In this presentation, concept of epiphytes, types of epiphytes, and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are are explained.
In this presentation, concept of xerophytes, types of xerophytes and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained.
In this presentation, concept of halophytes, types of halophyte and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained
Pteridophytes are vascular plants and have leaves (known as fronds), roots and sometimes true stems, and tree ferns have full trunks. Examples include ferns, horsetails and club-mosses. Fronds in the largest species of ferns can reach some six metres in length!
Many ferns from tropical rain forests are epiphytes, which means they only grow on other plant species; their water comes from the damp air or from rainfall running down branches and tree trunks. There are also some purely aquatic ferns such as water fern or water velvet (Salvinia molesta) and mosquito ferns (Azolla species).
Pteridophytes do not have seeds or flowers either, instead they also reproduce via spores.
There are around 13,000 species of Pteridophytes.
* The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Palaeozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
* It was Robert Brown (1827) who first recognised gymnosperms as a separate entity among plant kingdom.
In this presentation, concept of hydrophytes, types of hydrophytes and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained.
economic importance of gymnosperms.Gymnosperms are simple and primitive seed-bearing plants without flowers.
The plant body is sporophytic and is differentiated into root,stem and leaves.
All gymnosperms are usually wind-pollinated.
Leaves have thick cuticle and sunken stomata.
Gymnosperms are heterosporous.magasporangia and microsporangia occur on mega and microsporophylls respectively.
In this presentation, concept of xerophytes, types of xerophytes and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained.
In this presentation, concept of halophytes, types of halophyte and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained
Pteridophytes are vascular plants and have leaves (known as fronds), roots and sometimes true stems, and tree ferns have full trunks. Examples include ferns, horsetails and club-mosses. Fronds in the largest species of ferns can reach some six metres in length!
Many ferns from tropical rain forests are epiphytes, which means they only grow on other plant species; their water comes from the damp air or from rainfall running down branches and tree trunks. There are also some purely aquatic ferns such as water fern or water velvet (Salvinia molesta) and mosquito ferns (Azolla species).
Pteridophytes do not have seeds or flowers either, instead they also reproduce via spores.
There are around 13,000 species of Pteridophytes.
* The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Palaeozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
* It was Robert Brown (1827) who first recognised gymnosperms as a separate entity among plant kingdom.
In this presentation, concept of hydrophytes, types of hydrophytes and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained.
economic importance of gymnosperms.Gymnosperms are simple and primitive seed-bearing plants without flowers.
The plant body is sporophytic and is differentiated into root,stem and leaves.
All gymnosperms are usually wind-pollinated.
Leaves have thick cuticle and sunken stomata.
Gymnosperms are heterosporous.magasporangia and microsporangia occur on mega and microsporophylls respectively.
Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan.
Gnetum: A Powerpoint Presentation on Gymnospemsshivduraigaran
The Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants (spermatophytes) that includes conifers (Pinophyta), cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones, or solitary as in Yew, Torreya, Ginkgo.
The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants. The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla. Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta (also known as Coniferophyta) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct.
By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo biloba (a single living species). Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of micorrhiza(Pinus), while in some others(Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.
Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpion flies. Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan.
Gnetum: A Powerpoint Presentation on Gymnospemsshivduraigaran
The Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants (spermatophytes) that includes conifers (Pinophyta), cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek composite word γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form cones, or solitary as in Yew, Torreya, Ginkgo.
The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants. The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla. Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta (also known as Coniferophyta) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct.
By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo biloba (a single living species). Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of micorrhiza(Pinus), while in some others(Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.
Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae and order Gnetales. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpion flies. Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
Plants have adaptations to help them survive (live and grow) in different areas. Adaptations are special features that allow a plant or animal to live in a particular place or habitat. These adaptations might make it very difficult for the plant to survive in a different place.
This explains why certain plants are found in one area, but not in another. For example, you wouldn't see a cactus living in the Arctic. Nor would you see lots of really tall trees living in grasslands.
This presentation focuses on anatomical adaptations of three major types of plants: Hydrophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes.
Pteridophyta or Pteridophytes are Vascular Plants (also known as "seedless plants") that reproduce and disperse via spores. They do not produce either seeds or flowers.
Additional info:
+ Division Equisetophyta (horsetails & scouring rushes)
+ Division Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
(This is our report in Botany 2.)
Made by: Sharmine Ballesteros (BS Biology 2A2-1)
“Any characteristic of an organism or its part which enable it to survive in its own particular habitat is called adaptation”. It is also defined as, “Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes able to survive and reproduce in its habitat or habitats”. Adaptation is nothing but any changes in the structure or function of an organism or in any parts of its that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better fitted to survive and multiply in its environment.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. Epiphytes
Dr. Ravindra. D. Madhekar
Assistant professor,
Department of Botany,
S. B. E. S. College of Science,
Aurangabad
(Maharashtra)
India
2. • Epiphytes (Epi = above, phyton = plant)
• Those autotrophic plants which grow on the surface of some
other supporting plants and are not permanently rooted in
the soil.
• Absorb sufficient moisture from the atmosphere and mineral
nutrients from the decaying bark of the supporting plants
upon which they are situated.
• Differ from parasites and also from lianas (woody stem
climbers).
• Also called Aerophytes or air plants.
3. • Distribution:
• Grow on the surface of submerged aquatic plants, may be
aerial, on the surface of tree trunks, grow even on the
surface of leaves (i.e., epiphyllous epiphytes).
• Epiphytic vegetation is very rich in moist and cold regions but
poor in dry and cold areas.
• In north-western Himalayas much less in number as
compared to those present in the eastern Himalayas.
• In warm and wet regions, members of the families
Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae are found in abundance.
• In tropical rain forests, epiphytic species found at the tops of
trees are xerophytic in nature but those occurring at lower
levels are hygrophilous (moisture and shade loving).
4. Morphological adaptations
(i) Root system:
• Extensively developed.
• The roots may be of the
following three types
(a) Normal absorbing roots
(b) Clinging roots
(c) Aerial roots
5. (ii) Stem:
• May or may not be extensively developed.
• Some epiphytes develop succulence in their stems and become
pseudo-bulbous or tuberous
(iii) Leaves:
• Considerable reduction in leaf number.
• Some orchids develop only a single leaf in a growing season.
• Leaves in some may be fleshy and leathery
• In Dischidia nummularia, Platycehum and Aspleniumnidus
leaves are modified into the pitchers.
6. • Dischidia nummularia,
(Asclepiadaceae),
shows peculiar types
of leaf pitchers.
In family Bromiliaceae, some species develop spoon-like leaves in
rosettes.
(iv) Fruits, Seeds and their dispersal:
Usually dispersed by wind, insects and birds.
7. Anatomical adaptations
(i) Presence of thick cuticle and sunken stomata:
• These two structures greatly reduce the loss of water from the
plants.
• Generally the surface cells of water absorbing organs (roots and
some leaves) are not cuticularized.
• In succulent epiphytes, thin-walled parenchymatous tissue that
stores water develops extensively.
• The aerial hanging roots of many tropical epiphytes belonging to
the families Araceae and Orchidaceae develop on their surface a
characteristic greenish white thin-walled massive tissue called as
velamen
8. • The velamen is hygroscopic
tissue that rapidly absorbs
moisture from the saturated
atmosphere like a sponge.
• It is modification of
multilayered epidermis.
• Its cells are empty (i.e., dead)
and cell walls show spiral or
reticulate thickenings.
• Inner to the velamen there is
present a peculiar layer called
exodermis.
9. • Exodermal cells are of two types:
• (a) Lignified and thick walled cells.
• (b) Thin-walled cells or passage cells, walls of which are
permeable to water. The velamen absorbs and retains
moisture till that is absorbed by passage cells of exodermis.
• (iv) Other structures are similar to those found in
mesophytes.
10. • Types of Epiphytes:
(1) Protoepiphytes:
Derive their nourishment partly from the surface of the
supporting plants and partly from the atmosphere. Examples:
Peperomia, Dischidia and some ferns belong to this group.
(2) Hemiepiphytes:
• Grow on the supporting plants in the beginning like true
epiphytes but later on they establish connection with the soil by
their roots.
• Some grow in the soil but their stems die from below upward
and terminal portions live independently like hemiepiphytes.
(Pseudoepiphytes).
11. (3) Nest epiphytes:
• These have appropriate devices to collect large quantity of
water and humus for their own use. E. g Orchids
(4) Tank epiphytes:
• These plants develop fibrous anchoring roots which do not
take part in the water absorption. Leaves, that are variously
modified, absorb water and manufacture food.
• Nidularium, Tillandsia, and other epiphytic species of
Bromeliaceae are common plants of this group.