Sasumua: linking a landscape and institutional mosaic to climate change in Kenya

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Presentation by Meine van Noordwijk & Thomas Yatich, ICRAF Landscape approaches to mitigation and adaptation, Forest Day 3 Sunday, 13 December 2009 Copenhagen, Denmark

Education Technology

Sasumua: linking a landscape and
institutional mosaic to climate change
in Kenya

Meine van Noordwijk and Thomas Yatich
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

2009 Forest Day 3, Learning Event

WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

Globally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (GAMA)

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA)
Landscape
approaches to
adaptation +
mitigation
Locally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (LAMA)

WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

Administrative
mosaic
Ethnic and social
affinity mosaic
Watershed hierar-
chies
Patchwork of ve-
getation
Patchwork of land
access/ forest class
rules
WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

rainfall cloud
canopy water
What matters most in a ‘forest’:
interception
evaporation
transpiration
surface

the treesevaporation

through-fall

the landscape stem-flow
surface
run-on
Stream:
surface infiltration

flow {
quick- run-off
lateral
recharge
the soil sub-
surface

base
outflow
? uptake lateral
inflow
WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

flow percolation

Myth-use of forest hydrology for
maintaining political control over land
1
4

2
3
5

WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

http://presa.worldagroforestry.org/files/2009/07/presasasumua.pdf

WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

Paradigm CES: Paradigm COS: Paradigm CIS: ‘Co-
‘Commoditized ES’ ‘Compensating investment in
or markets for Opportunities Stewardship’ and
commoditized Skipped’ or paying co-manage-ment of
environmental service land users for accepting land-scapes for redu-
procure-ment (or land man-datory or volun- cing poverty and
use proxies with tary restrictions on their enhancing ES, sharing
periodic full impact use of land risk and responsibility
study)

WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

Predictability of rainfall at gro-
wing-season scale is still low

July 2009 Forecast
of El Nino condi-
tions: above-average
rainfall in Kenya
In fact: late start of
rains, below-average
total as yet; water
rationing in Nairobi
WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

http://portal.iri.columbia.edu/portal/server.pt

+
Dam & spillway
under repair
Chania river intake

~ 50 NTU 5-10 NTU

WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

http://presa.worldagroforestry.org/files/2009/07/presasasumua.pdf
Stakeholders
• Local farmers organizations
• Nairobi City Water and
Sewerage Company
• Water Resources
Management Authority
• Athi River Water Services
Board
• Kenya Forestry Service
• Ministry of Livestock.

Research Partners
• World Agroforestry Centre
(ICRAF);
• National Environment
Management Authority (NEMA)
of
Kenya
• Jomo Kenyatta University of
Agriculture and Technology

WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE
Nairobi

Rapid/replicable Hydrological Appraisal (RHA: 6
months, 5k$) integrates 3 types of knowledge

Public/Policy
Ecological
Knowledge

Local Hydrologist
Ecological Ecological
Knowledge Knowledge
WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

performance
new components & indicators
technologies
Landscape
mosaic
Plots (land use s.s.) actors,
stake-holders

Matrix (filter) resource
interactions
Roads/streams (channel)

agreed Negotiation
changes process
spontaneous
change
WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE
Negotiation Support System: tool + process

Conclusions:
1. NAMA between LAMA and GAMA
2. LAMA: Mosaic of mosaics
• Administrative mosaic
• Ethnic and social affinity mosaic
• Watershed hierarchies
• Patchwork of vegetation
• Patchwork of land access/ forest class
rules
3. Realistic, Conditional, Voluntary &
Pro-poor: equally large challenges in
all 4 aspects
WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

This document discusses climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in Kenya. It proposes a landscape approach called Locally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (LAMA) that recognizes the administrative, social, and environmental mosaics in the landscape. LAMA is presented as a middle path between globally mandated actions and purely local actions. The document advocates for realistic, conditional, voluntary and pro-poor climate strategies that address challenges across these aspects.

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Inland valleys are being used under the Sawah technology for rice production to reduce rice imports to Ghana. Sawah technology is assumed to benefit from geological fertilization. However, there is no quantitative information on runoff and sediment flows in the agricultural watershed of Ghana. This study was carried out at Biemso in the southern part of the country. The aim was to estimate runoff and sediment transport using the water erosion prediction project (WEPP) model (version 2006.500), from hillslope to the valley bottom where rice is cultivated using the Sawah technology. A digital elevation model (DEM) was created from ground survey and used to select the various plots (hillslopes) and to select slope input parameters. Four plots (hillslopes) were selected for the model simulation. Data on local daily values of rainfall and on minimum and maximum temperatures were used to set a CLIGEN model station file to determine climate input parameters for the model. Rainfall characteristics (erosivity and distribution) were analysed. Soil erodibility was also determined. Soil and crop management input parameters required by the model were identified and or estimated from field measurements and secondary sources. The model was run for two management scenarios: Fallow and continuous maize systems. The results of the simulation showed that 2.9 to 3.9 and 6.8 to 10.2 t/ha/year of sediments were eroded from upper catchment to valley bottom under fallow system and maize, respectively. The range of values for runoff produced under fallow was 17.4 to 40 mm whereas that under maize system is 158.7 to 233.62 mm. The study has shown that land use system in the study area has a great influence on geological fertilization. In addition, the valley bottom where rice is produced under the Sawah system is enriched with organic matter from upslope.

Rain water Harvest

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The document discusses how rainwater harvesting can support both ecosystem services and human well-being by increasing water availability through collection and storage of rainfall. It notes that rainfall and water are fundamental to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and determine their productivity, while also meeting increasing human demands. The document explores how rainwater harvesting may help address challenges of managing water resources and ecosystems under climate change and development pressures.

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The document summarizes the Africa RISING R4D program in Ethiopia, which aims to promote agricultural intensification and climate change adaptation. It operates in 8 research sites across 4 regions, working with various partners. The program conducts research on key issues like soil fertility and water management. It implements farm-level interventions like fodder production and soil amendments. It also carries out landscape-level activities such as watershed management. The program provides capacity building and establishes innovation platforms to facilitate knowledge sharing. Monitoring evaluates impacts on soil erosion, runoff and yields. The conclusion emphasizes partnerships, tailored technologies and stepwise watershed approaches.

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Sasumua: linking a landscape and institutional mosaic to climate change in Kenya

1. Sasumua: linking a landscape and institutional mosaic to climate change in Kenya Meine van Noordwijk and Thomas Yatich World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) 2009 Forest Day 3, Learning Event WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

2. WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

3. Globally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (GAMA) Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) Landscape approaches to adaptation + mitigation Locally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (LAMA) WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

4. WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

5. Administrative mosaic Ethnic and social affinity mosaic Watershed hierarchies Patchwork of vegetation Patchwork of land access/ forest class rules WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

6. rainfall cloud canopy water What matters most in a ‘forest’: interception evaporation transpiration surface the treesevaporation through-fall the landscape stem-flow surface run-on Stream: surface infiltration flow { quick- run-off lateral recharge the soil sub- surface base outflow ? uptake lateral inflow WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE flow percolation

7. Myth-use of forest hydrology for maintaining political control over land 1 4 2 3 5 WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

8. http://presa.worldagroforestry.org/files/2009/07/presasasumua.pdf WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

9. Paradigm CES: Paradigm COS: Paradigm CIS: ‘Co- ‘Commoditized ES’ ‘Compensating investment in or markets for Opportunities Stewardship’ and commoditized Skipped’ or paying co-manage-ment of environmental service land users for accepting land-scapes for redu- procure-ment (or land man-datory or volun- cing poverty and use proxies with tary restrictions on their enhancing ES, sharing periodic full impact use of land risk and responsibility study) WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

10. WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

11. Predictability of rainfall at growing-season scale is still low July 2009 Forecast of El Nino conditions: above-average rainfall in Kenya In fact: late start of rains, below-average total as yet; water rationing in Nairobi WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE http://portal.iri.columbia.edu/portal/server.pt

12. + Dam & spillway under repair Chania river intake ~ 50 NTU 5-10 NTU WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

13. Lesson 2 WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

14. WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

15. http://presa.worldagroforestry.org/files/2009/07/presasasumua.pdf Stakeholders • Local farmers organizations • Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company • Water Resources Management Authority • Athi River Water Services Board • Kenya Forestry Service • Ministry of Livestock. Research Partners • World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF); • National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) of Kenya • Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE Nairobi

16. Rapid/replicable Hydrological Appraisal (RHA: 6 months, 5k$) integrates 3 types of knowledge Public/Policy Ecological Knowledge Local Hydrologist Ecological Ecological Knowledge Knowledge WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

17. WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

18. WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

19. Lesson 3 WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

20. performance new components & indicators technologies Landscape mosaic Plots (land use s.s.) actors, stake-holders Matrix (filter) resource interactions Roads/streams (channel) agreed Negotiation changes process spontaneous change WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE Negotiation Support System: tool + process

21. WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

22. Lesson 4 WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

23. WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

24. WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

25. WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

26. Conclusions: 1. NAMA between LAMA and GAMA 2. LAMA: Mosaic of mosaics • Administrative mosaic • Ethnic and social affinity mosaic • Watershed hierarchies • Patchwork of vegetation • Patchwork of land access/ forest class rules 3. Realistic, Conditional, Voluntary & Pro-poor: equally large challenges in all 4 aspects WORLD AGROFORESTRY CENTRE

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