN THE SURFACE OF SOILS WHERE ORGANIC
MATTER IS ABUNDANT – SPOROPHYTES EPITERRANEAN. EG.
VAUCHERIA
• ALGAE WHICH LIVE BELOW THE SOIL SURFACE – CRYOPHYTES EG.
ANABAENA NOSTOC ETC.
10. AERIAL ALGAE
• ALGAE LIVING IN TERRESTRIAL PLANTS, ANIMALS, WALLS, FENCING
WIRE, AND ROCKS.
• EPIPHYLLOPHYTES – LIVE IN LEAVES EG. PHYLLOSIPHON
• EPIPHLOEOPHYTES – LIVE IN BARK EG. TRENTIPOHLIA
• EPIZOOPHYTES – LIVE IN TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS EG. CHAETOPHORA
• LITHOPHYTES – LIVE IN ROCKY SUBSTRATUM EG. SCYTONEMA
11. CRYOPHYTIC ALGAE
• ALGAE THAT LIVE IN ICE OR SNOW – FIELD
• IT IS ALSO CALLED CRYOPHYTES
• ICE FIELDS – ANCYCLOSTOMA
• ICE AND SNOW – CYLINDROCYSTIC AND TROCHISCIA
• ICE – TEMPORARILY - GLEOCAPSA AND PHORMIDIUM
• ALPINE SNOW FIELDS – RED COLOUR –
HAEMATOCOCCUS
• GREEN COLOUR – RAPHIDONEMA
• RED SNOW – SCOTIELLA
• YELLOW OR YELLOW GREEN SNOW – ULTHRIX AND
NOSTOC
12. SYMBIOTIC OR ENDOPHYTIC ALGAE
• ALGAE THAT LIVE IN SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATION WITH OTHER
PLANTS
• IT IS CALLED AS SYMBIONTS AND ENDOPHYTES EG. LICHEN.
• SOME ALGAE SEEMS TO BE LICHEN EG. CHROCOCCUS,
MICROSYSTIS, CHLORELLA, CYTONEMA ETC.
• ANABAENA AZOLLAE – LEAF TISSUE OF AQUATIC FERN AZOLLA
[GYMNOSPERM]
• A. CYCADE – CORROLLOID ROOTS OF CYCAS [GYMNOSPERM]
• NOSTOC – CAVITIES IN THE THALLUS OF ANTHOCEROS
[BRYOPHYTES]
• CHLOROCHYTRIUM – INSIDE LEMNA [ANGIOSPERM]
13. ENDOZOIC ALGAE
• ALGAE THAT LIVE IN THE AQUATIC ANIMALS
• IT IS CALLED ENDOZOIC ALGAE OR
ENDOZOOPHYTES
• ZOOXANTHELLAE IS FOUND IN FRESH WATER
SPONGES
• ZOOCHLORELLA – INSIDE THE BODY OF HYDRA
• CHARACIUM – SEEN IN SOME BODY OF INSECTS
LARVAE
14. PARASITIC ALGAE
• ALGAE THAT LIVE AS PARASITE ON OTHER
PLANTS ARE CALLED PARASITIC ALGAE
• COUSES DISEASES IN SOME PLANTATION
CROPS
• EG. CAPHALEUROS VIRESCENS – PARASITIC
ALGAE OF TEA AND CAUSE RED RUST DISEASE
15. STRUCTURE OF ALGAE
• THE ALSO OCCUR IN A VARIETY OF FORMS AND SIZES. THEY CAN EXIST AS
SINGLE AND MICROSCOPIC CELLS, THEY CAN BE MICROSCOPIC AND
MULTICELLULAR.
• ALGAL BODY, ALSO KNOWN AS THALLUS, LACK TRUE ROOTS, STEMS AND
LEAVES, AND A VASCULAR SYSTEM TO CIRCULATE WATER AND NUTRIENT
THROUGHOUT THEIR BODIES.
• BROADLY DIVIDED INTO TWO MAIN CATEGORIES:-
a. UNICELLULAR
b. MULTICELLULAR
16. Range of thallus
structure in Algae
UNICELLULAR
MOTILE
Chlamydomonas
NON MOTILE
Chorella
MULTICELLULAR
NON MOTILE
COLONY
Pediastrum
MOTILE COLONY
Dinobryan
FILAMANTOUS
UNBRANCHED
Ulothrix
SIMPLE BRANCHED
Cladophora
PSEUDOBRANCHED
Scytonema
AMORPHUS COLONY
Microcystis
DENDROID COLONY
Dinobryan
SIPHONOUS
Vaucheria
17. REPRODUCTION IN ALGAE
(A) VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION IN ALGAE TAKES PLACE BY THE FOLLOWING METHODS
I. FRAGMENTATION
FRAGMENTATION IS THE MOST COMMON VEGETATIVE METHOD OF REPRODUCTION. THE FILAMENTOUS THALLUS BREAKS INTO
FRAGMENTS, AND EACH FRAGMENT IS CAPABLE OF FORMING NEW THALLUS. IT TAKES PLACE DUE TO MECHANICAL PRESSURE,
INSECT BITE ETC. THE COMMON EXAMPLE ARE ULOTHRIX, SPIROGYRA ETC.
II. FISSION
FISSION IS COMMON IN DESMIDS, DIATOMS, AND OTHER UNICELLULAR ALGAE. THE CELL DIVIDES MITOTICALLY INTO TWO THE
CELLS ARE SEPARATED BY SEPTUM FORMATION.
III. TUBERS
TUBERS ARE SPHERICAL OR GLOBULAR BODIES FORMED ON LOWER NODES IN CLIARA. TUBERS ARE FORMED DUE TO STORAGE
OF FOOD. IT DETACH FROM PARENT PLANT AND DEVELOP NEW PLANT.
IV. ADVENTITIOUS BRANCHES
ADVENTITIOUS BRANCHES LIKE PROTONEMA DEVELOP ON RHIZOIDS OF CHARA. ON DETACHMENT THEY FORM NEW THALLI.
V. BUDDING
IN PROTOSIPHON BUDDING TAKES PLACE DUE TO PROLIFERATION OF VESICLES.THE BUDS DETACH TO MAKE NEW THALLI.
18. (B) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION TAKES PLACE WITH THE HELP OF SPORES AND STRUCTURE. THE
REPRODUCTION TAKES PLACE ONLY BY PROTOPLASM OF THE CELLS.
DIFFERENT METHODS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ARE:
i. ZOOSPORES
THE ZOOSPORES ARE FLAGELLATED ASEXUAL STRUCTURE. THE ZOOSPORES ARE FORMED IN
REPRODUCTIVE BODY THE ZOOSPORANGIUM EG. CHLAMYDOMONAS
ii. APLANOSPORES
ARE FORMED UNDER UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS. THESE ARE NON MOTILE STRUCTURE IN WHICH
PROTOPLASM GETS SURROUNDED BY THIN CELL WALL. EG. ULOTHRIX
iii. AKINETS
FORMED UNDER UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS AS METHOD OF PERENNATION. THESE ARE THICK WALLED,
NON MOTILE, STRUCTURE LIKE APLANOSPORES ON RELEASE, FORM NEW THALLI. EG ANABAENA
iv. HYPNOSPORES
THICK WALLED STRUCTURES. FORMED DURING UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS, PROTOPLASM OF
HUPNOSPORES DIVIDES TO MAKE CYSTS ARE CAPABLE OF FORMING NEW THALLUS. EG. CHLAMYDOMONAS
NIVALIS
v. TETRASPORES
NON MOTILE SPORES FORMED IN SOME MEMBERS OF RHODOPHYCEAE AND PHAEOPHYCEAE. TETRASPORES
ARE FORMED IN TETRA SPORANGIA BY REDUCTION DIVISION ON SPECIAL TETRASPOROPHYTIC PLANTS.
19. (C) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
TAKES PLACE BY FUSION OF GAMETES OF DIFFERENT SEXUALITY. THE GAMETES ARE FORMED IN
GAMETOGONIA BY SIMPLE MITOTIC DIVISION OR BY REDUCTION DIVISION.
DEPENDING UPON MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GAMETES, SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION CAN BE OF FOLLOWING TYPES:
I. ISOGAMY
FUSION GAMETES ARE MORPHOLOGICALLY SIMILAR. PHYSIOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT DUE TO DIFFERENT HORMONES. EG
CHLAMYDOMONAS, ULOTHRIX RTC.
II. ANISOGAMY
FUSING GAMETES ARE MORPHOLOGICALLY AS WELL AS PHYSIOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT. THE MALE GAMETES ARE SMALLER,
ACTIVE AND FORMED IN LARGE NUMBER. MACROGAMETE OR FEMALE GAMETE ARE LARGER, LESS ACTIVE RELATIVELY
SMALLER IN NUMBER. EG. CHLAMYDOMONAS
III. OOGAMY
MOST ADVANCED TYPE OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION. MALE GAMETE FORMED IN ANTHERIDIA. FEMALE GAMETE ARE
FORMED IN OOGONIUM. DURING FERTILIZATION MALE GAMETE REACH OOGONIUM TO FERTILIZE EGG AND DIPLOID
ZYGOTE IS FORMED. EG CHLAMYDOMONAS
IV. HOLOGAMY
UNICELLUER THALLUS OF OPPOSITE STRAINS(-) AND (+) BEHAVE AS GAMETE DIRECTLY. THE THALLI FUSE TO MAKE
DIPLOID ZYGOTE. EG. CHLAMYDOMONAS
V. AUTOGAMY
TWO GAMETE OF SAME MOTHER CELL FUSES TO FORM DIPLOID ZYGOTE. SINCE BOTH GAMETE ARE FROM SAME CELL
THERE IS NO GENETIC RECOMBINATION. EG. DIATOMS
